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Topic: Robert Sobukwe

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	Robert Sobukwe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Mangaliso, which means ' wonderful ', Sobukwe was born in Graaff-Reinet in the Cape Province in 1924.
		In 1950 Sobukwe was appointed as a teacher at a high school in Standerton, a position he lost when he spoke out in favour of the Defiance Campaign in 1952.
		In 1954 Sobukwe was appointed as a lecturer in African Studies at the University of the Witwatersrand.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/people/sobukwe,r.htm (603 words)

	Robert Sobukwe - GigaDictionary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe (5 December 1924 ; 27 February 1978) was a South African political dissident, who founded the Pan Africanist Congress in opposition to the Apartheid regime.
		Sobukwe was born in Graaff-Reinet in the Cape Province on the 5 December, 1924.
		Robert Sobukwe finished his Law degree with the help of a local lawyer, in Galeshewe.
	gigadictionary.com /Robert_Sobukwe (647 words)

	University of the Witwatersrand: News and Events
		Sobukwe was employed as a language instructor at Wits before 1959, where he continued with his studies and achieved an honours degree in languages.
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, the youngest of seven children of Hubert and Angelina Sobukwe, was born on 5 December 1924 in Graaff-Reinet in the Eastern Cape.
		Sobukwe attracted the attention of Godfrey Pitje, anthropology lecturer, political activist and, later, lawyer, who recalled that ‘Sobukwe was towering over all of us, even those on the staff, intellectually, from whatever angle.
	hermes.wits.ac.za /wcs/display_article.asp?id=300 (1520 words)

	Robben Island Museum
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, founding president of the Pan Africanist Congress, was born in Graaff-Reinet in 1924.
		Sobukwe was instrumental in the formation of the Pan Africanist Congress in 1959, a breakaway group from the African National Congress, seeking the establishment and maintenance of an 'Africanist socialist democracy'.
		When the other prisoners were marched by, Sobukwe used to go outside and take a handful of the soil from his garden, allowing the sand to run through his fingers, as if to say that nothing mattered more than the recovery of their land.
	www.robben-island.org.za /departments/heritage/gallery/sobukwe.asp (688 words)

	Historical Papers, Wits University
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe was born on 5 December 1924 in the Cape rural town of Graaff Reinet.
		Sobukwe and his colleagues were sentenced to three years under 'incitement laws'.
		Sobukwe's legacy to South Africans is his teaching that: "There is only one race to which we all belong, and that is the human race." (From an article by Colin Legum, 9/3/88).
	www.wits.ac.za /histp/sobukwe_bio.htm (591 words)

	Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Robert Sobukwe was born in the South African town of Graaff-Reinet on December 5, 1924.
		In 1969 Sobukwe was allowed to settle in the town of Kimberly but was banned--prohibited from speaking in public or being quoted and from participating in any group activity.
		Sobukwe's reason for rejecting cooperation with white and Asian anti-apartheid groups was that he believed that years of white supremacy had conditioned whites to be dominant and Blacks to be submissive.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/robert-mangaliso-sobukwe (962 words)

	Dispatch Online - Your premier Eastern Cape news site
		ROBERT Mangaliso Sobukwe was born in Graaff Reinet in 1924 into the poverty that was the prevailing condition of the overwhelming masses of the African majority.
		Sobukwe’s legacy has currency at two significant levels: his definition of an African as anyone who owes a primary and total loyalty to Africa irrespective of colour or creed is consonant with the inclusive and reconciliatory genius of democratic South Africa’s Constitution that speaks to a common non-racial citizenship.
		Sobukwe’s ideas thus remain with us in the public domain and it is a challenge to social scientists, ancillary academics, organic intellectuals, public intellectuals and others to engage the discourse on race, ethnicity, identity, citizenship, representivity as an instrument to consolidate the social fabric of African society in the 21st century.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2005/04/15/Leader/l2.html (1496 words)

	Graaff-Reinet, birthplace of Mangaliso Robert Sobukwe, founder of the Pan Africanist Congress
		angaliso Robert Sobukwe, founder of the Pan Africanist Congress, was born in Graaff-Reinet in 1924.
		angaliso Robert Sobukwe is acknowledged as one of the sources of inspiration for the Black Consciousness Movement which grew to strength under Steve Biko in the 1970s.
		Sobukwe argued that Africans had to prove to themselves and to the world they could stand on their own feet.
	www.graaffreinet.co.za /pages/sobukwe.html (322 words)

	iafrica.com \| news \| sa news Wits to honour Robert Sobukwe
		Sobukwe, who died 25 years ago, was employed as a language instructor at the university between 1954 and 1959, where he continued with his studies and achieved an honours degree in languages.
		Sobukwe died of cancer in 1978, survived by his wife Veronica and their four children.
		The decision by the Witwatersrand University to honour Sobukwe was timely and most welcomed, PAC secretary general Thami Ka-Plaatjie said on Monday.
	iafrica.com /news/sa/237815.htm (241 words)

	Sunday Times - South Africa's best selling newspaper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Sobukwe faced not only tough intellectual grilling but also the taunts and jeers of the more unsavoury students, notoriously from the engineering and commerce departments.
		The charisma in the leadership of, say, Mandela and Nyerere was eminently present in Robert Sobukwe's quiet, extremely courteous manner.
		Robert Sobukwe was the perfect portrait of the manner in which an African with ubuntu responded to oppression, discrimination and evil.
	www.suntimes.co.za /2003/09/07/RobertSobukwe/sobukwe04.asp (688 words)

	Amazon.ca: Sobukwe and Apartheid: Books: Benjamin Pogrund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Sobukwe is the forgotten man of the South African anti-apartheid struggle, a founder of the Pan-Africanist Congress and chief mover in the anti-pass-law demonstrations that led to the 1960 massacre of unarmed protestors at Sharpeville.
		This readable biography of Robert Sobukwe, leader of the Pan-Africanist Congress, is a welcome addition to the literature on the opposition movements in South Africa.
		His detailed portrait of Sobukwe's strengths and weaknesses is a reminder that many remarkable individuals who were denied the right to participate fully in South African society still contributed to the development of political ideas.
	www.amazon.ca /Sobukwe-Apartheid-Benjamin-Pogrund/dp/0813516935 (447 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Mangaliso (a name that means 'wonderful') Sobukwe was born in Graaff-Reinet in the Cape Province in 1924.
		In 1950 Robert Sobukwe was appointed a teaching post at a high school in Standerton, a position he lost when he spoke out in favour of the Defiance Campaign in 1952.
		He was given a surprisingly harsh sentence of 3 years' imprisonment, at the end of which Parliament enacted a General Law Amendment Act, which empowered the Minister of Justice to prolong the detention of any political prisoner indefinitely.
	www.sahistory.org.za /pages/specialprojects/sharpevill/sobukwefill.htm (596 words)

	Cape Town 4: Robert_sobukwe_house (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Sobukwe broke away from the ANC in the late 1950's and formed the rival PAC political party.
		He instigated the pass burnings of 1960 that scared the apartheid government, and for his part in the struggle he was forced to spend over six years on the Island living in this house with no contact with any other human being.
		Even his guards were not allowed to speak a single word to him, and he lived in utter isolation without hearing or reading one word for six long years.
	twoandtwomakesfive.blogs.com /photos/cape_town_4/robert_sobukwe_house.html (89 words)

	TRIBUTE PAID TO MR. SOBUKWE BY CHAIRMAN OF APARTHEID COMMITTEE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, President of the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC) and one of the great sons of Africa, passed away on 26 February.
		Sobukwe, who led the righteous struggle commended by the world, was sentenced by a racist court and imprisoned for three years.
		Sobukwe was feared in his life by the racist regime which kept him a virtual prisoner for 18 years.
	www.anc.org.za /un/pr/pr0227-78.html (651 words)

	chonours
		Mangcu said Sobukwe had been neglected in political history and it was high time his memory was replaced in the centre of the present process of nation-building.
		Sobukwe is the first person other than Steve Biko to be honoured by the SBF.
		Sobukwe believed there was only one race to which all people belonged -- the human race.
	www.dispatch.co.za /2003/02/19/easterncape/CHONOURS.HTM (437 words)

	Untitled Document
		The ostensible reason Sobukwe gave for leaving the ANC was his suspicion that it had been infiltrated by Communists and was operating under the influence of Communist ideology.
		Jordan Ngubane’s endorsement of Robert Sobukwe’s actions in 1959 was an implicit evaluation of the extent to which it was a continuation of the legacy of Anton Lembede concerning African Nationalism.
		Interestingly, Jordan Ngubane was taxing Robert Sobukwe with a narrow and particularistic conception of African Nationalism which was not expansive enough to accommodate other races and ethnic groups in South Africa in a comprehensive multi-racialism.
	www.pitzer.edu /academics/faculty/masilela/nam/sophia/writers/sobukwe/sobukweS.htm (1444 words)

	Human rights and Sharpeville - SouthAfrica.info
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, a 34-year-old lecturer in African languages at Wits University at the time, opened the congress and was elected president.
		Sobukwe led the march to Orlando Police Station, where he and the party's leadership were arrested, just after they learned of the massacre in Sharpeville.
		Sobukwe, who was first sentenced to three years' imprisonment on Robben Island for leading the anti-dompas protests, was kept in jail indefinitely under a special amendment to the General Laws Amendment Act - the Sobukwe Clause - which was rushed through Parliament.
	www.southafrica.info /ess_info/sa_glance/history/sharpeville.htm (1238 words)

	Finding Aid to Pan Africanist Congress Collection
		Sobukwe had been an active member of the Youth League at the University College of Ft. Hare when a branch was started there in 1948.
		On 4 March, 1960, Sobukwe called upon the PAC membership to begin "one campaign leading onto another in a never-ending stream of unfolding positive action." Members were instructed to leave their passes at home on 21 March, present themselves at police stations, and invite arrest.
		Sobukwe was the only person imprisoned under this law and it became known as the Sobukwe clause.
	www.si.umich.edu /fort-hare/pac_hist.htm (3110 words)

	SAPA - 12 May 97 - SOBUKWE'S WIFE ASKS TRC TO FIND NAME OF DOCTOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The wife of late Pan Africanist Congress leader Robert Sobukwe on Monday asked the Truth and Reconciliation Commission to establish the name of the doctor who operated on her husband without her approval.
		Sobukwe said her husband was arrested and detained in Robben Island on a number of occasions without trial from 1960 to 1969.
		Sobukwe appealed to the ANC government to help in the rehabilitation of her son Dodane, who was seriously affected by his father's death as he was very close to him.
	www.doj.gov.za /trc/media/1997/9705/s970512o.htm (512 words)

	Scriptwriting in South Africa
		The focus is on commissioning new work, such as the Sobukwe play, that deals with themes relevant to South Africa in the early 21st century and on nurturing a new generation of radio writers, actors and producers.
		The Sobukwe play, called The Africanist, follows the life of Robert Sobukwe from his early days in politics, to his time as leader of the Pan Africanist Congress to his solitary confinement on Robben Island.
		Robert Sobukwe was a great surprise to me and I’m sure he’ll be as much of a surprise to everyone who listens to The Africanist.”
	www.saswa.org.za /news/news_safm_drama_280306.htm (526 words)

	Robert Mugabe - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robert Gabriel Mugabe (born February 21, 1924) has been the head of government in Zimbabwe, first as Prime Minister and later as first executive President, since 1980.
		According to reports, Robert Mugabe informed the leaders of Jamaica, Nigeria and South Africa of his decision when they telephoned him to discuss the situation.
		Robert Mugabe is supposedly the inspiration for Dr. Zuwanie, the central African character in the movie The Interpreter with Sean Penn and Nicole Kidman which takes place at the United Nations.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Robert_Mugabe (2944 words)

	sundaytimes.co.za :: Home of the Sunday Times :: South Africa's best selling newspaper :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It seemed obvious to Robert Sobukwe that the injustices suffered by Africans in South Africa could ultimately be overcome only by a revolution, and that a successful revolution by Africans could in turn be fuelled only by the rawer emotions of a nationalism based on race.
		I first met Sobukwe at Lady Selbourne township in February 1959 when, on a visit to Pretoria, he was sending out feelers for the formation of an organisation based on Pan Africanism and African Nationalism as an alternative to the multiracial Kliptown Charter of the ANC.
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe didn't just leave a mark on my life, he shaped it.
	www.sundaytimes.co.za /specialreports/sobukwe (739 words)

	sobukwe
		PAC publicity secretary Bonginkosi Njoli said the event would be preceded by cultural activities, a display of an Apla drill and many other activities that would make the day "a special one".
		He said Sobukwe would be remembered as a man who led a group of Africanists out of the ANC in 1959 and formed what is still is known as "a ship of freedom", the PAC of Azania.
		Sobukwe led the 1960 PAC anti-pass campaign and coined the slogan "no bail, no fine, no defence".
	www.dispatch.co.za /2000/02/21/easterncape/SOBUKWE.HTM (173 words)

	Robben Island Museum
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe, founding leader of the Pan Africanist Congress was held under a banning order on Robben Island between 1963 and 1969.
		He was held in solitary confinement, under the infamous ‘Sobukwe Clause’ and under 24 hour guard.
		Sobukwe was released into house arrest in Galeshewe, Kimberley, in April 1969.
	www.robben-island.org.za /departments/directorate/annual/sobukwe.asp (513 words)

	Guide to the Benjamin Pogrund Papers : Finding Aid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Photostats of letters from Sobukwe to his wife Veronica, letters from other members of Sobukwe's family to Pogrund, and one folder of speeches are also listed under Robert Sobukwe.
		Sobukwe, Veronica [correspondence with, 1962-1967, 1975, 1989-1993, n.d.
		A small amount of correspondence with Veronica Sobukwe can be found in these files, but the bulk of Pogrund's and Robert Sobukwe's correspondence with her can be found in Series I. Pieces mostly on apartheid, prison conditions, and other South African affairs that Pogrund wrote for major magazines such as the
	mssa.library.yale.edu /findaids/stream.php?xmlfile=mssa.ms.1261.xml (2449 words)

	People in South African History
		Robert Mangaliso Sobukwe was born in Graaff-Reinet, known as the Gem of the Karoo, in the southeast of South Africa in 1924.
		Robert Sobukwe had had enough of having his people being put down and really wanted to make a difference.
		Robert Sobukwe tried to make a difference for his people and he certainly did.
	www.eou.edu /~nknowles/fall2000/sapeop.html (7212 words)

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