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	Robert Hofstadter Summary
		When Hofstadter arrived at Stanford, he found that the university's linear accelerator (linac) was an excellent source of high-energy electrons that could be used to study the nucleus and its nucleons, the particles of which the nucleus is composed.
		Hofstadter was born in New York City on February 5, 1915, the third of four children born to Louis (a salesman) and Henrietta Koenigsberg Hofstadter.
		Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 - November 17, 1990) was the winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons."
	www.bookrags.com /Robert_Hofstadter (2048 words)

	Robert Hofstadter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Robert Hofstadter (February 5, 1915 â“ November 17, 1990) was the; winner of the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons."
		Hofstadter taught at Stanford University from 1950 to 1985.
		Robert Hofstadter is the father of the cognitive scientist and philosopher Douglas R. Hofstadter (born 1945), probably best known for his 1980 Pulitzer Prize-winning book GÃ¶del, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid.
	www.wikipedia-mirror.co.za /r/o/b/Robert_Hofstadter_1be5.html (218 words)

	The Scientist : Robert Hofstadter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hofstadter's early investigations, in which he measured the size of the neutron and proton in the nuclei of atoms, won him the Nobel Prize in physics in 1961.
		Hofstadter was one of the driving forces behind the creation of the Stanford Linear Accelerator.
		Hofstadter was known for his teaching as well as his research.
	www.the-scientist.com /article/display/10531 (211 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - Biography
		Robert Hofstadter, Professor of Physics at Stanford University, was born in New York, N.Y., of parents Louis Hofstadter and Henrietta Koenigsberg, on February 5, 1915.
		Hofstadter attended elementary and high schools in New York City, and was graduated in 1935 from the College of the City of New York with the B.S. degree, magna cum laude.
		Hofstadter was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.) in 1958 and was named California Scientist of the Year in 1959.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1961/hofstadter-bio.html (637 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Robert Hofstadter, Professor of Physics at Stanford University, was born in New York, N.Y., of parents Louis Hofstadter and Henrietta Koenigsberg, on February 5, 1915.
		In 1939 Hofstadter received the Harrison Fellowship at the University of Pennsylvania where he helped to construct a large Van de Graaff machine for nuclear research.
		Hofstadter was elected to the National Academy of Sciences (U.S.A.) in 1958 and was named California Scientist of the Year in 1959.
	www-zeuthen.desy.de /~astahl/Vorlesung04/Kern-02/hofstadter-bio.html (650 words)

	Robert Hofstadter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hofstadter's travelogue lovingly portrays the ancient city with its volcano, its architecture, its animation and a girl, Benedetta, who embodies all these...
		His parents were Polish Jews who had emigrated to the United States at the turn of the century.
		Robert Hofstadter is the father of the cognitive scientist and philosopher Douglas R. Hofstadter (born 1945), probably best known for his 1980 Pulitzer Prize-winning book Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid.
	publicliterature.org /en/wikipedia/r/ro/robert_hofstadter.html (126 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - Biography
		Hofstadter attended elementary and high schools in New York City, and was graduated in 1935 from the College of the City of New York with the B.S. degree, magna cum laude.
		On graduation from college Hofstadter received the Kenyon Prize in Mathematics and Physics, and a little later the Coffin Fellowship, awarded by the General Electric Company.
		In 1950 Hofstadter left Princeton to become Associate Professor of Physics at Stanford University where he initiated a program on the scattering of energetic electrons from the linear accelerator, invented by W. Hansen, which was then under construction.
	www.nobel.se /physics/laureates/1961/hofstadter-bio.html (637 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Robert Hofstadter - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Hofstadter, Robert (1915-1990), American physicist and Nobel laureate, born in New York City.
		Bruce, Robert (1274-1329), liberator, and, as Robert I, king of Scotland (1306-1329).
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Robert_Hofstadter.html (61 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - infos.aus-germanien.de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Robert Hofstadter wurde in New York als Sohn jüdischer Auswanderer aus Polen geboren, die um die Jahrhundertwende nach Amerika emigriert waren.
		Hofstadter lehrte zwischen 1950 und 1985 an der Universität Stanford.
		Robert ist der Vater des Philosophen Douglas R. Hofstadter, der das Buch Gödel, Escher, Bach verfasst hat.
	infos.aus-germanien.de /Robert_Hofstadter (239 words)

	Hofstadter, Robert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hofstadter demonstrated that the nucleus is composed of a high-energy core and a surrounding area of decreasing density.
		Hofstadter was born in New York and educated at City College and Princeton.
		Gradually, smaller nuclei were studied by Hofstadter and his team, using electrons of increasing energy.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/H/Hofstadter/1.html (176 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hofstadter, D. R., Speechstuff and thoughtstuff: Musings on the resonances created by words and phrases via the subliminal perception of their buried parts.
		Hofstadter, D. "Analogy as the Core of Cognition." In "The Analogical Mind: Perspectives from Cognitive Science," edited by Dedre Gentner, Keith J. Holyoak, and Boicho N. Kokinov.
		Hofstadter, D. R., and Marshall, J. A Self-Watching Cognitive Architecture of High-Level Perception and Analogy-Making.
	www.cogs.indiana.edu /people/homepages/hofstadter.html (1474 words)

	Hofstadter, Douglas R. (1945-)
		Hofstadter, Douglas R. A physicist and philosopher best known for his 1980 Pulitzer Prize-winning book Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid.
		He is currently a professor of cognitive science and computer science at Indiana University, Bloomington, and has particular interests in themes of the mind, consciousness, self-reference, translation, and mathematical games.
		He is the son of the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert Hofstadter.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/H/Hofstadter.html (148 words)

	Richard Hofstadter - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		One of the most brilliant of 20th-century American historians, he did not believe that economic self-interest was the sole motivator of human conduct and in his work stressed America's tradition of shared ideas and values.
		Hofstadter wrote widely on the nation's intellectual, social, and political history.
		Nobel Prize-Winning Physicist Robert Hofstadter Dies at 75
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-hofstadt.html (279 words)

	Robert Hofstadter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Hofstadter was educated at Princeton University, where he earned a Ph.D. in 1938.
		He was able to determine the precise size of the proton and neutron and provide the first reasonably consistent picture of the structure of the atomic nucleus.
		Hofstadter found that both the proton and neutron have a central, positively charged core surrounded by a double cloud of pi-mesons.
	physics.nobel.brainparad.com /robert_hofstadter.html (279 words)

	Letters to the Editor
		("Hofstadter was a brilliant physicist, but one who felt that the world owed him exclusive use of all the tools needed to do his work.") To the contrary, our father was a modest and unassuming man, totally unaffected by his Nobel Prize and other scientific honors.
		Bob Hofstadter's opposition to running SLAC as a national facility was not based on his wish to have the machine reserved for his personal use.
		I consider Bob Hofstadter to be a truly great experimental physicist and I am indeed sorry that the recital of this episode has caused pain to his children.
	www.stanfordalumni.org /news/magazine/1997/julaug/departments/lettoed.html (2052 words)

	Robert Hofstadter, February 5, 1915–November 17, 1990 \| By Jerome I. Friedman and William A. Little \| Biographical ...
		Some 40 years later Hofstadter determined the internal structure of such nuclei by scattering high-energy electrons from thin targets and measuring the distribution of the number of these electrons as a function of angle.
		Hofstadter showed that the nuclei had internal structure extending over a small but measurable distance and that the heavier nuclei had a relatively uniform density within a thin surface skin.
		The Hofstadters had a long and happy marriage, punctuated with periods of great joy, but also, especially in the early years, with periods of worry and financial difficulty.
	stills.nap.edu /html/biomems/rhofstadter.html (5553 words)

	Robert Hofstadter
		Robert Hofstadter was born in 1915 in New York City.
		With findings drawn from his research on a particle accelerator, this physicist shed light on atomic structure and helped create an identifying order for subatomic particles.
		These feats, coupled with his studies of controlled nuclear fission, earned a Nobel Prize for Physics in 1961.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/biography/Hofstadter.html (65 words)

	OR/MS Today - April 1997 - Robert Herman
		Robert Herman, a leading light in the wide world of science, died on Feb. 13, 1997, after a long, brave fight against cancer.
		As a consequence of their studies in nucleosynthesis in the early expanding big bang universe, they made the first theoretical prediction, in 1948, of the existence of a residual homogeneous isotopic fl body radiation (microwave radiation) that pervades the universe, as a vestige of the initial big bang explosion.
		In the late 1950s, he collaborated with Robert Hofstadter of Stanford University in developing a theoretical interpretation of experiments of scattering of high energy electrons on nucleons (neutrons and protons) conducted in the linear accelerator installation of Stanford.
	www.lionhrtpub.com /orms/orms-4-97/Herman.html (1750 words)

	Douglas Hofstadter - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site
		The son of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert Hofstadter, he received his Ph.D in Physics from the University of Oregon in 1975.
		Hofstadter is multilingual, having spent one year of his youth in Geneva.
		Hofstadter claimed the book was highly influential to his thinking during his early years.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=8758 (1016 words)

	Hofstadter, Douglas R. :: Creativity : Gourt
		Douglas Richard Hofstadter (born February 15, 1945 in New York, New York) is an American academic.
		The son of Nobel Prize-winning physicist Robert Hofstadter, he graduated in Mathematics at Stanford University and received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Oregon in 1975.
		Hofstadter is multilingual; he spent a few years in Sweden in the mid-1960s where he learned Swedish.
	computers.gourt.com /Artificial-Intelligence/Creativity/Hofstadter,-Douglas-R..html (408 words)

	The City College of New York :: Graduates of The City College that have won the Nobel Prize
		Robert Hofstadter was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons."
		Dr. Hofstadter was born in New York, N.Y., on February 5, 1915.
		Robert Aumann was born in Frankfurt-on-the-Main, Germany, in 1930.
	www1.ccny.cuny.edu /advancement/pr/presskit/nobel/index.cfm (767 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - Resultados de la búsqueda - MSN Encarta
		Robert Hofstadter - Resultados de la búsqueda - MSN Encarta
		Robert Hofstadter (1915-1990), físico estadounidense premiado con el Nobel.
		Robert Mundell (1932-), economista canadiense, premio Nobel de Ciencias Económicas en 1999 por su análisis de la política monetaria y fiscal en...
	es.encarta.msn.com /Robert_Hofstadter.html (104 words)

	Stanford University Department of Physics - Jerome Friedman to give Robert Hofstadter Memorial Lectures
		The 1997 Robert Hofstadter Memorial Lecture will be presented on the evening of Monday, February 24, '97, by Prof.
		Hofstadter at the High Energy Physics Laboratory from 1957 to 1960 before accepting a faculty position at MIT.
		Questions concerning the Hofstadter lecture should be referred to Jenifer Conan-Tice at 415-723-4347.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/physics/newsletter/96/hofstadter.html (159 words)

	Size and Structure of the Nucleus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		In the late 1950s and early 1960s Robert Hofstadter of Stanford University extended the Geiger-Marsden experiment to much shorter de Broglie wavelengths using high energy electrons from an accelerator rather than alpha particles as the probe.
		The type of results obtained by Hofstadter are shown in figure 18.5.
		Hofstadter's experiments also led to a great deal of information about the internal structure of atomic nuclei.
	www.physics.nmt.edu /~raymond/classes/ph13xbook/node193.html (349 words)

	[No title]
		Robert Hofstadter of Stanford University was awarded the 1961 Nobel prize in physics for discovering atomic nuclei structure.
		Using a linear accelerator, he bombarded protons and neutrons with electrons at energies of 100-600 MeV, and found them to be composed of positively charged cores surrounded by shells of alternating negative and positive charge.
		Since such photon shells must complete their loops at the speed of light in one wavelength, and we know the mass of each shell, and their wavelength is determined by their energy content in accord with Einstein's mass-energy equation, we can calculate the diameter that each shell would be if it were a circle.
	members.aol.com /photonics/hofsted.htm (2710 words)

	Robert Hofstadter - Multimedia - MSN Encarta
		Am Linearbeschleuniger der Stanford University gelang dem amerikanischen Teilchenphysiker Robert Hofstadter (1915-1990), Größe und Gestalt von Proton und Neutron mit hoher Genauigkeit zu bestimmen.
		Hofstadter hatte hierzu eigens eine besondere Streuvorrichtung konstruiert.
		Für seine Leistung erhielt der Forscher 1961 eine Hälfte des Physiknobelpreises.
	de.encarta.msn.com /media_461529831/Robert_Hofstadter.html (71 words)

	Singularity Summit - Speakers - Douglas Hofstadter
		Douglas R. Hofstadter is College Professor of Cognitive Science and Computer Science, and Adjunct Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Philosophy, Comparative Literature, and Psychology at Indiana University, where he directs the Center for Research on Concepts and Cognition.
		In addition to his research and writings in cognitive science and philosophy of mind, Hofstadter has contributed to physics and mathematics (in particular the fractal structure generally known as “Hofstadter's butterfly”), has composed music and visual art, and has done poetry translation.
		The son of Nobel Prize–winning physicist Robert Hofstadter, Hofstadter majored in mathematics at Stanford University and received his Ph.D. in Physics from the University of Oregon in 1975.
	sss.stanford.edu /speakers/hofstadter (341 words)

	Nobelmen of 1961 -- Friday, Nov. 10, 1961 -- Page 1 -- TIME
		Born in New York and educated at City College of New York and Princeton University, Hofstadter went west to Stanford in 1950 determined to attack the great mystery of the inner structure of matter.
		Using a beam of high-energy electrons from Stanford's linear accelerator as a sort of microscope, he and a team of assistants proved that protons and neutrons, which form the bulk of matter, are dense at their centers, cloudlike outside and only one forty-thousandth of a billionth of an inch in diameter.
		Later research taught Hofstadter that protons, which have positive charges, and neutrons, which are electrically neutral, are similar in structure.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,938270,00.html (665 words)

	Robert Hofstadter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Robert Hofstadter wurde in New York Sohn jüdischer Auswanderer aus Polen geboren die um die Jahrhundertwende nach emigriert waren.
		Mit seinen konnte Hofstadter die Ausmaße von Protonen und exakt bestimmen.
		Hierfür erhielt Robert Hofstadter den Nobelpreis Physik 1961.
	www.uni-protokolle.de /Lexikon/Robert_Hofstadter.html (208 words)

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