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Topic: Rock Ptarmigan

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	NatureWorks - Rock Ptarmigan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The rock ptarmigan is a chicken-like bird about 11-16 inches in length.
		The rock ptarmigan live in upland tundras with thickets, willows and heath and in alpine areas.
		Rock ptarmigan don't leave the tundra in winter, but they may migrate short distances to lowland areas in search of food.
	www.nhptv.org /natureworks/rockptarmigan.htm (342 words)

	rock - definition by dict.die.net
		Rock butter (Min.), native alum mixed with clay and oxide of iron, usually in soft masses of a yellowish white color, occuring in cavities and fissures in argillaceous slate.
		Rock hopper (Zo["o]l.), a penguin of the genus Catarractes.
		Rock ptarmigan (Zo["o]l.), an arctic American ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris), which in winter is white, with the tail and lores fl.
	dict.die.net /rock (1063 words)

	rock
		Rock ptarmigan show considerable geographic variation in size and plumage, and numerous subspecies have been described by various authors; their validity is uncertain.
		The rock ptarmigan inhabits dry tundra and alpine habitats with rocky ridges or outcrops and relatively sparse vegetation dominated by grasses, lichens and mosses.
		In North America, the rock ptarmigan historically was an important food source for native communities in the arctic; it is still hunted for food by indigenous peoples, and populations of rock ptarmigan may be exterminated in the surroundings of arctic communities (see Holder and Montgomerie 1993).
	www.gct.org.uk /gsg/grousesp/rock.htm (1146 words)

	Ptarmigan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ptarmigan are distinguished from other members of the GROUSE subfamily by their all-white wings.
		Rock ptarmigan, the most northern grouse, prefer habitats higher and drier than those of willow ptarmigan.
		Both are strong fliers but rock ptarmigan are more migratory, moving from high latitudes to escape the dark arctic winter.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&ArticleId=A0006539&mState=1 (216 words)

	Ptarmigan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta or mutus) is a small (31–35 cm long) bird in the grouse family.
		There are isolated populations in the mountains of Scotland, the Pyrenees, the Alps, Bulgaria, the Urals, the Pamir Mountains, the Altay Mountains, and Japan.
		They can be distinguished from the winter Willow Grouse (Willow Ptarmigan in North America) by habitat, smaller size, more delicate bill and, in the winter male, fl between the eye and bill.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ptarmigan (270 words)

	Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Ptarmigan were reported on Agattu Island by the local Aleuts before 1886 but were not found there by Olaus Murie in 1936.
		Today, Evermann's rock ptarmigan is confined to a single island, Attu, with an estimated population of 1,000 birds prior to the eradication of foxes there in 1999.
		Although nomadic elsewhere in Alaska, ptarmigan in the Aleutians are resident.
	www.r7.fws.gov /nwr/akmar/whatwedo/bioprojects/restorebiodiversity/ptarmigan.htm (330 words)

	Ptarmigan - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) is a small (31-35 cm) bird in the grouse family.
		It also occurs in Alaska, and northern Canada, where it is called the Rock Ptarmigan, or colloquially as Snow Chicken.
		They can be distinguished from the winter Willow Grouse (Willow Ptarmigan in North America) by habitat, smaller size, more delicate bill and, in the winter male, fl between the eye and bill.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Ptarmigan (181 words)

	Rock Ptarmigan
		he ground-dwelling rock ptarmigans depend on camouflage for defense, and to achieve this in the changing background of their northerly range, they adopt different plumages.
		The summer plumage is mottled to blend with the forest, while during the winter snows ptarmigans have white plumage, only the tail feathers remaining dark.
		Rock ptarmigans feed on leaves, buds, fruits and seeds and on some insects in the summer.
	mbgnet.mobot.org /sets/tundra/animals/ptar.html (126 words)

	Ptarmigan: Wildlife Notebook Series - Alaska Department of Fish and Game
		Ptarmigan, close relatives of forest and prairie grouse, live in alpine and arctic tundras throughout the northern hemisphere.
		In such cases there is usually a clear altitudinal separation of the various kinds, with Willow Ptarmigan living closest to timberline, Rock Ptarmigan on middle slopes and low ridges, and White-tails high among rough rocky screes and boulder-strewn ridges close to glaciers or snowfields.
		Ptarmigan are nomadic in winter, moving erratically from one sheltered slope or patch of food to another from November to March.
	www.adfg.state.ak.us /pubs/notebook/bird/ptarmiga.php (1075 words)

	Rolf Rødven
		Ptarmigan are found most places in Norway, but rock ptarmigan usually have their habitat at higher altitude and in more rocky terrain (therefore the name...).
		Rock ptarmigan favours mosaic habitat with a blend of rock boulders, carpets of mosses and lichens, dwarf shrubs and open soil-covered ground.
		In winter rock ptarmigan forage mainly on shoots, catkins and buds of dwarf willows (Salix), downy birch (Betula pubescens) and dwarf birch (Betula nana).
	www.ib.uit.no /~rro000/research_ptarmigan.html (961 words)

	Biological clock turned back in western Aleutians
		Ptarmigan lived there for centuries before Russian and, later, American trappers found a good way to produce arctic fox pelts was to leave a pair of fox on an Aleutian island and return in a few years to harvest their offspring.
		Kaler found ptarmigan on Agattu that were the descendents of birds that Ebbert and his coworkers released on the island in 2003, 2004, and 2005.
		He said the Evermann’s rock ptarmigan, a rare subspecies of ptarmigan found only on Attu and Agattu, is one tough bird.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF18/1830.html (716 words)

	Rock Ptarmigan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		he ground-dwelling rock ptarmigans depend on camouflage for defense, and to achieve this in the changing background of their northerly range, they adopt different plumages.
		The summer plumage is mottled to blend with the forest, while during the winter snows ptarmigans have white plumage, only the tail feathers remaining dark.
		Rock ptarmigans feed on leaves, buds, fruits and seeds and on some insects in the summer.
	www.mbgnet.net /sets/tundra/animals/ptar.html (126 words)

	Ecology: Weather And Synchrony In 10-Year Population Cycles Of Rock Ptarmigan And Red Grouse In Scotland - Statistical ...
		For example, in 1980 the Red Grouse were at a trough and the DS Rock Ptarmigan at a peak, but in 1981 the Red Grouse showed a single-year peak, so maintaining the synchrony of the peaks.
		Similarly, in 1983-1988 the Red Grouse and the BS Rock Ptarmigan were increasing towards their 1989 peaks, but DS Rock Ptarmigan were in decline.
		The breeding success of Rock Ptarmigan on count area D was related to monthly mean June temperatures at Braemar, and was correlated with population change (Watson et al.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_8_81/ai_65197818/pg_2 (1457 words)

	Rock Ptarmigan in Alaska (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This Rock Ptarmigan, Lagopus mutus, flew in and landed about 25 ' from me while I was hiking on Bird Ridge on May 26, 2002.
		The Rock Ptarmigan is distinquished from it by the fl line from the beak through the eye.
		Both species have white plummage in the winter and mottled brown or gray plummage in summer, but the rock ptarmigan tends to lose the winter plummage later than the willow.
	www.angelfire.com /journal/turtles/rockptarmigan.html (145 words)

	News \| Gainesville.com \| The Gainesville Sun \| Gainesville, Fla. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is known as Rock Ptarmigan, or colloquially Snow Chicken in North America, where it is the official bird for the territory of Nunavut, Canada.
		The Ptarmigan is seasonally camouflaged; its feathers moult from white in winter to brown in spring or summer.
		Ptarmigan feed primarily on birch and willow buds and catkins when available.
	www.gainesville.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=ptarmigan (450 words)

	Hinterland Who's Who - Ptarmigan
		Rock Ptarmigans live at higher elevations and latitudes, where their typical habitat is rather dry and supports sparse, very low vegetation.
		The Rock Ptarmigan and the Willow Ptarmigan are found in all countries ringing the North Pole, whereas the exclusively North American White-tailed Ptarmigan inhabits the Cascade and Rocky mountains of western North America and ranges from Alaska to northern New Mexico.
		By contrast, Rock Ptarmigans are adept at scratching in shallow snow to reach buried vegetation such as the ground-hugging purple saxifrage.
	www.hww.ca /hww2.asp?id=64 (2106 words)

	Rock Ptarmigan: Tundra Grouse
		And so too the season signals to rock ptarmigan that it is time to head toward more amenable climes.
		The deeper the snow and the harder its surface, the harder it is for rock ptarmigan to survive the winter.
		Rock ptarmigan probably has the greatest power for sustained flight of all the gallinaceous birds.
	www.cabelas.com /information/cabelasfieldguides/UplandGameBirdsGrousePtarmigan/RockPtarmiganTundraGrouse.html (1090 words)

	Terrestrial Birds - Rock Ptarmigan
		In winter, male rock ptarmigan can be identified by the presence of a fl spot between the base of the bill and the eye.
		The ecology of the rock ptarmigan is similar to that of the willow ptarmigan.
		The breeding habits of the rock ptarmigan are similar to those of the willow ptarmigan, except that they are less monogamous and males do not help with rearing young.
	www.arctic.uoguelph.ca /cpl/organisms/birds/Terrestrial/pheasants/rockPtar.htm (427 words)

	Aspen no. 1, item 6: The Hide-and-Seek Bird of the Timberline
		When approached, the ptarmigan usually crouches unmoving and close to the ground as long as the object of danger is moving.
		After a short pursuit, he usually is happy to sit on a rock and admire the panorama of this ptarmigan paradise—long, sunny slopes of tundra, broken by alpine meadows patchworked with flowers, 40 or more varieties, all trimmed low by the constant winds.
		Although no songbird, the ptarmigan is a talkative species with a variety of call notes ranging from the soft cluck of the brooding mother to the shrill crowing of the male.
	www.ubu.com /aspen/aspen1/ptarmigan.html (1796 words)

	Anirniliit - those which breathe
		Two species of ptarmigan live in the Canadian Arctic: aqiggiq aqiggivik, "the true ptarmigan" (the willow ptarmigan), and aqiggiq atajulik, "the ptarmigan that has an attachment" (the rock ptarmigan).
		The ptarmigan was chosen to be the "mascot" of winter because it is the bird most commonly found across the Arctic in winter.
		I have heard that one should not light up feathers from ptarmigan, as legend has it that during the famine, both thunders depended on ptarmigans, so ptarmigans were the main cause of thunder.
	www.arctic.uoguelph.ca /cpl/Traditional/traditional/animals/ptarmigan.htm (789 words)

	* Ptarmigan - (Bird): Definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The ptarmigan is a plump gamebird, slightly larger than a grey partridge.
		The Red Grouse is the of the Willow Grouse that is restricted to the British Isles...
		Among the birds that are resident in the northeast and do not migrate are grouse, ptarmigan, quail species, owl species, pileated, red-bellied, downy, hairy woodpeckers,...
	www.bestknows.com /bird/ptarmigan.html (355 words)

	Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge
		Ptarmigan were reported on Agattu Island by the local Aleuts before 1886 but were not found there by Olaus Murie in 1936.
		Today, Evermann's rock ptarmigan is confined to a single island, Attu, with an estimated population of 1,000 birds prior to the eradication of foxes there in 1999.
		Although nomadic elsewhere in Alaska, ptarmigan in the Aleutians are resident.
	alaskamaritime.fws.gov /whatwedo/bioprojects/restorebiodiversity/ptarmigan.htm (330 words)

	American Ptarmigan
		It is less than the Scotch Ptarmigan, and its wings are much shorter, and even more concave; and in these respects it corresponded with the other two specimens, which however had the plumage pure white, with the exception of the tail-feathers and the shafts of the primaries.
		The bill seems to be narrower than it generally is in the Rock Grouse, but the description and dimensions of this bird are scarcely different from those of an individual of that species in the same state of plumage.
		A specimen in the Museum of the Andersonian Institution, marked "Lagopus vulgaris, Ptarmigan, Melville's Island," is a male in winter plumage.
	www.abirdshome.com /Audubon/VolV/00526.html (855 words)

	OC Online - Hunting - Rush of the Flush (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Early in the season, during August, ptarmigan are still found in their family groups, and hunters should be prepared to flush coveys of six to 10 birds.
		Finding downed ptarmigan is generally quite straightforward: the predominantly low vegetation of their habitat, coupled with the birds’; white plumage contrasted against the reds, greens and browns of fall, renders them among the easiest of our native upland birds to locate.
		The rock ptarmigan’s distribution is similar to that of the willow, though the willow ptarmigan is typically found in the moister, more densely vegetated portions of their collective range.
	www.outdoorcanada.ca /hunt/rush_flush4.shtml (565 words)

	Ecology: Weather And Synchrony In 10-Year Population Cycles Of Rock Ptarmigan And Red Grouse In Scotland - Statistical ...
		Rock Ptarmigan numbers fluctuated in close synchrony within submassifs, and in partial synchrony among submassifs (Watson et al.
		Rock Ptarmigan bred on short arctic-alpine vegetation with a high proportion of heaths (Ericaceae), and used boulders as their main cover.
		The average boundary between breeding habitats of Rock Ptarmigan and Red Grouse was at 760 m, varying with vegetation height and boulder abundance.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_8_81/ai_65197818 (1428 words)

	Ptarmigan pioneers island-hop in Aleutians, Alaska Science Forum
		The leader of the project to restock Agattu with Evermann’s rock ptarmigan is Wildlife biologist Steve Ebbert of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge in Homer.
		Evermann’s rock ptarmigan formerly lived on all of the Near Islands in the Aleutians, which include Attu, Agattu, Shemya, Alaid and Nizki.
		The non-migratory ptarmigan may have survived on Attu because the mountainous terrain provided a refuge from foxes, which prefer to hunt near shoreline, Ebbert said.
	www.gi.alaska.edu /ScienceForum/ASF17/1705.html (713 words)

	Ecology: Population dynamics of Scottish Rock Ptarmigan cycles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Here, we show that (1) Scottish Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) cycle with a period of 10 yr, and (2) their cycles are influenced both by physical factors, such as soil and weather, and by intrinsic factors, such as feedback of density on breeding success and population growth.
		Scottish Rock Ptarmigan occur on arctic-alpine land (called alpine hereafter) and eat mostly heath species (Ericaceae), mainly crowberry (Empetrum nigrum), ling (Calluna vulgaris), and blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) in winter (Watson 1964), and mainly blaeberry in spring (Moss and Watson 1984).
		Hardly any Rock Ptarmigan were shot on DS, but many were shot on BS in 1971-1991, and at CS and LS in some years (Appendix A).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2120/is_n4_v79/ai_20793919 (1444 words)

	DNA tests point to extinction of 2 distinctive arctic bird populations
		Two populations of rock ptarmigan from opposite ends of North America are in danger of disappearing permanently if conservation and management practices aren't changed, says Biology Professor Bob Montgomerie.
		Although not endangered in other arctic regions, the rock ptarmigan populations identified in this study are definitely at risk, say the researchers.
		Male ptarmigan will soil their feathers, providing instant camouflage, once their mates have begun laying eggs — and this camouflage is reversible if the female loses her eggs or is unable to fertilize them.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-07/qu-dtp072604.php (498 words)

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