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Topic: Rockwell hardness test

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	Rockwell Hardness Test Method
		Rockwell: the minor load is 10 kgf, the major load is 60, 100, or 150 kgf.
		In both tests, the indenter may be either a diamond cone or steel ball, depending upon the characteristics of the material being tested.
		Rockwell hardness values are expressed as a combination of a hardness number and a scale symbol representing the indenter and the minor and major loads.
	www.instron.com /wa/applications/test_types/hardness/rockwell.aspx (479 words)

	Hardness
		The hardness is calculated by dividing the load by the area of the curved surface of the indention, (the area of a hemispherical surface is arrived at by multiplying the square of the diameter by 3.14159 and then dividing by 2).
		The Mohs hardness [19] of a mineral is determined by observing whether its surface is scratched by a substance of known or defined hardness.
		Rockwell test consists of checking the resistance of a sample, to be penetrated by a hard metal ball or by a conical shaped diamond, under the pressure of a load.
	www.calce.umd.edu /general/Facilities/Hardness_ad_.htm (5414 words)

	Rockwell hardness testers in portable, bench and automatic digital hardness testers
		The Versitron Rockwell hardness testing system is the workhorse of hardness testing - designed to meet the toughest challenges: clamp large parts, operate in poor environments, and test high volumes - all with less service problems and less operator skill requirements.
		and is the most commonly used hardness test method since it is generally faster/easier to perform and less operator dependant for accuracy than other types of hardness testing.
		Rockwell hardness testers can be used on all metals except in conditions where the test metal structure or surface conditions (roughness, shallow surface hardnening, etc) would introduce too much variation, where the indentations would be too large for the application or where the sample size or shape prohibits its use.
	www.hardnesstesters.com /rockwell-hardness-tester.htm (440 words)

	Hardness Testers Portable Digital Bench Rockwell
		Most indentation hardness tests are a measure of the deformation that occurs when the material under test is penetrated with a specific type of indenter.
		Unlike the Brinell and Vickers tests, where the size of the indentation is measured following the indentation process, the Rockwell hardness of the material is based on the difference in the depth of the indenter at two specific times during the testing cycle.
		The value of hardness is calculated using a formula that was derived to yield a number falling within an arbitrarily defined range of numbers known as a Rockwell hardness scale.
	www.rockwellhardnesstesters.net (712 words)

	Rockwell Hardness Test
		Hardness of metals is usually determined by measuring the resistance to penetration of a ball, cone, or pyramid.
		The Rockwell method (ASTM 18-84 Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials) employs either a ball or a diamond cone in a precision-testing instrument that is designed to measure depth of penetration accurately.
		The method employing the ball is designated as the Rockwell B test, and that using the cone the Rockwell C test.
	www.prep.mcneese.edu /engr/engr316/rockwell/rockwell.htm (232 words)

	Rockwell hardness testers
		All ERNST hardness testers operate according to a variant of the Rockwell method that permits accurate and reliable results also in the presence of deflection of the test part.
		The ERNST Rockwell hardness testers are designed to take the advantages from the Rockwell test, such as the employ of diamond indenters for testing tempered steel or hard metals, and the ball penetrators for soft metals.
		The main disadvantage of the traditional Rockwell hardness testers is that the accuracy of testing depends to a large degree on the perfect contact between the work piece and its support, usually called the anvil.
	www.ernstsa.com /eng/Rockwell-hardness-testers.htm (519 words)

	Hardness Testers Portable Digital Bench Rockwell
		Most indentation hardness tests are a measure of the deformation that occurs when the material under test is penetrated with a specific type of indenter.
		Unlike the Brinell and Vickers tests, where the size of the indentation is measured following the indentation process, the Rockwell hardness of the material is based on the difference in the depth of the indenter at two specific times during the testing cycle.
		The value of hardness is calculated using a formula that was derived to yield a number falling within an arbitrarily defined range of numbers known as a Rockwell hardness scale.
	www.rockwellhardnesstesters.net /index.htm (712 words)

	Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test
		The Rockwell Superficial hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond cone (N scale) or hardened steel ball indenter.
		Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell C Hardness Scale (hard materials) (colour)
		Hardness Conversion Table related to Rockwell C Hardness Scale (hard materials) (non-colour)
	www.gordonengland.co.uk /hardness/rockwell_superficial.htm (354 words)

	Varmint Al's Rockwell C hardness Testing Simulation by Finite Element Analysis.
		NIKE2D can be used to calculate the Rockwell C hardness of various materials in the materials.txt data base.
		Being able to calculate the Rockwell C hardness of a steel is very useful in selecting the correct material properties for a material of interest.
		The diamond cone, used for the Rockwell C hardness testing, has a 120 degree included angle with a 0.02 mm tip radius.
	www.varmintal.net /arock.htm (571 words)

	eFunda: Convert Hardness: Rockwell C-Scale
		The Rockwell Hardness Test presses a steel or diamond hemisphere-conical penetrator against a test specimen and measures the resulting indentation depth as a gage of the specimen hardness.
		In the test, a minor load (10 kgf) is first applied, and the test dial (measuring the indention depth) is reset to zero.
		The hardness value is near the limit (within 15%) of the acceptable range of the particular hardness scale.
	www.efunda.com /units/hardness/convert_hardness.cfm?HD=HRC&Cat=Steel (356 words)

	BikePro.com / Buyer's Guide / Hardness Testing - Bicycle Parts at discount prices / the Buyer's Guide / Bicycle Parts ...
		Hardness is the property of a metal which gives it the ability to resist being permanently deformed (bent, broken, or have its shape changed), when a load is applied.
		The way the three of these hardness tests measure a metal's hardness is to determine the metal's resistance to the penetration of a non-deformable ball or cone.
		The hardness is calculated by dividing the load by the area of the curved surface of the indention, (the area of a hemispherical surface is arrived at by multiplying the square of the diameter by 3.14159 and then dividing by 2).
	www.bikepro.com /products/metals/hardness.html (1433 words)

	Hardness
		Hardness measurements are widely used for the quality control of materials because they are quick and considered to be nondestructive tests when the marks or indentations produced by the test are in low stress areas.
		The Vickers and Knoop Hardness Tests are a modification of the Brinell test and are used to measure the hardness of thin film coatings or the surface hardness of case-hardened parts.
		The Barcol hardness test method is used to determine the hardness of both reinforced and non-reinforced rigid plastics and to determine the degree of cure of resins and plastics.
	www.ndt-ed.org /EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/Hardness.htm (1743 words)

	Hardness Testing
		In general, hardness usually implies a resistance to deformation, and for metals the property is a measure of their resistance to permanent or plastic deformation.
		To a person concerned with the mechanics of materials testing, hardness is most likely to mean the resistance to indentation, and to the design engineer it often means an easily measured and specified quantity which indicates something about the strength and heat treatment of the metal.
		The measurement of the hardness gradient at a carburized surface, the determination of the hardness of individual constituents of a microstructure, or the checking of the hardness of a delicate watch gear might be typical problems.
	www.key-to-steel.com /ES/Articles/Art140.htm (2440 words)

	BESTAR \| Steel Service Center for the Saw and Knife Industry
		Hardness is the property of a material that enables it to resist plastic deformation, usually by penetration.
		The Brinell hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kg.
		The Vickers hardness test method consists of indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf.
	www.bestar-steel.com /en/hardnessTesting.php (1125 words)

	Hardness Testing, Portable Micro-Hardness, Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, India
		The test consists of applying a prescribed load, usually between 500kg and 3000kg for a specified time (10-30 seconds) using a 5 or 10mm diameter tungsten carbide ball on the flat surface of a metal sample.
		This test differs from the Brinell test in the shape of the indenter and in the manner that the number is determined.
		The hardness number is based upon the measurements made of the indent formed in the surface of the test specimen.
	www.tcreng.com /services/hardness-brinell-knoop-vickers-rockwell-micro-portable.shtml (328 words)

	6 Myths of the hardness testing standard
		During this process, the calibration technician runs five hardness tests on three certified hardness test blocks, representing the high, middle and low ranges of the scale being verified.
		The eventual consensus of the group was that the hardness number achieved in the indirect verification is more significant than the direct verification results, provided the hardness number obtained on the test blocks is correct.
		Due to the lack of standardization of hardness values on various manufacturers' Rockwell hardness test blocks, it's common for two machines--certified using test blocks from different manufacturers--to produce test samples results that vary by 1.0 HRC or more.
	www.qualitydigest.com /mar01/html/hardness.html (2043 words)

	Hardness testing
		The Brinell hardness test consists of indenting the test material with a 10 mm diameter hardened steel or carbide ball subjected to a load of 3000 kgf (29 430 N).
		The Jominy test involves heating a test specimen of steel 25mm diameter and 100mm long to an austenitising temperature and quenching from one end with a controlled and standardized jet of water.
		Shore Hardness, using either the Shore A or Shore D scale, is the preferred method for rubbers/elastomers and is also commonly used for 'softer' plastics such as polyolefins, fluoropolymers, and vinyls.
	www.roymech.co.uk /Useful_Tables/Hardness.html (1242 words)

	Hardness Testing - Rockwell Hardness
		The hardness of a material is defined as its resistance to another material penetrating its surface and is related to its wear resistance and strength.
		The Rockwell test uses a small steel sphere for the indenter of a diamond cone for harder materials.
		A similar Rockwell scale exists for testing of thin sheet-type materials or surfaces subject to thin surface treatments, or parts that would not otherwise be able to produce meaningful readings using the standard Rockwell scale.
	www.azom.com /details.asp?ArticleID=1404 (416 words)

	Lab 3: Heat Treatment
		The objective of this test is to determine the hardness of the sample bolts after the quenching.
		Heat is used to induce the hardness of the sample bolts and generates sparks used to determine the type of material the specimens are.
		The specimen was tested for hardness in five separate one-centimeter increments from the tail of the specimen to the head.
	www.eng.morgan.edu /~asmith1/IEGR309/Labs/Lab3_Heat_Treatment_Spark_Test.htm (1355 words)

	Operational_definition
		An operational definition is the description of a variable in terms of the specific process or set of validation tests used to manipulate it.
		It has been said (slightly imprecisely, except as noted using the parenthetical additions), that the operational definition of a (nonspecific physical) cake (of a 'specific type') is the recipe for making the cake, which we may regard as a (nonspecific) physical object preparation process.
		Operational definitions are at their most controversial in the field of psychology where intuitive concepts, such as intelligence need to be operationally defined before they become amenable to scientific investigation, for example, through processes such as IQ tests.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/op/operational_definition.html (2193 words)

	Rockwell Hardness Testing of Plastics
		The hardness testing of plastics is most often measured by the Rockwell hardness test or Shore (durometer) hardness test.
		Rockwell hardness is generally chosen for 'harder' plastics such as nylon, polycarbonate, polystyrene, and acetal where the resiliency or creep of the polymer is less likely to affect the results.
		However, the Rockwell hardness test does not serve well as a predictor of other properties such as strength or resistance to scratches, abrasion, or wear, and should not be used alone for product design specifications.
	www.matweb.com /reference/rockwell-hardness.asp (485 words)

	Quality Digest Magazine
		A more likely outcome is that without proper hardness testing of your materials, you’ll soon lose business to your competitors who will use this time-tested metrology tool to lure customers with better product.
		The Rockwell hardness testing method was developed during World War II and uses a cone-shaped diamond indenter to penetrate material.
		A correction to a test result is needed when testing on small-diameter cylindrical shapes due to a difference between axial and radial material flow.
	www.qualitydigest.com /april04/articles/01_article.shtml (1493 words)

	Hardness Training Material (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In the Rockwell hardness test either a 120° conical diamond (C scale) or a steel ball (B scale) indentor is pushed into the surface of the test piece with a load of 10kgf.
		The height of the indentor at this position is recorded and is the datum for the test.
		In the Rockwell superficial hardness test either a diamond or a steel ball indentor is pushed into the surface of the test piece with a load of 3kgf.
	www.qcplus.co.uk /training/training-rockwell.htm (299 words)

	DoITPoMS TLP - The Jominy End Quench Test - Example test data
		The hardness of the samples was measured as a function of the distance from the quenched end to demonstrate the different hardenability of the two steels.
		The Rockwell hardness test measures a number which depends on the difference in the depth of an indentation made by two loads, a minor load followed by a major load.
		It's important to use the correct conversion chart for different materials, since the hardness test causes plastic strain, and therefore varies with the strain hardening properties of the material.
	www.doitpoms.ac.uk /tlplib/jominy/example.php (469 words)

	Metrology For Information Technology - NISTIR 6025
		When test results are represented by pass/fail instead of quantitative results or when test results can not exhaustively test to an IT standard (i.e., number of possible tests are too large to economically or quickly complete), it appears that methods for establishing a level of confidence are more useful for establishing traceability in IT metrology.
		Implementation whose attributes and behavior are sufficiently defined by standard(s), tested by certifiable test method(s), and traceable to standard(s) that the implementation may be used for the assessment of a measurement method or the assignment of test method values.
		In the Special Tests, the reported measurement uncertainty is determined by the effects of computational roundoff and convergence settings used to generate the reference fits, the propagation of these effects through the comparison algorithms, and sampling uncertainty due to the number of data sets used to perform the test.
	www.itl.nist.gov /lab/nistirs/ir6025.htm (7952 words)

	Rockwell Hardness Test – Wilson Tester
		This tester operates by measuring the differential depth of a permanent deformation caused by the application and removal of differential loads.
		The standard Rockwell test uses a minor load of 10 kg to seat the penetrator firmly in the surface of the specimen.
		Select the correct combination of weights (being at the rear of the machine) and penetrators for the hardness scale you wish to use.
	www.uwplatt.edu /~mirth/me3040wilson.htm (394 words)

	Metallurgical Consultancy - Rockwell Hardness
		The Rockwell and Superficial Rockwell hardness test uses either a 120° diamond cone with a 0.2mm radius spherical tip or a ball indenter of a specified diameter.
		The indentor is pressed into the surface of the test piece using a two step application - a preliminary force P followed by an additional test force.
		The increase in force from the preliminary force condition to the total test force F should occur in between 1 and 8 s.
	www.materials.co.uk /rockwell.htm (217 words)

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