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Topic: Rod numerals

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	Counting rods - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The counting rods (籌 chou2) were used by ancient Chinese before the invention of the abacus.
		Usually fl rods are for positive numbers and red rods are for negative numbers.
		One variation of rod numerals is still in use, see the article on Chinese numerals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Counting_rods (255 words)

	Chinese numerals - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rod numerals are closely related to the counting rods and the abacus, which is why the numeric symbols for 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in "Hua1 Ma3" system are represented in a similar way as on the abacus.
		The Suzhou numerals (Chinese su1 zhou1 ma3 zi) are special numeric forms used by traders to display the prices of goods.
		After Qing dynasty, both the Chinese numeral characters and the Suzhou numerals were replaced by Arabic numerals in mathematical writings.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_numerals (1784 words)

	Chinese numerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rod numerals are closely related to the counting rods and the abacus, which is why the numeric symbols for 1, 2, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in "Hual Ma3" system are represented in a similar way as on the abacus.
		During Ming and Qing dynasties (when Arabic numerals were first introduced into China), some Chinese mathematicians used Chinese numeral characters as positional system digits.
		Traditional Chinese numeric characters are recognized and used in Japan where they are used in much the same formal or decorative fashion that Roman Numerals are in Western cultures.
	33beat.com /Chinese_numerals.html (1857 words)

	Introduction to Arithmetic: Numbers and History of Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The numerical notation for small numbers was quite simple; one was represented by a short, straight, vertical stroke, or wedge, two to nine by two to nine short strokes, 10 by an angle, and 100 by a short vertical wedge followed by a short horizontal wedge (see Diagram 4).
		Apart from the rod system, the Chinese have several other systems of numerals, including the "common" numerals (hsiao-hsieh), and the "official" numerals, which are highly decorated versions of the common numerals used on documents to prevent fraud.
		The cumbersome Roman numerals were inadequate for writing out the large and complicated numbers used in astronomy and, increasingly, in other branches of science, and the invention in the early 17th century of logarithms finally ended their use.
	www.geocities.com /mathfair2002/school/arit/arithm1.htm (3743 words)

	Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Black rods were used to form negative numbers and red rods were used to form positive numbers (today we associate negative with the color red, not with the color fl).
		The rods were carried in a pouch and placed on a counting board which had compartments corresponding to the ones place, the hundreds place, and so on.
		There were two types of rod numbers: the hengs (from 1 to 9) and the tsangs (from 10 to 90).
	mathforum.org /dr.math/problems/ruby11.9.98.html (673 words)

	Inline Skate Braking System Patent Body
		The brake pads are mounted to the rod at points 58 and 60 in the center of the pads and between the wheels.
		A recess seat 86 is permanently attached to the rod to hold the spring and to rest the brake assembly against the brake shoe.
		The spring is attached from the rod to the axle nut 248 and serves to retract the brake assembly backwards.
	www.qwj.com /sk8s/patents/patent_body.html (6901 words)

	3-6 math album (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Put the two rod to the side and place the three rod in front of the child and name it: This is 'three', 'three'.
		Numerals 1 to 10 are in red, then a red line divides the board vertically; the numerals from 11 to 18 are in blue.
		One set is blue with a numeral in red (1 to 9) at the end of each strip; the other set is red, divided into squares by blue lines, with a numeral in blue (1 to 9) at the end of each.
	www.moteaco.com /albums/casa/casamath.html (13811 words)

	Chinese Rod Numerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rod Numerals (Counting Rods) - The Chinese Rod Numerals (Counting Rods) Ancient Chinese used written numbers for recording purposes only.
		Encyclopedia: Chinese numeral - Chinese used the rod numerals which is a positional system.
		Chinese numerals - Chinese used the rod numerals which is a positional system.
	cyberfishermen.com /chinese-rod-numerals.html (807 words)

	Cuisenaire Rods: Space, Color, and Mathe
		That is the numeral one would be written in white, the two in red and so on up to the ten in orange.
		Fractions: The first rod (when placing two rods vertically side by side) is the numerator; the second rod is the unit or denominator, based upon white as the unit rod.
		Chip or Rod Trading: In this game the students roll 2 dice, figure the sum and are given the number (combination) of rods needed to match the number on the dice.
	www.ttac.odu.edu /articles/cuisenai.html (1734 words)

	DIRECT READINGS
		For target readings up to 7.000 feet, the rod is used fully closed, and the rodman, on signals from the instrumentman, sets the target at the point where its horizontal axis is intercepted by the cross hair, as seen through the telescope.
		When it is held as shown (on a part of the rod where readings are not being taken to avoid interference with the instrumentman's view of the scale) and the bubble is centered, the rod is plumb.
		A vial rod level has two spirit vials, each of which is mounted on the upper edge of one of a pair of hinged metal leaves.
	www.tpub.com /builder2n3/63.htm (1467 words)

	Number Rods and Numerals - Exercises 2 & 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The rods are placed on the mat and the numerals at the bottom right of the mat.
		She asks him to find the numeral "2" and to place it on the second section of the two rod.
		The teacher continues to ask the child to select the rods in sequence, placing them together with the red ends on the left side and the left sides even.
	www.montessoriworld.org /Math/rodsnums/rodsnum2.html (251 words)

	Stretching machine - Patent 4844453
		a rod having one end connected to the leg deck and the rod extending a distance from the leg deck, the pivot opening for accommodating one of the pivot pins disposed through a portion of the rod.
		A cylinderically shaped connecting rod 108 is disposed in the opening 104 in the base jack rod 100 with one end of the connecting rod 108 engaging the closed end of the base jack rod 100.
		In operation, as the hydraulic jack 24 is actuated, the base jack rod 100 is moved outwardly in a direction 110 thereby causing the connecting rod 108 to be moved in the direction 110.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4844453.html (3067 words)

	NASS Sundial Register - Alabama through Louisiana
		Numerals face outward, so that they are more easily read by viewers.
		The rod is pierced to aid aligning the disk with the sun.
		Gnomon is a plain rod emanating from a sunburst.
	www.sundials.org /registry/dials_al_la.htm (8904 words)

	Products - Math (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Smallest rod measures 10 cm, each succeeding rod increasing by 10 cm, the longest measuring 100cm.
		Numeral Pocket Charts are a great way to demonstrate the decimal system and the way numbers are constructed.
		Includes numerals 0-9 in a wooden storage box and a wooden working board.
	www.appleseededucational.com /aprod.asp?category=Math (1519 words)

	Chinese Porcelain Chess Compass FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		By putting one to five rods in various positions, the ancient Chinese invented a notation such that with the knowledge of only nine signs, any number could be expressed.
		The rods were readily available to foreigners.The system was picked up by traders and travellers on the Silk Road during the Tang Dynasty, between the 5th and 9th century.
		The death knell for the bundles of rods came in the 16th Century with the invention of the abacus, which cut calculation times but sacrificed complexity for rote-learned methods.
	www.gotheborg.com /qa/numbers.shtml (377 words)

	Rod Numerals (Counting Rods) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Rod numerals (Counting Rods) are short rods (approximately 10 cm in length) were manipulated.
		These rods are placed in columns with the rightmost column representing the units, the next column representing the tens, then the next representing the hundreds and so on.
		The art of using rod numerals to perform calculations were explored in the ancient mathematical text Sun Tze Suan Ching.
	www.math.sfu.ca /histmath/China/Beginning/Rod.html (305 words)

	Read This: Fleeting Footsteps
		Such incorrect views were the result of ignorance of the rod numeration system used for arithmetic calculations in ancient Chinese mathematics.
		Substantial parts of the book are devoted to explaining Chinese rod numerals and how they were used to perform the four basic arithmetic operations, to handle fractions, and to extract square roots.
		Comparing the Chinese methods with those using Hindu-Arabic numerals as described in the English translations of three Arabic texts on arithmetic by al-Khwārizmī, al-Uqlīdisī, and Kūshyār ibn Labbān, the authors contend that the methods are identical.
	www.maa.org /reviews/FleetingFootsteps.html (1354 words)

	Lifting device and associated structure - Patent 4194756
		Adjacent and forward of its corresponding pivotal shaft 52, each of the two lower lifting arms 53 is provided with a bore for receiving a pivotal shaft 64, by means of which a hydraulic lifting cylinder 65 is pivotally secured to lifting arm 53.
		The piston rod of hydraulic lifting cylinder 65 is pivoted by means of a pivotal shaft 66 in a further bore in arm 55 located adjacent and to the rear of pivotal shaft 56.
		Top rod 63 is in this embodiment pivoted by means of a pivotal shaft 80 to the center of the connecting beam between the limbs of U-shaped trestle structure 79.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4194756.html (3596 words)

	Product Listing - mathematics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		We also offer a red and natural Number Rods set because a Montessori teacher with a special interest in learning disabilities has cautioned us that the bright red and blue are very competitive colors, and in the developing mind, sometimes the blue loses this competition and gives the child problems in one to one correspondence.
		A centimeter is 1/10 of your "1" rod.
		These 1 meter rods have a natural finish. Each rod is engraved with measuring increments in either Decimeters, Centimeters, Millimeters, or all three. Get all three to help your students understand the nomenclature relationship.
	www.hellowood.com /cgibin/store/commerce.cgi?product=mathematics (1917 words)

	Leveling Rods - Holman's, Inc. 1(800)545-0932 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The scale width is graduated to fill the entire face of the rod and the CR’s are equipped with stand-off ribs that protect the scale from wear.
		The rod is extracted from the case and becomes a convenient 6 1/2 ft. leveling rod.
		The rod is extracted from the case and becomes a convenient 2m leveling rod.
	www.holmans.com /estore/model_2_new.asp?modelid=280 (954 words)

	DIRECTIONS FOR ERECTING AND CARE OF TOWER CLOCKS
		The nut at the bottom of the pendulum rod should be screwed up until the bottom edge of the nut is even with a scratch mark on the surface near the bottom of the pendulum rod.
		The positions of these collars on the rod should be adjusted to throw the switch in or out to the best advantage at the bottom and at the top of the weight travel.
		The ornamental nut at the bottom of the pendulum rod should first be adjusted so that the bottom of the nut is just even with a scratch mark on the brass piece at the bottom of the rod; then when the clock is regulated for time, the pendulum will swing clear of the safety hangars.
	www.sover.net /~donnl/erection.html (4424 words)

	Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Five of these six vertical heng rods trade for one horizontal heng rod.
		But now there are two horizontal heng rods.
		These two rods trade for one horizontal tsang rod (5 + 5 = 10).
	mathforum.org /library/drmath/view/52557.html (673 words)

	Math Forum: Ask Dr. Math FAQ: Roman Numerals
		A numeral is a symbol used to represent a number.
		The biggest Roman numeral is M, for 1000, so one easy way to write large numbers is to line up the Ms: MMMMMMM would be 7000, for instance.
		Introduction to Roman numerals, their history, large numbers, and a Java applet that converts a number from Roman to Arabic numerals.
	mathforum.org /dr.math/faq/faq.roman.html (1592 words)

	Exercise: NUMBER RODS AND NUMBERS 1-10 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Material: Number rods plus a small box with wooden tablets with the numerals 1-10 written on them; or you can make the numbers out of card stock, as long as they fit onto the Number Rods (see Number Rods One file).
		On one have the numerals and on the other, the number rods.
		When he brings the rod, place the tablet right next to the rod, and visa versa.
	www.saber.net /~mearth/Rods2.htm (266 words)

	Face the rod
		To give this signal, the instrumentman extends both arms upward to indicate to the rodman that the leveling rod is facing in the wrong direction.
		This signal is used when the instrumentman wants the leveling rod raised and held with its bottom end at a specified distance, usually about 3 ft, above the ground.
		The other numerals can be read without thinking of right or left.
	www.tpub.com /engbas/12-1.htm (530 words)

	phorum - Chinese Culture Forum at Asiawind - Chinese invented the number system? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		There are ample evidence that Chinese had a sophiscated numeric system to calculate the astronomical observation of eclipse and seasonal change of star positions, üSµÀ£¬°×µÀ.
		In fact, they came up only with the written symbols, says acclaimed academic Lam Lay Yong, who believes the Chinese invented the numeral system and were adding, subtracting, multiplying and dividing at least 1,000 years before anyone else, with simple bamboo rods.
		And the rods were readily available to foreigners, she said.
	www.asiawind.com /forums/read.php?f=2&i=1222&t=1222 (442 words)

	MTS Math 7.1 Subtraction With The Red And Blue Rods And/Or Table Top (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Large red and blue rods should be used on the rug, small rods on a table top.
		Place the longest rod at the top with the one rod closest to the child.
		Place the equal sign after the 4 rod and place the 6 rod after the equal sign.
	www.ux1.eiu.edu /~cfsjy/mts/math/7-1.htm (389 words)

	Articles - Number names (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Different cultures have different traditional numeral systems used for writing numbers and for naming large numbers.
		One example of duodecimal numerals is in use in the Chepang language of Nepal.
		However, their influence can still be seen in many cultures, such as in the imperial system of units, and the former British system of pounds, shillings and pence.
	www.lastring.com /articles/Number_names (212 words)

	FLEETING FOOTSTEPS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Hindu—Arabic numeral system (1, 2, 3,...) is one of mankind's greatest achievements and one of its most commonly used inventions.
		Those who have written about the numeral system have hypothesized that it originated in India; however, there is little evidence to support this claim.
		With this treatise as a central reference, the first part of the book discusses the development of arithmetic and the beginnings of algebra in ancient China and, on the basis of this knowledge, advances the thesis that the Hindu—Arabic numeral system has its origins in the rod numeral system.
	www.worldscibooks.com /mathematics/5425.html (381 words)

	Clocksmith : Vintage and Antique Clocks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		THE PENDULUM IS A WOOD ROD WITH A BRASS BOB.
		THE PENDULUM IS A WOOD ROD WITH A POLISHED BRASS BOB.
		THE PENDULUM ROD IS A GRIDIRON WITH A FANCY BRASS BOB.
	www.theclocksmith.com /wall.php (4196 words)

	Direct Readings
		The rod shown in the figures is graduated in feet
		self-reading rod held plumb on the point by the rodman.
		rods may be equipped with a rod target that can be set
	www.tpub.com /content/construction/14043/css/14043_140.htm (446 words)

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