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Robert Curthose - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Robert married Sybilla, daughter of Geoffrey of Brindisi, Count of Conversano (and a grandniece of Robert Guiscard). Robert was forced by diplomacy to renounce his claim to the English throne in the Treaty of Alton. Robert fled to his uncle's court in Flanders before plundering the county of the Vexin and causing such mayhem that his father King William allied himself with King Philip I of France to stop his rebellious son. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Curthose

Robert Guiscard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia In the history of the Norman kingdom of Italy Guiscard remains essentially the hero and founder, as his nephew Roger II is the statesman and organizer. Guiscard was succeeded by Roger "Borsa", his son by Sikelgaita; Bohemund, his son by an earlier Norman wife Alberada, being set aside. In 1057 Robert succeeded Humfrey as count of Apulia and, in company with Roger, his youngest brother, carried on the conquest of Apulia and Calabria, while Richard conquered the principality of Capua. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robert_Guiscard

CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Robert Guiscard On the death of Humphrey in 1057, Robert Guiscard caused himself to be elected leader of the Normans to the detriment of the two sons of his brother, whose inheritance he appropriated. But Robert Guiscard thought only of resuming his expedition against Constantinople. Guiscard was now master of the route to Constantinople, and had advanced as far as Castoria when he received a letter from Gregory VII recalling him to Italy. www.newadvent.org /cathen/07072b.htm

Robert Guiscard tour to Campania and Apulia Robert Guiscard was born in Normandy in 1016, the son of Tancred of Hauteville, and brother of William Iron-Arm, Drogo, and Roger. Venosa is where Robert Guiscard chose to establish the dynastic cemetery for the Hauteville family, the sons of Tancred of Hauteville in Normandy. Robert arrived in South Italy in 1046 and joined Drogo who sent him off to the depths of Calabria to guard a fortress at the mountain pass of Scribla. www.plantagenettours.com /2005/campaniaapulia.html

The Career of Robert Guiscard Robert Guiscard was one of several brothers who came to Italy from Normandy to work as mercenaries and gain their fortune. Robert Guiscard went to become the duke of Apulia and Calabria, and founded the Kingdom of the Two Sicily's. The Career of Robert Guiscard, according to the Annales Lupi Protospatharii www.deremilitari.org /resources/sources/robertguiscard.htm

DragonBear History: All That: Normans in Italy Richard of Aversa was Prince of Capua, ruler of the west coast; Robert Guiscard was Duke of Apulia, overlord of the east coast and the foot; and Robert's younger brother Count Roger was slowly conquering Sicily from the Saracen Kalbids. In 1081, Robert Guiscard's success and ambition brought him to take the offensive against the Byzantine Empire beyond the Italian peninsula: he invaded across the Adriatic and besieged the city of Durazzo. Five of the sons became counts and dukes in Italy, and their descendants became kings.) Called Guiscard, "the Crafty," Robert was a blond, blue-eyed giant, "taller than the tallest," who took to power politics like a natural. www.dragonbear.com /normans.html

sicily Guiscard, Robert (c.1031-85) Norman adventurer, son of Tancred de Hautville, who campaigned with his brothers against the Byzantine Greeks, and created a duchy comprising S Italy and Sicily. Aided his brother Robert Guiscard, capturing Calabria (1060), Messina (1061), Palermo (1072), Catania, Girgenti, etc.; assumed title count of Sicily (1072); captured island of Malta from the Saracens (1090). Robert was the son of an obscure Norman, Tancred de Hauteville, and from c. website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/sicily.htm

ROGER I. - LoveToKnow Article on ROGER I. Malaterra, who compares Robert Guiscard (see GuISCA1tp, ROBERT) and his brother to Joseph and Benjamin of old, says of Roger: He was a youth of the greatest beauty, of lofty stature, of graceful shape, most eloquent in speech and cool in counsel. After Palermo had been taken in January 1072 Robert Guiscard, as suzerain, invested Roger as count of Sicily, but retained Palermo, half of Messina and the north-east portion(the Val Demone). Much of Roberts success had been due to Rogers support. www.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RO/ROGER_I_.htm

HUBERT ROBERT - LoveToKnow Article on HUBERT ROBERT Roberts work has more or less of that scenic character which justified his selection by Voltaire to paint the decorations of his theatre at Ferney. Robert died of apoplexy on the 15th of April 1808. In the fourth canto of his LImagination Delille celebrated Roberts miraculous escape when lost in the catacombs; later in life, when imprisoned during the Terror and marked for the guillotine, by a fatal accident another died in his place and Robert lived. 60.1911encyclopedia.org /R/RO/ROBERT_HUBERT.htm

Robert Guiscard and Gregory VII Thus in 1080, in Ceprano, Robert Guiscard, whom the Pope had called ‘a small Norman vilissime’ — a small humble Norman- a few years earlier, solemnly swore allegiance to the Papal power, who would soon call for his help against the invading German emperor in Rome. The repeated excommunications of Robert by the intransigent Gregory VII, in 1074, 1075 and in 1078, after Robert’s attempt to seize the principality of Benevento, led to a sudden deterioration in the relations between the Normans and the papacy. In 1084, the duke was now seen to be the defender of the Church of Rome, entering the city in order to save the Pope and then to take him to Salerno under his protection, and true to form, Robert proceeded to sack and pillage the Eternal City. www.mondes-normands.caen.fr /angleterre/histoires/medit/5/medit5_4.htm

The Decline And Fall Of The Roman Empire Chapter 56 The male line of Robert Guiscard was extinguished, both in Apulia and at Antioch, in the second generation; but his younger brother became the father of a line of kings; and the son of the great count was endowed with the name, the conquests, and the spirit, of the first Roger. Robert invades the Eastern empire, A.D. To Robert Guiscard, the conquest of Sicily was more glorious than beneficial: the possession of Apulia and Calabria was inadequate to his ambition; and he resolved to embrace or create the first occasion of invading, perhaps of subduing, the Roman empire of the East. Robert was the eldest of the seven sons of the second marriage; and even the reluctant praise of his foes has endowed him with the heroic qualities of a soldier and a statesman. www.ccel.org /g/gibbon/decline/volume2/chap56.htm

33rd Generation (cont.) Robert de Hauteville I, Count of Apulia "Guiscard (The Astute)" was born circa 1015 in Hauteville-la-Guichard near Coutances, Normandy. Robert responded to the city's plea for help in 1073 and successfully defended it; in December 1076 he took Salerno from Gisulf and made it the capital of his duchy. Their differences were resolved when Robert invested Roger, after he had recognized Robert's supreme authority, with "the County of Sicily and Calabria" along with the right to govern and tax both counties. www.boazfamilytree.com /gneville/aqwg57.htm

Robert Guiscard Biography / Biography of Robert Guiscard Biography Biography The Norman adventurer Robert Guiscard, Count and Duke of Apulia (1016-1085), was the most famous of the Norman brothers, members of the Hauteville family, who entered the wars of southern Italy and carved out important principalities for themselves. Of the early life in Normandy of Robert Guiscard, very little is known. Robert Guiscard Biography / Biography of Robert Guiscard Biography Biography www.bookrags.com /biography-robert-guiscard/index.html

Lombards and Normans Robert fought in the Crusades with his son Bohemond, and his grandson Tancred also fought in the Holy Land. Not only did Robert and the other Normans defeat the papal forces, but they also took the pope prisoner and held him until he recognized their titles and lands. The pope called for help and Robert and his soldiers came to his aid. www.geocities.com /fairauthor/NormanItaly.html

Apostolica Legatia In 1094 Robert the Guiscard, took Urban II to Rome and, with his army, moved against Henry IV driving him out of Rome and out of Italy. Robert was called back to Southern Italy to take care of insurgencies brought about by the nobles, who did not want to be his vassals. At William's death, Robert became count and in 1058 he and his men had a call for help in the controversy between Benedict X and Nicholas II, both aspiring to the papacy. home.att.net /~ilsiciliano/page02_the_apostolica_legatia.htm

Articles - Battle of Dyrrhachium (1081) Guiscard's quarrel was actually with Nicephorus III, who deposed Michael VII in 1078, but went ahead with his plan to attack anyway even after Nicephorus was deposed and replaced by Alexius I in 1081. Guiscard, through spies, knew Alexius was coming and moved his army away from the city to prepare for battle; he attempted to negotiate with Alexius, but it was a stalling tactic only, as he demanded impossible terms which Alexius would never agree to (Anna does not elaborate on the specifics). In June Guiscard marched north to Dyrrhachium, the regional capital, and lay siege to it; its inhabitants, however, were not impressed by the false Michael. www.gaple.com /articles/Battle_of_Dyrrhachium_(1081)

"Sacred Conquest and Ecclesiastical Politics: The Normans and the Church in the Eleventh Century," by Sean McGee Robert Guiscard's sons Roger Borsa (who succeeded him as Duke of Apulia) and Bohemund did the same for Pope Urban II Norwich 234-243 Robert had returned to Apulia and was in the process of organizing his army to come to Gregory's rescue, when the Romans surrendered to and allied themselves with Henry in 1084. Robert decided to withdraw and escort Gregory under his protection to Benevento, where the exiled Pope died a year later. www.janus.umd.edu /Feb2001/McGee/15.html

engine99.cgi?name=Robert Robert II Stewart (Robert the Steward) Scottish ruler; regent of Scotland 1333-1341, 1346-1357; king of Scotland 1390-1406 (1st ruler of House of Stuart); grandson of Robert the Bruce _1316-1390 Robert of Jumieges English-Norman Catholic prelate; archbishop of Canterbury 1051-1052; deposed _10XX Robert I (Robert the Devil) French Norman ruler; duke of Normandy 1028-1035; father of William the Conqueror _9XX-1035 www.s9.com /cgi-s9/engine99.cgi?name=Robert

Norman Capture of Sicily In 1060 the Norman leader Robert Guiscard with his brother Roger d'Hauteville opened their invasion of Sicily. Robert and Roger established an amicable arrangement between themselves for allocating captured spoils and dividing power. That agreement left Robert as ruler of southern Italy and Roger as ruler of Sicily. www.boglewood.com /sicily/normaninvasion.html

MSN Encarta - Search Results - Robert Guiscard Guiscard, Robert (1015?-1085), Norman adventurer, born near Coutances in Normandy (Normandie). Tancred (1078?-1112), Norman leader in the First Crusade, nephew of the conqueror Robert Guiscard, who established Norman rule in southern Italy. Search for books about your topic, "Robert Guiscard" encarta.msn.com /Robert_Guiscard.html

H-Net Review: Louis I. Hamilton on The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest Robert Guiscard's career was an exciting one, even if it was, as Loud observes, "something of a dead end" (p. The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest. For at least these reasons, Robert Guiscard has been the subject of recent monographs in French and German (Jean-Marie Martin, www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=15194998577953

Amazon.ca: Books: The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest The Age of Robert Guiscard examines both the historical evolution of southern Italy before the Normans, which made the conquest possible, and the hybrid society which that conquest created. B> This is a wide ranging and engaging account of the conquest of southern Italy and Sicily by the Norman's during the eleventh century and of Robert 'Guiscard', The Cunning, who was a central figure in the conquest. The relations of the Normans with their nominal overlord the papace and Guiscard's attempt to conquer the Byzantine Empire, are also discussed in depth. www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0582045282

Leaders and Battles: Guiscard, Robert Born the son of a poor Norman knight, Guiscard followed his older half-brothers to Italy in 1046 and served the forces under the prince of Capua. In 1053, when Pope Leo IX tried to expel the Normans from Italy, Guiscard met and defeated the Byzantine/papal army at Civitate. At the urgings of his siblings, he amassed his own army and went on to secure Calabria. www.lbdb.com /TMDisplayLeader.cfm?PID=5944

Norman way of war - NetSword Discussion Forums Robert arranged his forces in 3 "battles", essentially 3 semi-independent divisions, with his son (Bohemond) commanding the left battle, and Sichelgaita commanding the right battle. Robert was still heavily engaged in the center (where Alexius was also, according to Anna), and could not help. The tactics Bohemond and Robert used were fairly standard, and were used in other medieval battles, so they were well within the realm of possibility. www.netsword.com /ubb/Forum4/HTML/000023.html

SKYLARK'S TANCRÈDE DE HAUTEVILLE HOMELAND PAGE Robert and his brother, Roger (1031-1101), then invaded Muslim-held Sicily. TheNorman conquests continued until, with the fall of Bari in 1071, thelast Byzantine forces had been driven from the Italian boot. He made peace with Pope Nicholas II in 1059. www.angelfire.com /journal2/skylark3/page79.html

Dyrrachion 1081 In May 1081 Robert Guiscard and his Norman/Italian army landed at Avlona on the Albanian coast. Guiscard aimed to take the city by assault from land and sea. Guiscard commanded the Norman centre, with Bohemund on his left and Count Ami Giovinazzo on the right. members.aol.com /balkandave/dyrrachion.htm

De Bellis In Terra Sancta From 1068-71 Robert is occupied by siege of Bari, the last Byzantine stronghold in Apulia. Robert and Roger launch an attack on Palermo (1064) which ended in dismal failure. Following their victory over Pope Leo IX at Civitate Robert obtained title to the Southern duchies and Sicily, territory as yet not conquered from the Byzantines or Siclian-Muslims. users.actrix.co.nz /moyle/dbits/dbitsp1.html

Norman Conquest of Sicily In later years the d'Hautevilles' personal control over the new principality was strengthened as William and Drago were joined by their brothers, especially the two youngest, Robert "Guiscard" (meaning, "the Resourceful"), who arrived in 1046, and Roger, who joined his older siblings about 1057. In exchange for a nominal commitment of allegiance from the d'Hautevilles, the Pope formally confirmed Robert's claim not only to Apulia and Calabria, but to Sicily as well. Sicily, of course, was actually under Saracen rule; the Pope had in effect granted the Normans a license to conquer the island. www.boglewood.com /sicily/normanconquest.html

Robert II, king of Scotland to Rogers, Samuel. Alphabetic Index to Entries. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 Robert II, king of Scotland to Rogers, Samuel. Roberts, Frederick Sleigh, 1st Earl Roberts of Kandahar Robert II, king of Scotland to Rogers, Samuel www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/index205.html

"Sacred Conquest and Ecclesiastical Politics: The Normans and the Church in the Eleventh Century," by Sean McGee Even though Robert Guiscard was famed for his violence, which compelled Pope Leo IX to lead a Holy War against him and Pope Gregory VII to excommunicate him three times, nevertheless his reputation as a benefactor of the Church matched his reputation as a destructive warrior. A comparison between the final days of the two brothers supports this analysis: while Robert died on the island of Cephalonia on campaign against the Greeks, Roger died in the capital of his county, Mileto in Calabria. One way in which the Normans expanded their sway over their possessions in Italy and Sicily was by founding and endowing monasteries and making donations and improvements to churches. www.janus.umd.edu /Feb2001/McGee/27.html

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