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Topic: Robinson projection

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	Robinson projection
		The Robinson projection is a map projection used for geographic maps.
		Robinson specified the projection to be constructed by referring to a table of cartesian coordinate values at specific intersections of latitude and longitude.
		The projection is neither equal-area nor conformal, abandoning both for a compromise the creator felt produces a better overall view than could be achieved by adhering to either.
	abcworld.net /Robinson_projection.html (350 words)

	Robinson, Eckert, & Gall, Oh My! Map Projections Explained \| Digital Vector Maps
		The Robinson projection minimizes angular and area distortion.
		Additional features of the Eckert projection include: A central meridian that is straight, half as long as the Equator, and a standard line in odd-numbered projections, the poles are flat, half as long as the Equator, the even-numbered projections are equal-area and the odd-numbered projections have equally spaced parallels.
		The Gall's Stereographic projection is a cylindrical projection designed around 1855 with a perspective projection from two standard parallels at latitudes 45° N and 45° S. It is not equal-area, equidistant, or conformal.
	digital-vector-maps.com /article-map-projections-explained.aspx (462 words)

	Guide to Selecting Map Projections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Projections in which the meridians are represented by a system of equidistant parallel straight lines, and the parallels by a system of parallel straight lines at right angles to the meridians.
		Projections in which the parallels are represented by a system of nonconcentric circular arcs with their centers lying on the straight line representing the central meridian.
		Projections in which the meridians are represented by a system of concurrent straight lines inclined to each other at their true difference of longitude, and the parallels by a system of concentric circles with their common center at the point of concurrency of the meridians.
	www.manifold.net /doc/7x/guide_to_selecting_map_projections.htm (1772 words)

	Map Projections: From Spherical Earth to Flat Map
		A projection that maintains accurate distances from the center of the projection or along given lines is called an equidistant projection.
		A projection that maintains accurate directions (and therefore angular relationships) from a given central point is called an azimuthal or zenithal projection.
		Polyconic projection A conic projection projects information from the spherical Earth to a cone that is either tangent to the Earth at a single parallel, or that is secant at two standard parallels.
	nationalatlas.gov /articles/mapping/a_projections.html (2154 words)

	Robinson Projection :: Map Projections (Mapping Toolbox)
		It is not free of distortion at any point, but distortion is very low within about 45º of the center and along the Equator.
		This projection is not equal-area, conformal, or equidistant; however, it is considered to look right for world maps, and hence is widely used by Rand McNally, the National Geographic Society, and others.
		This projection was presented by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963, and is also called the Orthophanic projection, which means right appearing.
	www.mathworks.com /access/helpdesk/help/toolbox/map/robinsonprojection.shtml (247 words)

	Map Projections Poster
		For example, the basic Mercator projection is unique; it yields the only map on which a straight line drawn anywhere within its bounds shows a particular type of direction, but distances and areas are grossly distorted near the map's polar regions.
		Some projections are suited for mapping large areas that are mainly north-south in extent, others for large areas that are mainly east-west in extent, and still others for large areas that are oblique to the Equator.
		Such a projection is needed for the continuous mapping of satellite images, but it is useful only for a relatively narrow band along the groundtrack.
	erg.usgs.gov /isb/pubs/MapProjections/projections.html (3453 words)

	Map Projections, Geography Glossary - EnchantedLearning.com
		A conic projection is a type of map in which a cone is wrapped around a sphere (the globe), and the details of the globe are projected onto the cylindrical surface.
		A cylindrical projection is a type of map in which a cylinder is wrapped around a sphere (the globe), and the details of the globe are projected onto the cylindrical surface.
		A sinusoidal projection is a type of map projection in which lines of latitude are parallel to the equator, and lines of longitude are curved around the prime meridian.
	www.zoomdinosaurs.com /geography/glossary/projections.shtml (1057 words)

	Understanding map projections
		A map projection is a mathematical formula used to convert the three-dimensional surface of the earth to a two-dimensional surface, such as a map.
		Deciding which map projection to use is determined largely by the specific properties of the projections, as well as what is being mapped and where it is on the earth.
		For example, although the Mercator projection is often used for world mapping, it does not preclude it from being used for regions on or close to the equator with a predominately east-west extent.
	mapshop.esri.com /help/concepts_projections.htm (1978 words)

	The Impossible Quest for the Perfect Map - New York Times
		Their experiments are leading to some new map projections, the systems by which a rounded surface is transformed to display it on a flat map.
		In addition, on the Robinson projection, the 48 contiguous states of the United States are 3 percent smaller than they really are; on Van der Grinten, they are 68 percent larger.
		Robinson, professor emeritus of cartography and geography at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, devised the projection in 1963.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0DB173BF936A15753C1A96E948260 (676 words)

	Wilbert Robinson - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Robinson, Wilbert (1864-1934), American baseball player and manager, star catcher for the pennant-winning Baltimore Orioles in the 1890s before...
		Robinson, Edwin Arlington (1869-1935), American poet, best known for his poems set in Tilbury Town, an imaginary New England village modeled after...
		Wilbert Robinson (June 29, 1863 - August 8, 1934), nicknamed Uncle Robbie, was an American player, coach and manager in Major League Baseball.
	encarta.msn.com /Wilbert_Robinson.html (191 words)

	Data Standards - Projection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A map projection is a mathematical model for conversion of locations from a three-dimensional earth surface to a two-dimensional map representation.
		Projection types are based on the geometric form used in the transfer from the spherical earth to a flat surface.
		For example, if a base map is in the Mercator projection and a data set of cities is in the Robinson projection, the cities will not be displayed in the correct location relative to the base map.
	maic.jmu.edu /sic/standards/projection.htm (162 words)

	Map Projection Overview
		Map projections are attempts to portray the surface of the earth or a portion of the earth on a flat surface.
		Gall's stereographic cylindrical projection results from projecting the earth's surface from the equator onto a secant cylinder intersected by the globe at 45 degrees north and 45 degrees south.
		The Peters projection is a cylindrical equal-area projection that de-emphasizes area exaggerations in high latitudes by shifting the standard parallels to 45 or 47 degrees.
	www.colorado.edu /geography/gcraft/notes/mapproj/mapproj.html (1829 words)

	Arthur H. Robinson \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		Arthur H. Robinson, a geographer who improved on the venerable Mercator projection for drawing the round Earth on a flat map, died Oct. 10 in Madison, Wis. He was 89.
		The Robinson projection was eventually adopted by the National Geographic Society for use in some of its world maps.
		Robinson's textbook, "Elements of Cartography," published in 1953, is now in its sixth edition and is still widely used in university courses.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20041121/news_z1j21robins.html (452 words)

	Robinson Projections
		The Robinson projection was developed by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963.
		Rand McNally still makes extensive use of the Robinson projection, and the National Geographic Society uses it as well (although the Society seems to be using the projection a bit less frequently now than it did in the 1980s).
		It is a compromise projection; it does not eliminate any type of distortion, but it keeps the levels of all types of distortion relatively low over most of the map.
	www.warnercnr.colostate.edu /class_info/nr502/lg2/projection_descriptions/robinson.html (568 words)

	Exercise in Map Projections
		Map projection involves taking data whose spatial coordinates are defined in terms of latitude and longitude on a curved earth surface and transforming those data so that their spatial coordinates are defined in terms of Easting and Northing or (x,y) on a flat map surface.
		This projection is "conformal" in the sense that lines of latitude and longitude, which are perpendicular to one another on the earth's surface, are also perpendicular to one another in the projected domain.
		The Albers Equal Area projection has the property that the area bounded by any pair of parallels and meridians is exactly reproduced between the image of those parallels and meridians in the projected domain, that is, the projection preserves the correct area of the earth though distorts direction, distance and shape somewhat.
	www.ce.utexas.edu /prof/maidment/gishydro/africa/ex2af/ex2af.htm (2916 words)

	JS Online: Robinson took a round Earth and made it very flat
		Robinson's 1963 map was nothing less than revolutionary, helping to solve the problem that plagued map makers for centuries.
		Robinson spent his career with the University of Wisconsin-Madison, first as a professor of geography and later as professor of cartography.
		Robinson returned to the University of Wisconsin, where he was earlier a graduate student, to teach.
	www.jsonline.com /story/index.aspx?id=276447&format=print (680 words)

	GIS Notes - Part 4
		A map projection is the manner in which the spherical surface of the Earth is represented on a two-dimensional surface.
		This projection was developed in 1820 by Ferdinand Hassler specifically for mapping the eastern coast of the U.S. Polyconic projections are made up of an infinite number of conic projections tangent to an infinite number of parallels.
		This is similar to the Mercator projection except that the axis of the projection cylinder is rotated 90 degrees from the vertical (polar) axis.
	www.forestry.umt.edu /academics/courses/FOR503/Part4.htm (3640 words)

	[No title]
		A map projection is the systematic arrangement of the earth’s (or generating globe’s) parallels and meridians onto a plane surface.
		When projected from the center of the globe, the typical grid appearance for Conic projections shows parallels forming arcs of circles facing up in the Northern Hemisphere and down in the Southern Hemisphere; and meridians are either straight or curved and radiate outwards from the direction of the point of the cone.
		Azimuthal projections are constructed from one of three perspectives where for each it is as if a light source were shown upon the globe and the arcs of the parallels and meridians were projected onto the flat, tangent, straight line surface.
	personal.uncc.edu /lagaro/cwg/mapproj/intro_mp.html (2543 words)

	Using Projection Elements
		Projected coordinate systems describe the distance from an origin (0,0) along two separate axes: a horizontal x-axis representing east-west and a vertical y-axis representing north-south.
		No projection can preserve all these properties, and as a result, all flat maps are distorted to some degree.
		The Robinson projection, for example, is neither equal area nor conformal but is aesthetically pleasing and useful for general mapping.
	edndoc.esri.com /arcims/9.1/elements/using_projections.htm (2926 words)

	Austin Warren Robinson - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Austin, Warren Robinson (1877-1962), chief representative of the United States in the United Nations (UN) during the formative years of that...
		Warren Robinson Austin (November 12, 1877 December 25, 1962) was an American politician and statesman; among other roles, he served as Senator from Vermont.
		Child: Warren Robinson Austin Child: Chauncey Goodrich Austin Child: Anne Mildred Austin Child: Lena Rogers Austin Child: Roswell Mears Austin Married: 8 May 1874 in Sheldon,Franklin,VT
	encarta.msn.com /Austin_Warren_Robinson.html (217 words)

	Arthur Robinson \| Obituaries \| News \| Telegraph
		Arthur Robinson, who died on October 19 aged 89, was a cartographer known for the Robinson projection, a two-dimensional map of the world which minimised the distortions of the Mercator projection.
		Robinson's approach to global cartography was down to earth and he used mathematics only after preparing a rough sketch: "Take an orange and draw something on it – say, a human face," Robinson explained in 1989.
		Robinson drew a map which gave a more accurate picture of the world's most populous temperate zone.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2004/11/19/db1903.xml (494 words)

	Understanding Map Projections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Mercator projection is an example of a cylindrical projection.
		It was developed by Arthur Robinson, a professor of geography at the University of Wisconsin.
		Robinson wanted to create a representation of Earth by constructing a map that would give a truer picture of Earth’s land areas.
	home.insightbb.com /~rlperdew/ho/sss1.htm (269 words)

	Mercator
		A typical atlas (Hammond Odyssey Atlas of the World) says optimistically that the non-conformal Robinson projection it uses shows "the whole earth with relatively true shapes and reasonably equal areas." A glance at the map shows that continental shapes are greatly distorted.
		Mathematically, the projection is r = cos φ / (1 + sin φ) = tan (π/4 - φ/2).
		In addition to projections onto cylinders and planes, which have suggested the Mercator and sterographic projections, the sphere can also be projected on a cone, which can be flattened out to a plane.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/math/mercator.htm (3839 words)

	Pseudocylindrical Projections
		Pseudocylindrical projections are distinguished by the fact that in their simplest form, lines of latitude are parallel straight lines and meridians are curved lines.
		With the Mollweide projection, the central meridian is a straight line, the meridians 90 degrees from the central meridian are circular arcs and all other meridians are elliptical arcs.
		This projection is a fusion of the Sinusoidal projection between the latitudes of 44.7 degrees North and South, and the Mollweide projection between these parallels and the poles.
	www.physics.nyu.edu /grierlab/idl_html_help/projections11.html (599 words)

	Technology Review: A Portraitist of the Earth
		He merged a sense of aesthetic clarity with the mathematical rigor of science to reimagine the Mercator projection, a method for representing the round earth on a flat surface that had prevailed for the better part of four centuries.
		The Robinson projection was used by Rand McNally in a number of its atlases and was also selected by the National Geographic Society as its primary world map.
		In 1945, Robinson was appointed to the faculty of the Department of Geography at the University of Wisconsin.
	www.technologyreview.com /Infotech/14249 (887 words)

	Map Projections: Pseudocylindrical Projections (Site not responding. Last check: )
		cylindrical projections there is strong shape distortion, and usually area is also greatly exaggerated, at higher latitudes (in the normal aspect).
		Although none of the six is conformal, the odd-numbered projections present a better overall shape (there's no shape distortion at the very center); in order to preserve area, the even-numbered projections compress vertical scale near the poles and stretch it near the Equator.
		For his third and fourth projections, Eckert made the outer meridians as half circles; all other meridians are regularly spaced elliptical arcs except the central which, like in all Eckert flat-polar maps, is straight and half as long as the Equator.
	www.progonos.com /furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjPCyl/projPCyl.html (1230 words)

	DIVERSOPHY.COM - using the Peters Map
		Mercator's projection (created at a time when navigators were sailing on the oceans in wooden ships, powered by the wind, and navigating by the stars) was particularly useful because straight lines on his projection were lines of constant compass bearing.
		The Peters projection is commonly used in contrast to a Mercator projection, and is visually engaging because it is so jarringly different.
		The Van der Grinten projection was developed in 1904 and was the official projection of the National Geographic Society from 1922 to 1988.
	www.diversophy.com /petersmap.htm (1469 words)

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