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	Robert Recorde - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		After being sued for defamation by a political enemy, he was arrested for debt and died in the King's Bench prison, Southwark, in 1558.
		Recorde's chief contributions to the progress of algebra were in the way of systematizing its notation.
		RECORDE (Robert) at Charles Hutton's A Mathematical and Philosphical Dictionary
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Recorde (417 words)

	Recorde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Robert Recorde was born in Tenby, Wales in 1510.
		Recorde wrote many textbooks including; The Grounde of Artes (1540) which is one of the earliest known mathematical works published in English.
		Recorde died in the King's Bench Prison in 1558, where he was committed for debt.
	www.math.wichita.edu /history/men/recorde.html (311 words)

	Department - Robert Recorde
		Robert Recorde was born c1510 in Tenby, Pembrokeshire.
		Recorde was an able teacher, an author of important books, and one of the outstanding scholars of 16th Century Europe.
		The Robert Recorde Memorial is a large plaque, commissioned by the Department of Computer Science, University of Wales Swansea in 2001, for the entrance to its Seminar and Conference Room.
	www.swan.ac.uk /compsci/dept/recorde (531 words)

	Robert Recorde / 100 Welsh Heroes / 100 Arwyr Cymru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Little is known of Recorde’s early years in Tenby, the Pembrokeshire town where he was born to parents thought to be of local and Montgomeryshire stock.
		Recorde took his opportunities with both hands, becoming an ally of the Lord Protector Edward Seymour who made him controller of the mint at Bristol.
		In the turmoil followed the death of the sickly boy-king Edward VI in 1553 Recorde’s old enemy the Earl of Pembroke became the powerful man in the kingdom.
	www.100welshheroes.com /en/biography/robertrecorde (374 words)

	Robert Recorde (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Robert Recorde was born in Tenby in 1510 but not many people know much about him.
		Robert Recorde invented the = sign and also he was the first to discover the square root.
		Robert Recorde’s memorial can be found in St Mary’s Church in Tenby, one of Wales oldest churches.
	www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk /vtc/ngfl/eng/geography/tenby_journey/english/html/robert_recorde.html (198 words)

	The Galileo Project
		Recorde was the founder of the English school of mathematics.
		Recorde was practicing medicine in Oxford as early as 1533, that is, before his medical degree.
		Recorde died in prison; though the whole episode in shrouded in obscurity, it may well have stemmed from the management (or perhaps mismanagement) of the mines.
	galileo.rice.edu /Catalog/NewFiles/recorde.html (574 words)

	Recorde biography
		Thomas Recorde's father was from Wales and Rose Jones was the daughter of Thomas Jones from Machynlleth in Montgomeryshire.
		Robert was the second son of Thomas and Rose and, although the date is not definitely known, it is thought that he entered the University of Oxford in about 1525.
		In 1551 Recorde was back in favour for he was appointed by the King to be general surveyor of the mines and monies in Ireland.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/Biographies/Recorde.html (2256 words)

	BookRags: Robert Recorde Biography
		Recorde is considered the founder of the English school of mathematical writers, and was the first English writer on arithmetic, geometryand astronomy.
		Recorde was the second son of Thomas Recorde, a second-generation Welshman, and Rose Johns of Montgomeryshire.
		Recorde was not internationally known, mainly because his works were in English and on an elementary level, but his texts were the standard in Elizabethan England.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/robert-recorde-wom (818 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Robert Recorde
		Robert Recorde was born in 1510, in Tenby, Pembrokeshire, the second son of Thomas Recorde and Rose Jones.
		However, royal favour changed quickly in those days, and in 1551 Recorde was appointed general surveyor of mines of monies in Ireland, in charge of the Wexford silver mines and the technical supervisor to the Dublin Mint.
		Recorde's old enemy, the Earl of Pembroke, was made a privy councillor for his support of Mary's claim to the monarchy.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/ww2/A5990006 (1429 words)

	The Virtual Oxford Science Walk
		Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was the son of the Earl of Cork and is best known for Boyle's law, which states the inversely proportional relationship between the volume and pressure of a gas, and its experimental proof.
		Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was an experimental scientist, mathematician, architect, and astronomer.
		Secretary of the Royal Society from 1677 to 1682, he is remembered for the discovery of the proportional relationship of the extension of a spring and the force applied to produce that extension.
	www.mhs.ox.ac.uk /features/walk/loc5.htm (601 words)

	mathcymru.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Robert Recorde invented the equal sign (=), and William Jones was the first to use the Greek letter Pi (p) to describe the worldâs most famous ratio.
		Born in Tenby, Pembrokeshire in 1510, Robert Recorde was the foremost mathematician of 16th century Britain.
		Recorde is credited for developing the equal sign (=) in his book The Whetstone of Witte in 1557, although it did not gain popularity until the 1700s.
	www.techniquest.org /mathcymru/english/article.php?id=9 (210 words)

	BookRags: Robert Recorde Biography
		Robert Recorde (1510-1558), the founder of the English school of mathematics, introduced algebra into England; he is also given credit for the introduction of the equals sign.
		The fact that Recorde graduated in medicine and was a practicing physician did not detract him from studies in mathematics; he published four books on that subject and only one on medicine.
		In the preface Recorde introduces a dialogue between the teacher and the scholar in which the teacher explains the usefulness of arithmetic, mentioning, among other subjects, how much music, physics, and law depend on numbers and proportions.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-robert-recorde/index.html (471 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Robert Recorde - Mathematician
		The next we see of Recorde is in Cambridge, where he studied for an MD and graduated in 1545 at the age of 35.
		Recorde made a will in King's Bench Prison in Southwark, on 28 June, 1558, leaving a little money to each of his four sons and five daughters.
		It is the only one of Recorde's books not to be written in the format of a dialogue between the master and the student.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A7269690 (1425 words)

	The Ground of Arts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Robert Recorde's Arithmetic: or, The Ground of Arts was one of the first printed English textbooks on arithmetic and the most popular of its time.
		It was preceded only by two anonymous texts in 1537 and 1539; The Ground of Arts appeared in London around 1542, and it was reprinted in 27 more editions until 1700.
		Editors and contributors of new sections included John Dee, John Mellis, Robert Hartwell, Thomas Willsford, and finally Edward Hatton.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_Ground_of_Arts (139 words)

	NOVA \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Ancestors of E = mc2: equals \| PBS
		In 1543, Robert Recorde, a pioneering mathematics textbook writer in Great Britain, tried to promote the new-style "+" sign, which had achieved some popularity on the Continent.
		It doesn't seem that Recorde gained from his innovation, for it remained in bitter competition with the equally plausible "//" and even with the bizarre "[;" symbol, which the powerful German printing houses were trying to promote.
		Robert Recorde wanted to make his math books clear and accessible.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/einstein/ance-equals.html (412 words)

	Caltech Press Release, 4/2/1997, Tom Apostol, Thomas Apostol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		According to the VNR Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, the equal sign was invented by Robert Recorde, the Royal Court Physician for England's King Edward VI and Queen Mary.
		Recorde, who lived from 1510 to 1558, was the most influential English mathematician of his day and, among other things, introduced algebra to his countrymen.
		He died in prison, although the record does not state why he was incarcerated.
	pr.caltech.edu /media/Press_Releases/PR11793.html (219 words)

	Math and Culture lesson March 26
		Robert Recorde's the Castle of Knowledge is part of an astronomy text from approximately 1560.
		And this may suffice for this time touching the earth and his accidents, principally appertaining to Astronomy: for although many other things are to be considered in it, they appertain rather to the philosophers, or Cosmographers, than to astronomers, and namely the doctrine of principles.
		The class is then directed to read an excerpt from Robert Recorde's Castle of Knowledge (1556) in which the Master and Scholar discuss briefly the Copernican view.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~matc/MathCulture/3-26.html (1032 words)

	History of the Equals Sign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The first recorded usage of the modern equals sign - or at least an elongated version of it - was by Robert Recorde in The Whetstone of Witte.
		Recorde's equals sign gains wider wider recognition in England when it appears in three influential works: Artis analyticae praxis by Thomas Harriot; Clavis mathematicae by William Oughtred; Trigonometria by Richard Norwood.
		Recorde's symbol appears in the Dutch writer Johaan Stampioen's tract Algebra ofte Nieuwe Stel-Regel which may be the first time it appears in mainland Europe.
	www2.warwick.ac.uk /cll/skills/eportfolio/students/eportfoliodirectory/current/edrfae/research/the_equals_sign (1247 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 73 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Before 1570, all that had been published in Eng-Jish was Robert Recorde's Pathway to Knowledge,.1551, containing enunciations only of the first four books, not in Euclid's order.
		Recorde considers demonstration to be the work of Theon.
		Robert Simson published the first six, and eleventh and twelfth books, in two separate quarto editions.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1181.html (930 words)

	The Science Show: 11 June 2005 - The History of the Equals Sign
		Robert Lacey: Robert Recorde was a Welshman who studied at both Oxford and Cambridge in the reign of Henry VIII before moving down to London to work as a doctor.
		After a lifetime of studying the stars, Copernicus has come to the conclusion that the earth is not the centre of the universe but moves around the sun while also spinning at the same time on its own axis.
		It was an article of Catholic faith that the heavens moved around God’s earth and Record writing in the reign Queen Mary Bloody Mary chose to exercise similar prudence.
	www.abc.net.au /rn/science/ss/stories/s1380839.htm (295 words)

	The invention of the equals sign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It was the invention of a Welshman named Robert Recorde, the man who first introduced algebra to England.
		Recorde used the symbol, composed of two parallel lines, in his 1557 book The Whetstone of Witte to avoid having to write over and over again "is equal to."
		As for Recorde himself, he died a debtor in King's Bench Prison.
	www.ualr.edu /lasmoller/equals.html (141 words)

	Early English Algebra
		Cuthbert Tonstall (1474-1559) and Robert Recorde (1510?-1558) were two of the foremost English mathematicians [2].
		University of Cambridge whose lives have been recorded in any detail and as such may be considered founders of one of the most important centres of mathematics in the world.
		Robert Recorde, perhaps the more important of the two, became a Fellow of
	vmoc.museophile.com /algebra/section3_2.html (442 words)

	The Universe of Discourse : Robert Recorde invents the equals sign (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Recorde's book shows clearly that it was, at least for a time.
		Here's another interesting fact about this book: It coined the bizarre word "zenzizenzizenzike", which, of all the words in the big dictionary, is the one with the most "z"s.
		Recorde uses the word "zenzike" to refer to the square of a number, or to a term in an expression with a square power.
	newbabe.pobox.com /~mjd/blog/math/recorde.html (890 words)

	Weird Words: Zenzizenzizenzic
		Even by Robert Recorde’s time, there was no easy way of denoting the powers of numbers, a great hindrance to effective mathematics.
		The only term he had apart from the square was the cube, the third power of a number, and formulae were usually written out in words.
		Recorde, like his predecessors, represented a fourth power by the square of a square, zenzizenzic, which is just a condensed form of the Italian censo di censo, used by Leonardo of Pisa in his famous book Liber Abaci of 1202.
	www.worldwidewords.org /weirdwords/ww-zen1.htm (310 words)

	Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (R)
		Semidiameter appears in English in 1551 in Pathway to Knowledge by Robert Recorde: "Defin., Diameters, whose halfe, I meane from the center to the circumference any waie, is called the semidiameter, or halfe diameter" (OED2).
		Square root is found in English in 1557 in The whetstone of witte by Robert Recorde: "The roote of a square nombere, is called a Square roote" (OED2).
		An obsolete term for rhombus in English was lozenge, which was used by Robert Recorde in 1551 in Pathway to Knowledge: "Defin., The thyrd kind is called losenges or diamondes whose sides bee all equall, but it hath neuer a square corner" (OED2).
	hometown.aol.com /jeff570/r.html (7667 words)

	TRUMP Math Trivia
		The raised dot to signify multiplication was first used about 1660 and the multiplication symbol (X) about 1620.
		The first equal sign (=) was used in 1557 by Robert Recorde in England.
		The division symbol is found in Rahn's "Tuetsche Algebra" in 1659.
	www.oconee.k12.sc.us /walhallaelem/trumptrivia.htm (122 words)

	Read This: Lengths, Widths, Surfaces
		Recorde, it transpired, had guessed wrongly at the direction of the Babylonians' writing but was exactly right about their calculating prowess.
		For it soon became clear, as scholars worked their way through the cuneiform tablets in London, Istanbul, Berlin, and Philadelphia, that amongst the myriad administrative records of palaces, temples and households, the letters, the literature, and the royal annals, were significant numbers of astronomical and mathematical documents too.
		The problems are recorded on a four-sided prism, AO 8862, from the ancient city of Larsa and now housed in the Louvre.
	www.maa.org /reviews/lsahoyrup.html (2644 words)

	Earliest Uses of Symbols of Relation
		These data have been communicated to me by Professor E. Bortolotti and tend to show that (=) as a sign of equality was developed at Bologna independently of Robert Recorde and perhaps earlier.
		Similarity, equality is denoted in the manuscripts by II and not by = (the sign introduced by Robert Recorde), as in the Praxis.
		The significance of the inequality signs lies in the fact that this is the first time that such signs were used and accorded the same status as the equality sign.
	members.aol.com /jeff570/relation.html (654 words)

	Some Antarctic Collections
		The voyage of the "Scotia": being the record of a voyage of exploration in Antarctic seas.
		The Voyage of the "Scotia" Being the Record.
		The records are not arranged in any discernible order although it's noted that they are "listed in order of relevance." One can search within the SPRI portion of the 'Archives Hub', but nonetheless it would be more useful to have the records arranged alphabetically by name.
	www.antarctic-circle.org /collections.htm (13099 words)

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