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Topic: Robusta

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	Cafedirect : Types of Coffee - Arabica, Robusta and Roasting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robusta has a strong flavour and is used to give body and a 'kick' to a coffee blend.
		Robusta was first discovered growing naturally in the area now known as the Democratic Republic of Congo.
		Robusta coffee is produced in West and Central Africa, South East Asia and in parts of South America.
	www2.cafedirect.com /products/coffee_types.php (514 words)

	Coffea canephora (robusta) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coffea robusta) is a species of coffee which has its origins in western Africa.
		It is easier to care for than Coffea arabica and hence is cheaper to produce.
		Since arabica beans are considered superior, robusta is usually limited to lower grade coffee blends as a filler.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Robusta (98 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Proposed Designation of Critical Habitat for ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		robusta occurs are subject to a mild maritime climate, where fog helps keep summer temperatures cool and winter temperatures relatively warm, and provides moisture in addition to the normal winter rains.
		robusta was discovered on the coastal dunes between Marina and Seaside, in the course of surveys performed in preparation for the transfer of Department of Defense lands formerly known as Fort Ord to the California Department of Parks and Recreation; this same stretch of dunes also supports the threatened C. p.
		robusta appears to be more closely tied to the presence of sandy soils than to specific plant communities; the plant communities may undergo changes over time, which, due to the degree of cover that is provided by that vegetation type, may either favor the presence of Chorizanthe robusta var.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2001/February/Day-15/e1837.htm (9430 words)

	Eucalyptus robusta risk assessment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		E. robusta occurs mainly in open-forest, where it is restricted to swamps, edges of saltwater estuaries and lagoons, or rarely on the lower slopes of valleys (Fenton et al., 1977; Boland et al., 1984).
		E. robusta occurs naturally in the warm humid climate zone, ranging from regions with a with rare winter frosts and a summer maximum, to a uniform distribution of rainfall throughout the year (Boland et al., 1984).
		E. robusta is a very adaptable species, and has been established successfully over a remarkable range of environments from equatorial regions to an approximate latitude 35刨 (Penfold and Willis, 1961; Streets, 1962; Pryor, 1976; Fenton et al., 1977; Poynton, 1979; Jacobs, 1981; Turnbull and Pryor, 1984; Durst, 1988).
	www.hear.org /Pier/wra/pacific/eucalyptus_robusta_htmlwra.htm (1470 words)

	Agriculture: Plant, Harvesting, Processing, Fertilization, and Diseases.
		Robusta has continued its share in the market due to its disease resistance and ability to grow below 2,000 feet.
		Robusta beans are inferior to Arabica beans in flavor, and they are often used in inexpensive instant coffee blends.
		Robusta coffee has almost twice the caffeine of Arabica coffee.
	www.coffeeresearch.org /agriculture/main.htm (232 words)

	Coffee Information: Arabica Coffee Beans vs. Robusta Coffee
		Robusta, as the name suggests, is a hardier plant, and it displays greater resistance to climate and weather conditions, diseases and heat.
		It possesses fewer sharp and bitter tastes than Robusta, and it is therefore considered the superior species by those who cultivate specialty coffees, single estates and varietals.
		Robusta is renowned for its higher caffeine content, which is why Italians began using it for espresso.
	www.wholelattelove.com /articles.cfm?articleID=46 (225 words)

	Botany and the ecosystem: arabica, robusta and coffee beans
		Robusta, a variety of the Coffea canephora species, gets its name from its capacity for resistance to disease.
		Robusta grows wild in almost all of the African tropical forests.
		Coffea canephora is the source of numerous varieties, including the Robusta properly speaking, which is cultivated in Indonesia and is named Palembang or Mandheling; the Kouillou, whose name comes from a river in Gabon; and also the Conilon from Brazil, the Niaouli from Togo and Dahomey, as well as the Gimet from Central Africa.
	www.rombouts.com /html/body_botany.html (461 words)

	Goodenia robusta - Growing Native Plants
		Goodenia robusta, commonly known as Woolly Goodenia, is an attractive woolly silvery leaved plant with yellow flowers arranged in racemes.
		Goodenia robusta is an erect to ascending perennial herb to 40 cm tall.
		Generally Goodenia robusta plantlets harvested while the plant is dormant have a much higher success rate of propagation than from seeds.
	www.anbg.gov.au /gnp/interns-2003/goodenia-robusta.html (663 words)

	Frequently Asked Questions about Coffee
		Arabica beans and robusta beans are two different species of coffee grown commercially for consumption as coffee.
		Robustas taste range is neutral to harsh and they are often described as tasting grain-like, oatmeally.
		Robustas are hardier plants, capable of growing well at low altitudes of 200 to 800 meters, they are also less subject to problems related to pests and rough handling.
	coffeefaq.com /coffaq1.htm (1533 words)

	Facts and opinions regarding Robusta coffee
		The percentage of the blend that the Robusta represents is also an important factor in the flavor of the final beverage.
		To be adamantly against the use of Robusta just because it's the "specialty coffee thing to do" …mistakenly believing that only the uneducated would even think of using Robusta …would be as wrong as adding Robusta to an espresso blend simply because the Italian roasters do it.
		We retain the opinion that Robusta coffee contributes most to coffee blends that are not protected by proper packaging and/or spend days, weeks or months in the distribution chain.
	www.coffee.com.au /coffee_robusta.htm (3135 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Climate change and recent genetic flux in populations of Drosophila robusta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		robusta are also dynamic, and when compared with the considerable geographical and experimental data available for this species collected over the last 60 years, strongly implicate regional climatic changes as a cause for these temporal frequency shifts.
		In the course of comparing plant growth in rural and urban areas in relation to ozone exposure, rural areas tended to have lower average temperatures than urban ones [23]; this may explain the smaller (or lack of) change in 3R-1 frequencies in relatively rural Fayetteville and Iowa City as compared to the more urban locales.
		robusta, unlike many other drosophilids, quickly deplete stored sperm in the absence of remating so that wild-caught females can be despermed by repeated transfers to fresh food vials and then crossed to homokaryotypic males in a controlled fashion.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/5/4 (3248 words)

	Josuma Coffee - Washed Robusta, Single-Estate Coffees
		Robusta coffees, often scorned in the specialty world, are grown, picked, and processed in India with the same care as Arabica.
		Indian Robusta coffees are some of the cleanest, mellowest Robusta in the world, and the markets have assigned a substantial premium for Indian washed Robusta.
		As a signature component of European espresso, India's washed Robusta is clearly superior to Robusta from other origins in regard to its bean and cup qualities.
	www.josuma.com /washedr.shtml (381 words)

	Fresh Cup Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robusta has traditionally been used in Italian espresso blends, though that is changing, especially because of Ernesto Illy’s strong stance against its use.
		There is general, though by no means universal, agreement that robusta will produce a more substantial, long-lasting crema when added to an espresso blend, and that the aromatic compounds captured in the bubbles will cause the taste and aroma to linger in the mouth for a long period of time.
		Let’s be clear that (almost) no one suggests that robustas have a place in brewed coffee, and let’s agree that there are Italian and American roasters who use it because it is cheaper than arabicas, produces huge crema and has a long shelf life.
	www.freshcup.com /2005_jun/robusta_rehab.htm (2347 words)

	Coffee FAQ from PodMerchant (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robusta is the upright form of the species Canephora.
		Robusta beans contain more of the acids that cause indigestion if consumed in large quantities.
		Most coffees sold are a blend of Arabica and Robusta beans, the Robusta being added for to add fullness to the flavor.
	www.podmerchant.com /coffee-faq.html (585 words)

	Robusta vs. Arabica
		Robusta beans tend to produce a more bitter brew, with a musty flavor and less body.
		Robusta coffee trees produce their first crops within about two to three years of being planted.
		The Italians, too, use Robusta in their blends, probably because of its purported ability to improve the crema head on a cup of espresso.
	kaffee.netfirms.com /Coffee/robustavsarabica.html (897 words)

	FOUR CALIFORNIA COASTAL PLANTS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		robusta are endemic to sandy soils of coastal habitats in southern Santa Cruz and northern Monterey Counties.
		robusta in coastal dune and coastal scrub habitats were affected by residential development, recreational use, and the introduction of non-native species.
		robusta is taken into consideration in areas targeted for such restoration, impacts to the plant may be avoided.
	www.fws.gov /endangered/r/fr94528.html (10301 words)

	Cosmetic compositions containing the fat of Shorea robusta - Patent 4534981
		The incorporation of the fat Shorea robusta provides, principally, softness and unctuousness during application of the compositions to the skin and provides, moreover, on the skin a non-shiny, soft and protective film which, in addition to making the skin pliable, also has a softening effect on the skin.
		The fat of Shorea robusta should not be confused, on the one hand, with the resin extracted from the tree itself and employed as disenfectant, and on the other hand, with Borneo tallow which comes from milled seeds of certain species of Shorea, principally the species: Shorea gysbertsiana, Shorea martiniana, Shorea palambanica and Shorea sinkawang.
		According to the present invention the fat of Shorea robusta is employed in an amount of about 2 to 80 percent by weight relative to the total weight of the cosmetic composition, this concentration being preferably from 2 to 20 weight percent when the composition is in the form of an emulsion.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4534981.html (2150 words)

	Bloomberg.com: Latin America
		Robusta for delivery in January, the most actively traded contract, fell 600 yen per 100 kilograms to 11,180 yen ($1,050 a metric ton.) It reached 12,720 yen on March 16, the highest since July 2000.
		Robusta prices had increased after dry weather damaged crops in Vietnam, the supplier of about half the world's exports of the variety.
		Robusta coffee for May delivery fell $19, or 1.9 percent, to $959 a ton on Liffe at 11:29 a.m.
	www.bloomberg.com /apps/news?pid=10000086&sid=aC2VO4U7j9Dg (557 words)

	The Fine Art of Irrigation in Robusta Coffee Plantations (INeedCoffee.com)
		Robusta invariably requires pre blossom showers, Blossom showers and Post blossom showers at regular timely intervals and any deviation from the norm will drastically affect the yield and productivity of the farm.
		The early plant breeders noticed that the selection Robusta (S-274) variety was unable to endure long periods of drought in the summer months, resulting in late cropping as well as late stabilization of yields.
		We are of the opinion that the old Robusta variety has evolved a set of features that allow it to carry on a reduced rate of photosynthesis at extremely low levels of water potential.
	www.ineedcoffee.com /05/irrigation (3981 words)

	Studies on Gum from Grevillea robusta as a Wood Adhesive
		robusta can be used as a wood adhesive where cost and availability are decisive factors.
		robusta is a native, deciduous tree of sub-tropical Eastern Australia which has been widely introduced in various warm temperature sub-tropical and highland areas of the world where it is grown primarily for shade or timber.
		robusta gum to casein which is still widely used for everyday simple glueing purposes.
	www.afae.org /html/gumstudies.html (899 words)

	Schomer's Table@Lucidcafé 10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Robusta is the low altitude cousin of the more refined coffea arabica, and as the name implies it is more robust, cheaper and easier to grow.
		It was as if the robusta chosen was the most important part of their unique blend.
		Thus the blend is 86% arabica nd 14% robusta.
	www.lucidcafe.com /cafeforum/schomertable10.html (487 words)

	Robusta Coffees for Home Roast Espresso Blends
		Robusta coffee is the trade name for Coffea canephora, a different species of coffee from the genus Coffea and cousin to the higher-grown Coffea arabica L.
		Robusta is not for use in filter-drip coffee blends.
		But there is a valid use for Robusta coffees that are picked, sorted, processed and prepared with as much care as top grade Arabicas; this valid use is in the 5 to 20% range in espresso blends.
	www.sweetmarias.com /coffee.robusta.html (1533 words)

	Robusta racing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		When we introduced the Robusta we wanted to offer teams a no-compromise tandem that was fast, light and stiff enough to transmit the power generated by the strongest teams to the road.
		The Robusta's hand-made 7005 aluminum frame is stiff without any harshness, with the light and lively feel and handling of a high-quality single bike.
		Not every Robusta owner races their tandem but the ones who do prove that the Co-Motion Robusta is the racer's choice for speed.
	www.co-motion.com /robustafront.html (132 words)

	Coffee 101 contains information on coffee and the various types such as Robusta vs. Arabica
		Arabica trees produce less coffee per tree than Robusta and they require more attention; that equates to higher prices.
		Robusta is a high-yield, low maintenance tree that produces beans with little flavor and lots of caffeine, much more than Arabica varieties.
		They are used primarily as inexpensive fillers in commercial coffee, sold to soft drink bottlers as a caffeine source, and used sparingly in many peoples' Espresso blends.
	www.thebeanstock.com /coffee101.html (455 words)

	Coffee Contact - The Basics
		By contrast with robusta coffee, arabica shrubs thrive at higher elevations in a cooler, drier climate.
		Considered inferior-tasting, robusta is often used for instant coffee and in supermarket-grade blends.
		The instant coffee segment is comprised primarily of processed robusta and lower quality arabica.
	www.geocities.com /RainForest/Canopy/1290/basics.html (1239 words)

	Cheap Commercial Grade Coffees, and Educational Experience for Home Coffee Roasters
		Cherry Robusta is a category of coffee that refers only to India Robusta, and only to those of the dry-processed variety.
		There can be some interesting high grade cherry robusta, but in general this type of coffee is not picked discriminately, not sorted well, and has many overripe and immature seeds mixed with it.
		This is the typical robusta experience here, and can provide a contrast not only from good arabica coffees but also from the premium robusta coffees we offer for espresso blends.
	www.sweetmarias.com /coffee.thumbs-down.html (3269 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Reopening of Public Comment Period and Notice of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		We are also providing notice of the reopening of the public comment period for the proposal to designate critical [[Page 48226]] habitat for this plant to allow all interested parties to comment simultaneously on the proposed rule and the associated draft economic analysis.
		robusta was listed as endangered on February 4, 1994 (59 FR 5499).
		robusta and comments received during the previous comment period, we have prepared a draft economic analysis of the proposed critical habitat designation.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-SPECIES/2001/September/Day-19/e23249.htm (1502 words)

	Arabica vs Robusta: No Contest (INeedCoffee.com)
		Robusta trees (Coffea canephora), which are grown exclusively in the eastern hemisphere, also thrive in equatorial climates, but at low altitudes.
		In fairness, although most robusta coffee is of a lower grade and inferior to Arabica, there is a premium crop that is the top of the line for robusta beans.
		Premium robusta is primarily used in specialty espresso blends, and is never found in canned coffee.
	www.ineedcoffee.com /02/06/arabica (554 words)

	Coffee Beans and Gourmet Coffees Comparing Robusta and Arabica Beans
		First of all, coffee beans are not actually beans, but the seed of a cherry from a coffee tree.
		Robusta coffee is a lower grade of coffee that is typically grown at lower elevations.
		The robusta trees are easier to grow and maintain.
	www.2basnob.com /coffee-beans.html (404 words)

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