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	Robert Nivelle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Born in Tulle, France, to a French father and English mother, Nivelle graduated from the École Polytechnique in 1878 and served in Indochina, Algeria, and China as an artillery officer.
		Nivelle was an exponent of aggressive tactics, arguing that by using a creeping barrage he could end the war on the Western Front.
		Nivelle was relieved on May 15, 1917 and replaced as Commander-in-Chief by Pétain, who restored the fighting capacity of the French forces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Nivelle (405 words)

	Robert Georges Nivelle - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		"ROBERT GEORGES NIVELLE (1856-), French general, was born at Tulle (Correze) on Oct. 15 1856.
		Nivelle, however, swiftly reorganized his artillery and massed it at a vulnerable point.
		Nivelle was put in command to break traditions and to win the war in the one great effort of which France, after all her losses, was still capable.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Robert_Georges_Nivelle (635 words)

	Robert Nivelle, (1856-1924), French General
		Born to a French father and English mother, Nivelle rose from Artillery Sub-lieutenant in 1878 to Colonel of Artillery in December 1913.
		Nivelle was willing to talk about his plan to anyone who asked, including journalists, while the Germans captured copies of the battle plan left in the French trenches.
		The morale of the French troops was boosted by the arrival of American troops, the appearance of increasing numbers of Tanks, and most of all by Nivelle's boasts of success.
	www.rickard.karoo.net /articles/people_nivelle.html (342 words)

	Chemin des Dames: General Robert Nivelle
		General Robert Nivelle was born in 1856 of a mixed marriage, his mother being English.
		Nivelle was an artilleryman having studied at the Polytechnic.
		Nivelle's plans were not unanimously accepted and Mangin was one of the few generals to openly support them.
	www.webmatters.net /france/ww1_chemin_2.htm (702 words)

	Nivel - Temperatura (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Nivelle was relieved on temperatura May 15, 1917 and replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the Marne September 5â€“10, 1914 and the First Battle of basale grafico misurare per temperatura the war in 1917.
		General Robert Georges Nivelle October 15, 1857 temperatura â€“ temperatura del agua March temperatura 22, 1924 was a 1917 Allied attack on the definicion de temperatura battlefield, drunk temperatura and temperatura without guns.
		When Robert Nivelle took over que temperatura tiene el sol from Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief by PÃ©tain, who restored the fighting capacity of the Marne September 5â€“10, 1914 and the First Battle of the battle plan left in French trenches; consequently the element of surprise was lost.
	temperatura.pay-e-bullion.org /nivel (435 words)

	World War I - MSN Encarta
		In April Pétain was promoted, and he handed over command of the Verdun defense to General Robert Nivelle in the beginning of May. Falkenhayn planned a new attack for early June.
		Nivelle’s success at Verdun convinced him of the wisdom of massive offensives as a strategy for victory.
		Under Nivelle's command, Fort Douaumont and the rest of the German gains at Verdun were triumphantly recovered.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761569981_8/World_War_I.html (1599 words)

	Military Painting - The Nivelle Offensive, Reims. April 1917 by G.J. Giddins (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The hero of the Marne in 1914 and Verdun in 1916, the charismatic General Robert Nivelle managed to convince the French as well as the British War Cabinets that he held the key to success on the Western Front.
		Nivelle expected to achieve his strategic aims within 48 hours but failed to maintain secrecy for the attack.
		Nivelle even stubbornly refused to alter his plans after details were thought to have been captured, and the Germans had re-grouped to the Hindenburg line effectively neutralising the attack.
	www.militaryartist.co.uk /gallery/nivelle.html (322 words)

	Nivelle Offensive
		Robert Nivelle became a national hero when his troops that recaptured Douaumont and other forts at Verdun in October, 1916.
		Nivelle argued that by using his creeping barrage tactics he could end the war on the Western Front.
		Robert Nivelle was sacked in May 1917 and replaced by Henri-Philippe Petain as Commander-in-Chief.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWnivelleO.htm (253 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Robert Nivelle
		Robert Nivelle (1856-1924), who was born in Tulle, France on 15 October 1856, began the war as a regimental colonel.
		However the signal failure of the April 1917 Aisne campaign (the Nivelle Offensive), followed by mutiny in the French army led to his removal in May 1917 and a subsequent posting to North Africa.
		Nivelle was an exponent of aggressive tactics, unrealistically believing that he could win the war on the Western Front in 48 hours by the use of his innovative creeping barrage attacks.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/nivelle.htm (178 words)

	Nivelle offensive - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Nivelle offensive was a 1917 Allied attack on the Western Front in World War I.
		The Nivelle offensive was a huge and costly undertaking, involving around 1.2 million troops and 7,000 artillery pieces on a broad front between Royle and Reims.
		In the aftermath of its end on 9 May 1917, Nivelle was sacked, ending his career.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nivelle_Offensive (298 words)

	Robert Nivelle - Antwoorden.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Robert Nivelle (15 oktober 1856 – 22 maart 1924) was een Franse generaal.
		In december van dat jaar schoot Nivelle's ster wel erg snel omhoog: hij werd bevorderd (voor vele andere officieren, ouder in rang dan hij!) als opvolger van generaal Joffre tot opperbevelhebber van het Franse leger.
		Nivelle werd ontslagen en in december overgeplaatst naar Noord-Afrika.
	www.antwoorden.org /Robert-Nivelle (544 words)

	Channel4.com - The First World War - text only
		Nivelle assisted Pétain at Verdun, helping to recapture the strategically important fortress of Douaumont.
		However, his attempt to engineer a major breakthrough at the 2nd Battle of the Aisne (also known as the Nivelle offensive) in April 1917 ended in disaster, and the high losses prompted a series of mutinies in the French army.
		In May 1917, Nivelle was replaced by Pétain and given a posting in North Africa.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/F/firstworldwar/biog_rneville_t.html (137 words)

	World War I - Heroes and War Leaders
		Robert Nivelle was an artillery colonel in August 1914, and was known for his recapture of Fort Douaumont in 1916.
		The Nivelle Offensive in 1917 was a failure, but he continued with his strategy until his army began to fall apart.
		After the failure of the Nivelle Offensive in 1917, Petain replaced Robert Nivelle as Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.
	techcenter.davidson.k12.nc.us /Group9/leaders.htm (996 words)

	Robert Nivelle - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Robert Georges Nivelle (October 15, 1857 - March 22, 1924) was a French military commander during World War I.
		Nivelle was an exponent of aggressive tactics, arguing that by using his creeping barrage tactics he could end the war on the Western Front.
		When launched in April 1917, the Aisne campaign (Nivelle Offensive) was a complete failure.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Robert_Nivelle (452 words)

	Robert Georges Nivelle
		Robert Georges Nivelle (1856-1924) was the man who perpetrated one of the great debacles of World War 1 was the very model of a general: as confident as he was brave, as imposing as he was arrogant.
		A mere regimental commander at the war's beginning, Robert-Georges Nivelle directed the captures of Forts Douaumont and Vaux in the Battle of Verdun in 1916.
		Nivelle immediately announced a war-ending plan that projected a vast rupture at the Chemin des Dames heights north of the Aisne.
	www.world-war-1.info /figures/robert-georges-nivelle.php (237 words)

	First World War.com - Battles - The Second Battle of the Aisne, 1917
		The Second Battle of the Aisne, which comprised the main action of the Nivelle Offensive, was a virtually unmitigated disaster for the French Army.
		Nivelle's strategy by no means received unanimous support among influential French politicians.
		Ironically, in the attacks of 16 and 17 April Nivelle's own innovation - the creeping barrage - was incorrectly deployed, leading to increased French casualties as the infantry advanced without protection.
	www.firstworldwar.com /battles/aisne2.htm (608 words)

	Eric Margolis \| Foreign Correspondent : SLAUGHTER AND TRAGEDY ON THE CHEMIN DES DAMES
		The battle’s epicenter, forts Douaumont and Vaux, were retaken by French General Robert Nivelle and his deputy, Gen. Charles Mangin, known to all as ‘the Butcher.’ The haughty Nivelle, a gunner, had perfected a technique of infantry advancing on the heels of rolling artillery barrages.
		Nivelle was convinced he could win the war in one decisive stroke by breaking through German lines in Champagne between Soissons and Reims.
		Nivelle finally conceded defeat and was replaced by Gen. Philippe Petain, who ahd rallied the army in the darkest days of Verdun.
	www.ericmargolis.com /archives/2000/11/slaughter_and_t.php (1277 words)

	Nivelle, Robert Georges - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		NIVELLE, ROBERT GEORGES [Nivelle, Robert Georges], 1856-1924, French general.
		His services in World War I gained him the post of chief assistant to General Pétain at Verdun, and he was later given the command of the Verdun sector.
		He succeeded (1916) General Joffre as commander in chief of the French armies, but the signal failure of the 1917 Aisne offensive lost him the post; he was given a command in North Africa.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-nivelle.html (247 words)

	Western Front Association Contributed Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Indeed, when General Robert Nivelle’s much vaunted Chemin des Dames Offensive of 1917 failed, his assignment to the French colonies in North Africa was seen as both punishment and the path to professional oblivion.
		However, when Nivelle’s offensive in the Chemin des Dames Sector failed in ignominy in late April 1917, Pétain was asked to return to Verdun in Nivelle’s job as C-in-C, to face what was perhaps an even greater challenge than the defence of Verdun.
		Nivelle had also openly boasted to all and sundry about his tactics, so the Germans were warned well in advance of the attack.
	www.westernfront.co.uk /thegreatwar/articles/individuals/prominentfrenchcommanders.htm (5829 words)

	Biography of le Marechal
		After the disastrous Nivelle Offensive in the spring of 1917, the French Army suffered widespread mutinies on the Western Front.
		This was a popular choice as Petain, unlike Nivelle, had a reputation for having a deep concern for the lives of his soldiers.
		By improving the living conditions of the soldiers at the front and restricting the French Army to defensive operations, Petain gradually improved the morale of his troops.
	members.tripod.com /justice_pour_petain/id7.html (301 words)

	Dynamics of doctrine: the change in German tactical doctrine during the first world war
		Nivelle, with a very confident demeanor, seemed to believe that his methods would succeed of their own merits; he treated the Germans as if they were a terrain obstacle instead of an active, intelligent enemy.
		Nivelle was incorrect: his Verdun method could not simply be expanded administratively and logistically to a larger scale.
		Nivelle was relieved; Petain became commander in chief of the French Army and began to solve the crisis of the mutiny.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Lupfer/lupfer.asp (19562 words)

	History Bookshop.com: Nivelle Offensive
		Robert Nivelle had become Commander-in-Chief of French forces in December 1916.
		Only minor gains were being made but Nivelle persisted with the full-scale attacks until April 20, and smaller attacks continued until May 9, when the battle finally ended.
		Nivelle's own expectations for the battle had been high, and he had been successful in convincing many of his men throughout the French army that his strategy would succeed.
	www.historybookshop.com /articles/events/nivelle-offensive.asp (328 words)

	This Day in History
		For his part, Nivelle believed an aggressive offensive was the key to a breakthrough on the Western Front.
		Nivelle had cut soldiers’ leave time in March, only releasing 5 percent of the French army at a time.
		In July, Nivelle was replaced by Phillipe PÉtain, who increased the leave time given to each soldier to 13 percent, or ten days’ leave every four months, in an effort to curb discontent and offer the French troops some much-needed time to rest and recuperate.
	www.history.com /tdih.do?action=tdihArticleCategory&id=3 (417 words)

	Robert Nivelle
		Robert Nivelle was born in Tulle, France, in 1857.
		He was an artillery colonel in August 1914 and made his name when in command of the forces that recaptured Douaumont and other forts at Verdun in 1916.
		Nivelle was sacked in May 1917 and replaced by Henri-Philippe Petain.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /FWWnivelle.htm (180 words)

	Histoire & Collections HNC90818267X (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		However, the offensive was an Allied effort and the personality of Robert Nivelle, the French supreme commander, was a key factor in the development of the overall attack plan.
		The other commanders had been convinced by Nivelle’s extraordinary display of confidence in his battle plan, a confidence which proved to have no basis in reality.
		Nivelle was dismissed and replaced by General Pétain, who acted quickly to restore the French Army’s effectiveness.
	www.michtoy.com /MTSCnewSite/Books_folder/Histoire_Collections/2006_adds/HNC90818267X.html (234 words)

	The three Battles of the Aisne
		In December 1916 Robert Nivelle replaced Joseph Joffre as Commander-in-Chief of the French Army.
		Nivelle's use of a creeping barrage failed to protect his advancing soldiers.
		Nivelle refused to accept his strategy was not working and full-scale attacks continued until 20th April.
	members.fortunecity.se /mikaelxii/ww1/Western/aisne.html (531 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Joseph Alfred Micheler
		Micheler's renown is based upon his opposition - never expressed directly to French Commander in Chief Robert Nivelle - to the Aisne offensive of April-May 1917 (the 'Nivelle Offensive').
		Presumably fearful of the consequences of openly confronting Nivelle prior to the launching of what turned out to be a disastrous offensive (causing widespread mutiny in the French army), Micheler was more open and direct in his condemnation once it had run its calamitous course.
		Micheler survived the fallout from the failure of the Nivelle Offensive - unlike Nivelle and Reserve Army Group, which was disbanded - and was given command of Fifth Army.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/micheler.htm (250 words)

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