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Topic: Rocket fuel

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	Rocket fuel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rocket fuel is a propellant that reacts with an oxidizing agent to produce thrust in a rocket.
		Solid fuels (and almost all rocket fuels) consist of an oxidizer and a fuel.
		In the case of gunpowder, the fuel is charcoal, the catalyst is sulfur and the oxidizer is the potassium nitrate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rocket_fuel (2800 words)

	Solid rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Solid rocket or a solid fuel rocket is a rocket with a motor that uses solid propellants (fuel/oxidizer).
		The earliest rockets were solid fuelled, powered by gunpowder, used by the Chinese in warfare as early as the 13th century.
		Solid fuel rockets can be bought for use in model rocketry; they are normally small cylinders of fuel with an integral nozzle and a small charge that is set off when the fuel is exhausted.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Solid_rocket (1010 words)

	Model Rocket Engine
		Flying model rockets is a relatively safe and inexpensive way for students to learn the basics of forces and the response of vehicles to external forces.
		In a liquid rocket, the fuel and the source of oxygen (oxidizer) necessary for combustion are stored separately and pumped into the combustion chamber of the nozzle where burning occurs.
		Liquid rockets tend to be heavier and more complex because of the pumps used to move the fuel and oxidizer, and you usually load the fuel and oxidizer into the rocket just before launch.
	exploration.grc.nasa.gov /education/rocket/rktengine.html (730 words)

	Rocket fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Category:Spacecraft propulsion Rocket fuel is the propellant which is burned to produce thrust in rockets.
		The thrust produced is the mass flow of the propellants multiplied by their exhaust velocity (relative to the rocket), as specified by Newton's third law of motion.
		In the case of gunpowder, the fuel is charcoal and sulfur and the oxidizer is the potassium nitrate.
	rocket-fuel.ask.dyndns.dk (2511 words)

	Chapter 6 -- Rockets and Rocket Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The contents from fuel tank and the oxidizer tank flow from their respective tanks via plumbing; valves, pipes and pumps; into an area called the combustion chamber where the oxidizer joins with the fuel to burn.
		The ingredients include 16% atomized aluminum powder as the fuel, 70% ammonium per chlorate as the oxidizer, a 12% polybutadiene acrylic acid acrylonitril as a binding agent, 2% epoxy for curing and extremely small traces of iron oxide to control the burn rates during flight.
		Rockets did not just appear for modern humanity to start using; they are the result of years and years of evolution.
	www.space.edu /projects/book/chapter6.html (2268 words)

	Rocket Fuel Without Air
		Rocket fuel can be made such that other oxidizing agents are present (sometimes liquid oxygen).
		The fuel is the very thick rubber walls of the long, tubular combustion chamber, and the oxidizer is N2O gas injected down the tube from a pressure-tank in front.
		Solid rockets have an oxidizing agent mixed in the solid propellant, which after all is what the air does.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/chem03/chem03470.htm (730 words)

	The First Liquid Fuel Rocket (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A liquid fuel requires a continuous source of oxidizer to be able to burn at a rate capable of producing the rocket thrust desired.
		A means for combining the fuel and the oxidizer at the proper rates in the combustion chamber had to be developed.
		After 21/2 seconds of flight, the fuel was expended, the roar ceased abruptly, and the rocket fell to earth 184 feet away.
	www.gsfc.nasa.gov /gsfc/service/gallery/fact_sheets/general/frocket/frocket.htm (810 words)

	Candle wax is rocket science: Paraffin fuels test launch
		Conventional rocket fuels are either solids or liquids, but paraffin fuels are used in a hybrid system combining solid and liquid materials.
		In these systems, the fuel and oxidizer are held separately in large tanks and then fed into the rocket chamber, where they mix and burn.
		This is because the fuel burns too slowly, relying on a process limited by the rate at which fuel evaporates and mixes with oxidizer.
	news-service.stanford.edu /news/2003/november5/rocketwax-115.html (1065 words)

	Candlestick Rocket Ship
		In contrast, today's solid-fuel rockets use solid materials such as perchlorate compounds as oxidizers, and the fuel and oxidizer are mixed together before being packed into the rocket.
		Rocket launches are still so rare that the total pollution they emit is tiny compared to that from cars, airplanes, and coal-fired power plants.
		The fuel is a form of powdered aluminum (16 percent), with an iron oxidizer powder (0.07) as a catalyst.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2003/28jan_envirorocket.htm (1239 words)

	A Brief History of Rocketry
		The earliest solid rocket fuel was a form of gunpowder, and the earliest recorded mention of gunpowder comes from China late in the third century before Christ.
		Rocket fire-arrows were certainly used to repel Mongol invaders at the battle of Kai-fung-fu in 1232 A.D. The rockets were huge and apparently quite powerful.
		The rocket researchers quickly outgrew their facilities at Kummersdorf on the outskirts of Berlin and, in 1936, operations were transferred to a remote island on Germany's Baltic coast -- Peenemuende.
	www.solarviews.com /eng/rocket.htm (4334 words)

	ScienceDaily: NASA Tests Environmentally Friendly Rocket Fuel
		The by-products of combustion of the new fuel are carbon dioxide and water; unlike conventional rocket fuel that produces aluminum oxide and acidic gasses, such as hydrogen chloride.
		Rocket Fuels Researchers Suspend Frozen Hydrogen Particles In Helium (August 16, 1999) -- Rocket fuels researchers at NASA Glenn Research Center have made for the first time tiny particles of frozen hydrogen suspended in liquid helium.
		Rocket -- A rocket is a vehicle, missile or aircraft which obtains thrust by the reaction to the ejection of fast moving exhaust gas from within a rocket engine.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2003/01/030115070306.htm (1804 words)

	Rocket Propulsion
		The thrust force of a rocket motor is the reaction experienced by the motor structure due to ejection of the high velocity matter.
		The rocket and fuel have a total mass M and the combination is moving with velocity v as seen from a particular frame of reference.
		Fuel in a block with a 'double anchor' profile (5) produces a decreasing thrust which drops off quickly near the end of the burn.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propuls.htm (4923 words)

	Space and its Exploration: How a Solid Propellant Rocket Works (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Preluding the liquid fueled rocket, this rocket type began with contributions to the field by such scientists as Zasiadko, Constantinov, and Congreve.
		In designing the rocket's propellant grain specific impulse must be taken into account since it can be the difference betwixt a conflagration of failure (explosion), and a successfully optimized thrust producing rocket.
		Once the chemistry behind rocket fuels (fuels provide their own "air" to burn) was discovered, scientists sought the evermore-powerful fuel, constantly approaching new limits.
	adc.gsfc.nasa.gov /adc/education/space_ex/solid.html (894 words)

	Flometrics - Rocket Pump (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The fuel and oxidizer pump system is the most difficult and time consuming part of a liquid fuel launch vehicle.
		This pump has the potential to reduce the cost and increase the reliability of rocket fuel pumps by a factor of 10.
		This pump has the advantage over pressure fed designs in that the weight of the complete rocket is much less, and the rocket is much safer because the large tanks of rocket fuel do not need to be at high pressure.
	www.flometrics.com /rockets/rocket_pump/rocketpump.htm (1586 words)

	EWG Report \|\| Rocket Fuel in Drinking Water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eating lettuce or other vegetables grown in fields irrigated by the Colorado River may expose consumers to a larger dose of toxic rocket fuel than is considered safe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
		Perchlorate, the explosive main ingredient of rocket and missile fuel, contaminates drinking water supplies, groundwater or soil in hundreds of locations in at least 43 states, according to Environmental Working Group’s updated analysis of government data.
		Perchlorate is used in fireworks, safety flares, matches and car air bags, but 90 percent of it goes into solid rocket fuel for military missiles and the NASA space shuttle.
	www.ewg.org /reports/rocketwater (1386 words)

	Historic rocket powered by rubber fuel - Space.com - MSNBC.com
		Rocket propellants come in two parts, fuel and oxidizer, which work together to keep an engine burning.
		Its byproducts — water vapor, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen — are preferable to the waste produced by the shuttle's solid rocket boosters, which burn ammonium perchlorate and aluminum.
		To prepare SpaceShipOne for flight, rubber fuel is poured into a fuel casing and allowed to harden in a pielike mold before being installed into the spacecraft's aft fuselage.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/5226424 (1061 words)

	Rocket Propellants
		Propellant is the chemical mixture burned to produce thrust in rockets and consists of a fuel and an oxidizer.
		In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks, and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust.
		The petroleum used as rocket fuel is a type of highly refined kerosene, called RP-1 in the United States.
	www.braeunig.us /space/propel.htm (2335 words)

	LiveScience.com - Rocket Fuel Chemical Found in Breast Milk of Women in 18 States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A toxic component of rocket fuel has been found in breast milk of women in 18 states and store-bought milk from various locations around the country.
		Perchlorate occurs naturally and is also a primary ingredient in solid rocket fuel, munitions and fireworks.
		Also in January, a study out of Russia claimed children near Kazakhstan's Baikonur Cosmodrome, where rockets are launched, are twice as likely to require medical attention as other children in the region.
	www.livescience.com /humanbiology/050224_rocket_fuel.html (850 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Rocket Engines Work"
		Rocket engines are, on the one hand, so simple that you can build and fly your own model rockets very inexpensively (see the links on the last page of the article for details).
		On the other hand, rocket engines (and their fuel systems) are so complicated that only three countries have actually ever put people in orbit.
		In this article, we will look at rocket engines to understand how they work, as well as to understand some of the complexity surrounding them.
	www.howstuffworks.com /rocket.htm (172 words)

	SPACE.com -- Combining Elements Could Yield Revolutionary Rocket Fuel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		While more than a decade away from being used in rockets, the fuel would multiply the power of rockets by a factor of three or more.
		Extremely cold chunks of solid rocket propellant would be infused with hydrogen atoms and dropped into a bath of liquid helium.
		A practical rocket fuel would have hydrogen atoms in the proportion of around 10 or 20 percent of the solution, Palaszewski said.
	www.space.com /news/hydrogen_helium.html (571 words)

	Perchlorate- Rocket Fuel Pollution Strains Drinking Water Supplies for 20 Million Americans
		A toxic chemical used to fuel Cold War-era missiles and the rockets that put man on the moon has left a legacy of contamination across the Southwest, where it pinches the region's already tight supply of drinking water.
		Initially, it was thought perchlorate pollution would be restricted to places where rocket fuel was made or used.
		The single largest source of contamination is a former Kerr-McGee Corp. rocket fuel plant outside Las Vegas.
	www.freedrinkingwater.com /water-pollution-perchlorate.htm (1087 words)

	EWG Report \|\| Rocket Fuel in Lettuce (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eating lettuce or other vegetables grown in fields irrigated by the Colorado River may expose consumers to a larger dose of toxic rocket fuel than is considered safe by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, according to test data and documents obtained by Environmental Working Group (EWG).
		Sworn depositions and other courtroom documents show that the giant aerospace and defense contractor Lockheed Martin — a major user of perchlorate responsible for widespread contamination of Southern California water supplies — knew as early as 1997 that vegetables stored high concentrations of the chemical, but said nothing to the EPA or state health officials.
		According to EWG’s analysis, if a pregnant woman were to eat a typical serving of vegetables with the contamination level found at Lucky Farms, she would get a dose of rocket fuel more than 100 times higher than the EPA considers safe in a liter of drinking water.
	www.ewg.org /reports/rocketlettuce (2448 words)

	Rocket fuel found in milk in California / Not clear if amount imperils children (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The chemical is perchlorate, a component in rocket fuel.
		A toxic chemical in rocket fuel has been detected in California's milk supply, although environmentalists and toxicologists disagree over whether the levels are high enough to pose a health threat to infants and young children.
		Tests by the California Department of Food and Agriculture found perchlorate, a rocket fuel component widely used by the defense industry, in 32 samples of milk taken from Alameda, San Joaquin and Sacramento counties, according to a report released today by an environmental watchdog group.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/06/22/MNGB87A0J51.DTL (967 words)

	Dali Racing : Library Article : Rocket Fuel FAQ
		The term "rocket fuel" originated from the Formula 1 fraternity as an affectionate nickname to describe its devastating potency.
		The reason for this strange combination is because the F1 rocket fuel was limited to the rules to being of 102 RON octane.
		Before Rocket Fuel I was running full retard (14 Deg of timing) on boost and would still on occasion get some knock, now I'm getting timing numbers around 22 Deg's with ZERO knock ever.
	www.daliracing.com /v666-5/info/article_read.cfm?articleID=410 (3875 words)

	APOD: 2001 March 16 - Rockets and Robert Goddard (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		By 1926 he had designed, built, and flown the world's first liquid fuel rocket.
		Launched 75 years ago today from his aunt Effie's farm in Auburn Massachusetts, the rocket, dubbed "Nell", rose to an altitude of 41 feet in a flight that lasted about 2 1/2 seconds.
		Widely recognized as a gifted experimenter and engineering genius, his rockets were many years ahead of their time.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap010316.html (240 words)

	SPACE.com -- Rocket Plane Soars Over Mojave (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The experimental Long-EZ is the same two-seater, push-prop plane that singer-songwriter John Denver was piloting when he died in a 1997 crash; the modified version is serving as a test bed for Xcor's rocket engines.
		Xcor officials want their future plane, which would cost tens of millions of dollars, to fly as regularly as possible to generate revenue.
		Rockets typically have been designed for single-use purposes; those designed for repeated use require significant work between firings.
	www.space.com /businesstechnology/technology/rocket_plane_011113.html (391 words)

	Hydrogen-Fuel Rocket Set - EST 1876
		You don't need to play with dangerous chemicals in order to generate enough fuel to shoot off a rocket.
		Teach your kids about science while having fun with the Hydrogen-Fuel Rocket Set, which works with ordinary tap water, using four D batteries (sold separately) to power the reaction that shoots either of the two included rockets up to 200 feet in the air!
		By passing an electric current through a liquid solution composed of tap water and citric acid crystals, the water molecule bonds are broken down into the primary elements of hydrogen and oxygen.
	www.smarthome.com /9562.html (185 words)

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