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Topic: Robert Trumpler

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	Trumpler, Robert Julius (1886-1956)
		Trumpler was born in Zürich and studied there and in Germany at Göttingen.
		At the Allegheny Observatory in Pennsylvania, Trumpler noted that galactic star clusters contain an irregular distribution of different classes of stars, and these observations paved the way for later theories about stellar evolution.
		Trumpler's hypothesis, made in 1924, did not gain real support until the return of the photographs taken by Mariner 9 probe, more than 50 years later.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/Trumpler.html (240 words)

	Robert Julius Trumpler, October 2, 1886September 10, 1956 \| By Harold F. Weaver \| Biographical Memoirs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Trumpler was invited to the Lick Observatory as a Martin Kellogg fellow in 1919 and was appointed assistant astronomer in 1920.
		Trumpler's approach to the study of a phenomenon or class of objects was to gather all available data (including his own observations) and compile a very detailed catalog that he could then use to show the relationships of various features of the objects or phenomenon.
		Trumpler surmised that the difference of the cluster types was caused by a difference in the mass distribution among the stars when the cluster was formed, but it was not possible for him to reach a satisfactory solution to the puzzle with the then current idea that small-mass stars evolved more rapidly than large-mass stars.
	stills.nap.edu /html/biomems/rtrumpler.html (5422 words)

	The Interstellar medium - Astrophysics - Emc2
		This whole question was resolved in 1930 by Robert Trumpler at the Lick Observatory in California.
		Trumpler determined the clusters' distances in two ways: one was from the brightness of the stars in each cluster, the other was from the angular size of the cluster as seen from the Earth, with the assumption that the physical dimensions of each cluster were about the same.
		Trumpler's diagram showing the relation between open star cluster distances derived from their angular diameter and those obtained from the brightness of the stars in the cluster.
	www.eequalsmcsquared.auckland.ac.nz /sites/emc2/tl/astrophysics/interstellar-medium.cfm (616 words)

	Trumpler, Robert Julius (1886-1956)
		Trumpler was born in Zürich and studied there and in Germany at Göttingen.
		At the Allegheny Observatory in Pennsylvania, Trumpler noted that galactic star clusters contain an irregular distribution of different classes of stars, and these observations paved the way for later theories about stellar evolution.
		Trumpler's hypothesis, made in 1924, did not gain real support until the return of the photographs taken by Mariner 9 probe, more than 50 years later.
	daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/T/Trumpler.html (246 words)

	Jacobus Kapteyn
		In his model the Galaxy was thought to be 40,000 light years in size, the sun being relatively close (2,000 light years) to its center, and was valid at high galactic latitudes but failed in the galactic plane[?] because of the lack of knowledge of interstellar absorption.
		It was only after Kapteyn's death, at Amsterdam in 1922, that Robert Trumpler[?] determined that the amount of extinction was actually much greater than had been assumed.
		This discovery increased the estimate of the galaxy's size to 100,000 light years, with the sun replaced to a distance of 30,000 light years from its center.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ja/Jacobus_Kapteyn.html (437 words)

	Robert Julius Trumpler -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert Julius Trumpler (October 2 1886 – September 10 1956) was a (The natives or inhabitants of Switzerland) Swiss- (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer.
		He was born in (The largest city in Switzerland; located in the northern part of the country) Zurich.
		A (A bowl-shaped depression formed by the impact of a meteorite or bomb) crater on (The 4th planet from the sun) Mars is named in his honour.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/r/ro/robert_julius_trumpler.htm (163 words)

	The Mysterious Milky Way
		Trumpler knew this was highly unlikely, and deduced that there must be some absorbing material throughout the galactic disk which was responsible for the dimming of starlight in proportion to the star’s distance form the Earth.
		Trumpler made further calculations to test this theory, and found that if the light was dimmed by one magnitude for every 5000 light years of distance, the anomalous relationship between size and distance disappeared.
		Trumpler had discovered interstellar extinction, the dimming of starlight as it passes through the gas and dust of the interstellar medium.
	www.astrophys-assist.com /educate/mmw/mmw.htm (3654 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Trumpler's analysis involved the measurement of the diameters of open or galactic clusters in the disk of our Galaxy.
		Trumpler concluded that the diameters could be rectified to eliminate the effect, if on average, the dusty material produces an extinction of about a factor of two for every kiloparsec of distance.
		Since Trumpler's, time, it was discovered that the absorption is more severe in the blue than in the red, so that the colours of distant stars seen through the dust layer are also "reddened" by this effect.
	www.astro.utoronto.ca /~hudon/ast210/oh7.3.html (342 words)

	Robert Julius Trumpler (1886-1956) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert Julius Trumpler (or Trümpler) was born in Zurich, Switzerland on October 2, 1886 where he grew up in good conditions and got his school education, and started to study astronomy at the university.
		In the following years, Trumpler made his most significant discovery and contribution to astronomy, namely his investigation of distances, dimensions, and space distribution of galactic open star clusters (Trumpler 1930); this work also contains a table of 37 new open clusters, now known as the Trumpler catalog.
		Moreover, from these studies, Trumpler discovered the interstellar extinction; this effect has significant impact on distance estimates and considerable effect on the distance scale of the Milky Way and the universe.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/trumpler.html (349 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert Bourassa's speech on the end of the Meech Lake Accord
		Robert Bruce Stuart, Duke of Kintyre and Lorne
		Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/r/ro (93 words)

	ASP: Robert J. Trumpler Award (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert J. Trumpler Award for an Outstanding PhD Thesis
		The Robert J. Trumpler Award of the ASP is given each year to a recent recipient of the PhD degree in North America whose research is considered unusually important to astronomy.
		To be considered for the Trumpler Award, a nominee's PhD must have been awarded on or after 1 May 2005 and most or all of the thesis must have been published in a recognized journal with an issue date prior to 1 January 2008.
	www.astrosociety.org /membership/awards/trumpler.html (321 words)

	Astronomy Timeline
		Trumpler found that distant star clusters were bigger than nearby star clusters.
		Robert Oppenheimer and George Volkoff calculate properties of neutron stars.
		Penzias and Wilson used a radio telescope to detect the highly redshifted radiation from the early stages in the expansion of the universe.
	www.mhhe.com /physsci/astronomy/arny/student/timeline5.mhtml (711 words)

	UNC astronomer wins top science award
		Trumpler Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
		The UNC scientist will pick up the Trumpler award, which includes a cash prize and travel expenses, at the society’s annual meeting in Berkeley, Calif., on Oct. 11.
		Reichart’s chief research interests are cosmic explosions known as gamma ray bursts, the early universe, interstellar extinction, galaxy clusters, Bayesian interference and archaeoastronomy.
	www.unc.edu /news/archives/may03/reichart050503.html (571 words)

	Robert Campbell -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		His songs and poems are emotionally intense and realistic, and they show a remarkable command of poetic form, especially for one with so little formal education.
		The great writer Robert Louis Stevenson, famous for Treasure Island, was born in Edinburgh,Scotland on November 13, 1850.
		Robert Goddard and Wernher von Braun were two of the engineers who helped develop rockets.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9019854?tocId=9019854 (696 words)

	Chandra :: Photo Album :: Trumpler 14 :: More Images of Trumpler 14
		Star cluster Trumpler 14 has one of the highest concentrations of massive, luminous stars in the Galaxy.
		In this version of Trumpler 14, the colors are coded for energy with red representing low (.35-.79 keV), green medium (.79-.97 keV), and blue high (.97-1.65 keV) energies.
		The Trumpler catalog, which contains 37 open star clusters, was named for Robert Trumpler, who made significant contributions to the study of distances, dimensions and distributions of star clusters in the early 20th century.
	www.chandra.harvard.edu /photo/2005/trump/more.html (437 words)

	[No title]
		Land's achievements the past two decades in Oklahoma are legion---teaching astronomy to over 3000 students, holding hands-on workshops for other teachers and his own students in the use of portable planetaria, and conducting a wide range of public-outreach activities.
		Robert J. Trumpler Award: Dr. David Charbonneau, a Millikan Postdoctoral Scholar in Astronomy at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, CA, has been selected to receive the 2004 Robert J. Trumpler Award.
		Each year the Society's Board of Directors chooses a recent recipient of the Ph.D. degree to receive the Trumpler Award, which is given in recognition of the young scientist's unusually important work to astronomy.
	redservices.ing.iac.es:8080 /PR/nik.txt (864 words)

	Miscellaneous San Bernardino County, California Obituaries
		ROBERT J. VICTORVILLE - Victorville resident Robert J. Moore, 54, died June 1, 2001.
		She is survived by sons Gary M. Trumpler and Lawrence D. Trumpler; daughter Sandra Kinsey; grandsons David Trumpler, Daniel Trumpler and Shaun Kinsey; granddaughters Eugenia Reed, Michelle Trumpler, Rachel Trumpler and Devon Kinsey, and great-granddaughter Lauryn Reed.
		WILLIAM R. YERMO - William Robert "Papy" Pettit, 82, a nine-year resident of Yermo, died on June 16, 2001 in Barstow.
	www.genealogybuff.com /ca/ca-sanbernardino-obits5.htm (1790 words)

	Robert Julius Trumpler Information
		Robert Julius Trumpler (October 2 1886 – September 10 1956, Berkeley, California) was a Swiss-American astronomer.
		Trumpler also studied and catalogued open clusters in order to determine the size of the Milky Way galaxy.
		At first he thought his analysis placed an upper limit on the Milky Way's diameter of about 10,000 parsecs with the Sun located somewhat near the center although he later revised this.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Robert_Julius_Trumpler (283 words)

	Read about Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale structure at WorldVillage ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert Trumpler uses open cluster observations to quantify the
		Robert Jackson discover the Faber-Jackson relation between the
		Robert Antonucci and J. Miller discover that the Seyfert II galaxy
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Timeline_of_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large_scale_structure (757 words)

	[No title]
		But Trumpler saw immediately that most of the clusters showed larger photometric distances than one would expect from their diameter distances.
		Trumpler concluded that the second explanation was correct.
		Robert Trumpler's paper "Absorption of Light in the Galactic System" in which he makes the case for dust in the ISM.
	spiff.rit.edu /classes/phys230/lectures/ism_dust/ism_dust.html (2458 words)

	Astronomy 1900-1950
		Robert Trumpler showed that the inconsistent estimates of sizes, distances, and brightness of star clusters was due to intervening interstellar dust
		J. Trumpler proved that interstellar dust was preventing observation of distant stars
		Robert Oppenheimer and R. Serber demonstrate that collapsed stars could form stars denser than white dwarfs
	fall.cerrocoso.edu /studenthelp/astronomy/1950.htm (299 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Timeline of knowledge about galaxies, clusters of galaxies, and large-scale ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		1930 - Robert Trumpler uses open cluster observations to quantify the absorption of light by interstellar dust in the galactic plane; this absorption had plagued earlier models of the Milky Way,
		1976 - Sandra Faber and Robert Jackson discover the Faber-Jackson relation between the luminosity of an elliptical galaxy and the velocity dispersion in its center,
		Brent Tully and Richard Fisher publish the Tully-Fisher relation between the luminosity of an isolated spiral galaxy and the velocity of the flat part of its rotation curve,
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Timeline_of_knowledge_about_galaxies,_clusters_of_galaxies,_and_large-scale_structure (866 words)

	Carnegie Observatories Research: Luis Ho (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Luis Ho For "excellence in research," Luis Ho has been awarded the Trumpler Award from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, the Uhl Award from the University of California, Berkeley, and the Leo Goldberg and Thomas Hoopes Prizes from Harvard University.
		In 1998 Luis Ho received the Robert J. Trumpler Award from the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
		He was also the recipient of the Uhl Award for Excellence in Research at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1994; the Leo Goldberg Prize for Astronomy at Harvard University in 1990; and the Thomas Hoopes Prize, also at Harvard, in 1989 and 1990.
	www.ociw.edu /research/ho.html (586 words)

	Outline for Weeks 6&7, Astronomy 225 Spring 2006
		Trumpler was interested in studying the properties of open star clusters.
		Trumpler measured the apparent magnitudes of stars in clusters, and deduced their absolute magnitudes from their spectral types.
		Trumpler found that the result of this procedure was that the supposed true physical diameter of open clusters was a function of their distance from us (in the sense that "more distant" clusters were physically larger).
	odin.physastro.mnsu.edu /~eskridge/astr225/week6.html (4915 words)

	Robert (Julius) Trumpler Biography (1886–1956) Online Encyclopedia Article About Robert (Julius) Trumpler Biography ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Robert (Julius) Trumpler Biography (1886–1956) Online Encyclopedia Article About Robert (Julius) Trumpler Biography (1886–1956)
		He made extensive studies of star clusters and galaxies, and found an interstellar haze absorbing light from distant stars, which had an important effect on ideas about the scale of the universe.
		Do not copy, download, transfer, or otherwise replicate the site content in whole or in part.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /Cambridge/entries/065/Robert-Julius-Trumpler.html (144 words)

	Re: Who found the center of our Galaxy? when and how?
		It's clear that this band is denser sort of in the direction of Saggitarius, but we can't pinpoint the center by eye.
		In 1930, Robert J. Trumpler was the first astronomer to show that we are not at the center of the galaxy.
		Trumpler corrected for the dust properly, and showed that the galaxy is a disk-shape centered many kiloparsecs away.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/2001-01/978456473.Sh.r.html (440 words)

	THE 1920 SHAPLEY-CURTIS DISCUSSION: BACKGROUND, ISSUES, AND OUTCOME
		Curiously, the Robert Yerkes for whom it is named was not a close relative of the industrial magnate whose name the observatory bears.
		Robert Trumpler (1930), by correlating apparent diameters of open star clusters with their apparent brightnesses revealed the importance of interstellar absorption (though Jesse Greenstein and others had come very close to discovering it earlier).
		First and foremost, we all thank Robert Nemiroff for the enormous amount of work he has put in to organize this event, comprising among the wishes of people at least as discordant as their scenarios.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /diamond_jubilee/papers/trimble.html (7981 words)

	Galaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A different method by Harlow Shapley based on the cataloging of globular clusters lead to a radically different picture: a flat disk with diameter ~70 kiloparsecs and the Sun far from the center.
		Both analyses failed to take into account the absorption of light by interstellar dust present in the galactic plane; once Robert Julius Trumpler had quantified this effect in 1930 by studying open clusters, the present picture of our galaxy as described above emerged.
		In 1944, Hendrik van de Hulst predicted microwave radiation at a wave length of 21 centimetres, resulting from interstellar atomic hydrogen gas; this radiation was observed in 1951.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/galaxy.html (1122 words)

	Accolades
		The prize jury consists of representatives from the universities of Basel, Jerusalem and Waterloo, and from the academies of Denmark and the Netherlands.
		Scott Burles, Research Associate in Astronomy and Astrophysics, has received the Robert Trumpler Award of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific for the year 2000 for an outstanding Ph.D. thesis.
		The Trumpler award goes to a recent Ph.D. recipient whose research is considered unusually important to astronomy.
	chronicle.uchicago.edu /001130/accolades.shtml (862 words)

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