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Rodhocetus Balochistanensis

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	Rodhocetus Balochistanensis
		Rodhocetus Balochistanensis is an extinct species of whale that is believed to demonstrate an evolutionary link between whales and artiodactyls -- modern examples of which are hippopotamuses and pigs.
		This has largely overturned previous fossil-based theories that whales were descended from mesonychids[?], though it matched studies of the genetic relations between whales and other animals.
		Dating from about 47 million years ago, they are one of a series of recent discoveries, including the pakicetids, which have thrown considerable light on the previously mysterious evolutionary origin of whales.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ro/Rodhocetus_Balochistanensis.html (137 words)

	Whale - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Rodhocetus was clumsy on land, perhaps like modern sea lions.
		Rodhocetus also had a powerful tail, although scientists do not know whether this early whale had begun to evolve tail flukes.
		A fossil whale known as Basilosaurus dates from 42 million years ago and represents the stage of whale evolution in which the hind legs are very small but still visible.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761565254___20/Whale.html (386 words)

	Rodhocetus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rodhocetus is one of several extinct whale genera that possess land mammal characteristics, thus demonstrating the transition from land to sea that whales went through.
		Of a recently discovered species (Rodhocetus balochistanensis), the ankle bones were recovered, further strengthening the already well-founded link to artiodactyls, but supposedly weakening the link to mesonychids.
		Rodhocetus balochistanensis is in fact believed to demonstrate a direct evolutionary link to artiodactyls (modern examples of which are hippopotamuses and pigs).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rodhocetus (240 words)

	Rodhocetus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Of a recently discovered species (Rodhocetus balochistanensis), the ankle bones were recovered, further strengthening the already well-founded link to artiodactyl, but supposedly weakening the link to mesonychids.
		Rodhocetus balochistanensis is in fact believed to demonstrate a direct evolutionary link to artiodactyl (modern examples of which are hippopotamuses and pigs).
		This has largely overturned previous fossil-based theories that whales were directly descended from mesonychids, though it matches studies of the genetic relations between whales and other animals.
	www.travelawesomeplaces.com /wiki/?title=Rodhocetus (210 words)

	Palaeos Vertebrates 520.120 Cetartiodactyla: Cetartiodactyla: Cetacea: Protocetidae
		The figure on the margin is the left ankle of the protocetid Rodhocetus balochistanensis Gingerich et al (2001) shown in dorsal view.
		Range: from the Early Eocene [FB94], or perhaps middle Eocene [H+98], as Rodhocetus is from the early Middle Eocene (Lutetian).
		Since we have anchored this taxon on Rodhocetus, some of the characters of this genus which are shared with later whales are listed here as characters of the clade.
	www.palaeos.com /Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.120.html (3531 words)

	- Overselling of Whale Evolution -
		In that case, what is believed to have been a fully marine archaeocete was already on the scene at or near the time archaeocetes first appear in the fossil record.
		[19] Rodhocetus kasrani is known from a skull, lower jaws, vertebrae, pelvic bones, and a femur.
		Rodhocetus and Indocetus are nearly contemporaneous fossils from the early Lutetian of the Domanda Formation in Pakistan (whereas Pakicetus and Ambulocetus are from the Kuldana Formation).
	www.trueorigin.org /whales.asp (3394 words)

	Philip D. Gingerich
		Skeletons of the archaeocetes Dorudon atrox and Rodhocetus balochistanensis compared to that of Elomeryx armatus, which is here taken as a model for the extinct group of artiodactyls (Anthracotheriidae, s.l.
		The femur is preserved on one side of the original Rodhocetus kasranii skeleton, but with this exception, the forelimbs are missing, the hind limbs are missing, and most of the tail is missing.
		Combining what we know of the skeletons of Rodhocetus kasranii and Rodhocetus balochistanensis, it is possible to make a composite restoration of the latter, which is the reconstruction shown in Figure 1C.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~gingeric/PDGwhales/Whales.htm (3057 words)

	The Evolution of Whales, Adapted from National Geographic, November 2001
		Rodhocetus nostrils were higher on the skull, intermediate between its ancestors and modern whales.
		“Rodhocetus is the first early whale found with a complete thoracic, lumbar and sacral vertebral column,” said Gingerich, director of the Museum of Paleontology and professor of geological sciences.
		The skeleton of the early protocetid Rodhocetus is illustrated in Fig.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /whales/evolution_of_whales (10771 words)

	Glossary
		The toothed whales travel in large, sometimes stable pods; they frequently hunt their prey in groups, migrate together, and share the care of their young.
		Rodhocetus (meaning "Rodho [the local name of the region in Pakistnan where the fossil was found] whale") is an extinct primitive Eocene whale that lived about 46.5 million years ago.
		Rodhocetus was found by Phil Gingerich et al.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~arice1/whale_planet/Glossary.htm (1144 words)

	Archaeocetes - Dolphins And Whales Window
		Below right is a drawing of the known skeleton of Rodhocetus, a recently discovered archaeocete from Pakistan, a few million years younger than Packicetus.
		Rodhocetus had well-developed hind limbs (although only the thighbone, or femur, has been preserved), but unlike land mammals, Rodhocetus did not have its vertebrae in the pelvic region fused together into a sacrum.
		Early whales such as Rodhocetus show many similarities with an early group of land mammals known as mesonychids, which are also close to the root of the hoofed mammals.
	dolphins.jump-gate.com /start_page/archaeocetes.shtml (593 words)

	So called Cetacean Evolution (whales, dolphins)
		This shows that the reconstruction showing a whale like animal with small limbs was wrong, thereby creating a more substantial gap between Rodhocetus and whales.
		Rodhocetus does seem to have been a powerful swimmer, but there are plenty of land animals that fit this category.
		The other; Rodhocetus; has been shown to be reconstructed inaccurately in a manner that favors Evolution.
	genesismission.4t.com /transition/cetacean.html (407 words)

	Fossil of whale that walked on land found in Pakistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Named Rodhocetus kasrani, the whale provides important information about structural and behavioral changes that occurred 40 to 50 million years ago as whales made the transition from land-dwelling to ocean-dwelling mammals.
		Living about four million years before Rodhocetus, Pakicetus was a small land mammal that probably walked on four legs and ate fish caught in the shallow edges of the Tethys Sea, according to Gingerich.
		Rodhocetus is intermediate, both in time and evolutionary development, to Pakicetus and Basilosaurus, according to Gingerich.
	www.umich.edu /~urecord/9394/May09_94/45.htm (507 words)

	Cetacean Notes
		Protocetids, such as Rodhocetus and Protocetus, have somewhat shorter cervical vertebrae.
		The thoracic, lumbar, and sacral centra of Rodhocetus increase progressively in both length and height, retaining just a hint of the central arch seen in land mammals that support their weight on land.
		The rostrum of Rodhocetus is normally proportioned for an archaeocete, whereas that of Dalanistes is unusually long and narrow.
	www.angelfire.com /fl/direpuppy/whalenotes.html (1233 words)

	Cetacean Evolution
		Rodhocetus kasrani, a descendant of Ambulocetus, was the first early Archaeocete with a complete thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebral column.
		When compared to the fossils of its ancestors, the femurs were much shorter, indicating a lose of mobility on land as a direct result of a shorter limbs.
		The skull of the Rodhocetus is relatively large in size relative to the rest of its skeleton.
	www1.pacific.edu /~e-buhals/cetacean.htm (2140 words)

	Pakistan: home of ancient whales -DAWN Science; April 16, 2005
		In 1992 three archaeocetes — called Rodhocetus, Remingtonocetus, and Indocetus — were found to the west of Taunsa Sharif, D.G. Khan District, in a 48-million-year-old Domanda Formation.
		The size of these extensions on top of the vertebrae where muscles are attached indicate that Rodhocetus had developed a powerful tail for swimming.
		The increase in flexibility and strength in the back and tail with the accompanying decrease in the strength and size of the limbs indicated that it was a good tail-swimmer with a reduced ability to walk on land.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/science/archive/050416/science1.htm (2635 words)

	NCSE Resource (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		At least three new forms — Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, and Rodhocetus — have been found to fill in some of the gaps between the whales we know and their terrestrial ancestors, a group of mesonychid carnivores that lived in the Eocene epoch, some 60 million years ago.
		But the tail is still long and lacks a fluke, and the toes still end in little hooves.Thewissen and his co-workers suggest that this animal swam by vertical undulations and was amphibious (lived both on land and in water).
		Rodhocetus, which occurs a bit later in time, has a shortened neck and more reduced hindlimbs.
	www.ncseweb.org /resources/rncse_content/vol17/2010_the_tale_of_the_whale_12_30_1899.asp (1150 words)

	Rodhocetus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Resten van Rodhocetus werden voor het eerst in 1992 in Pakistan gevonden door Phillip Gingerich, korte tijd nadat zijn collega Hans Thewissen de resten van Ambulocetus had opgegraven.
		Rodhocetus was een walvisachtige die iets jonger en beter aangepast aan het zeeleven dan Ambulocetus was.
		Wat er verder nog moest gebeuren om Rodhocetus te transformeren tot de volgende schakel binnen de walvisevolutie, Dorudon, moesten de achterpoten verder worden verkleind en de staart verlengt.
	www.kenozoicum.nl /database/rodhocetus.html (170 words)

	The Emergence of Whales, Chp. 8
		Cervicals of Gv are most similar to Rodhocetus and Protocetus (ambulocetids and remingtoncetids have long centra in the cervicals, protocetids relatively short).
		I will say that if a schematic diagram of the changes could have been made, it would have been a nice contribution here, but the paper is written for professional paleontologists, not a lay audience, and they likely know what all the features actually are.
		The changes in the sacral and anterior caudal vertebrae allowed them to function more like lumbars, and a necessary consequence was "loss of direct articulation between the pelvis and sacrum." This made movement on land more limited, and would also have caused a decreased use of the hindlimbs in aquatic locomotion.
	home.tiac.net /~cri/2001/acker08.html (1360 words)

	How whales became aquatic -DAWN Science; July 30, 2005
		Rodhocetus, a 48-million-year-old whale found by the teams belonging to the Geological Survey of Pakistan and the University of Michigan, US, in 1992 near Taunsa Sharif in D.G. Khan District had short cervical vertebrae.
		It was hence short-necked and had a reduced femur, robust tail and almost complete thoracic, lumber and sacral vertebrae.
		In Rodhocetus, on the other hand, the four sacral vertebrae were no longer solidly fused.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/science/archive/050730/science5.htm (1004 words)

	Origin of Whales from Early Artiodactyls: Hands and Feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan -- Gingerich et al. 293 ...
		The astragalus of Rodhocetus is larger and relatively higher than that of Artiocetus, with larger and more closely spaced medial and lateral ridges bordering the tibial trochlea on the body.
		Distal phalanges preserved on digit I of the hand (and inferred for digit V) and preserved on digits II and III (and inferred for IV and V) of the foot are longer compared to the breadth of their bases.
		North is at the lower left corner of the figure and land surface here is a bedding plane dipping approximately 60° toward the bottom of the figure (northwest).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/293/5538/2239/DC1 (2350 words)

	Mr and Mrs Smiths Life Sciece: Whale Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		All in all, Rodhocetus must have been a very good tail-swimmer, and it is the earliest fossil whale committed to this manner of swimming.
		The pelvis of Rodhocetus was smaller than that of its predecessors, but it was still connected to the sacral vertebrae, meaning that Rodhocetus could still walk on land to some degree.
		Overall, Rodhocetus showed improvements over earlier whales by virtue of its deep, slim thorax, longer head, greater vertebral flexibility, and expanded tail-related musculature.
	www.hometown.aol.com /ksmith9526/WhaleEvolution.htm (1833 words)

	National Geographic News @ nationalgeographic.com
		Rodhocetus, a whale that lived 47 million years ago, visualized on the basis of new Eocene fossils from Pakistan.
		The ankle bones indicate a close relationship of early whales to hooved land mammals such as hippopotami and pigs.
		Forefeet retain hooves on the central digits, but hind feet with slender webbed toes indicate that Rodhocetus was predominantly aquatic.
	news.nationalgeographic.com /news/2001/09/0919_whales1.html (58 words)

	Mr and Mrs Smiths Life Science: Searching for Whale Fossils (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		In 1994, in the middle Eocene (46-7 million years ago), Gingerich found the remains of Rodhocetus with well-developed hip bones.
		By looking at its skeleton scientists have decided that the back legs could be used, but Rodhocetus probably could not get around as well on land as its predecessors.
		It was a good 10 foot long tail-swimmer with a reduced ability to walk on land.
	users.aol.com /ksmith9526/WhalesSearchingFossils.htm (714 words)

	The Origin of Whales and the Power of Independent Evidence
		Rodhocetus kasrani (redrawn for RNCSE by Janet Dreyer).
		Clearly, the presence of such fossils must mean that the Ambulocetus fossil was found in what was once a shallow sea - although leaves can be washed into the sea and fossilize there, marine mollusks would not be found on the land.
		Rodhocetus is found in green shales deposited in the deep-neritic zone (equivalent to the outer part of the continental shelf).
	www.talkorigins.org /features/whales (6397 words)

	Back to the sea - missing links between whales and land-dwelling ancestors found - special issue: 1994 The Year in ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-10)
		Named Rodhocetus, this 46-million-year-old whale falls between the shore-hugging Ambulocetus and the water-bound Prozeuglodon.
		Its legs were shrinking because Rodhocetus no longer depended on them for swimming - massive tail vertebrae indicate that it had a powerful tail that allowed it to 90 where no whale had gone before.
		Ambulocetus was pulling itself up on the shore every night, but Rodhocetus was probably out there for weeks at a time, more committed to the water," says Gingerich.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1511/is_n1_v16/ai_15958021 (508 words)

	Creation Matters May/June 1998, Vol. 3, No. 3
		The generally accepted order of the archaeocete species, in terms of both morphological (primitive to advanced) and stratigraphical (lower/older to higher/younger) criteria, is Pakicetus, Ambulocetus, Rodhocetus, Indocetus, Protocetus, and Basilosaurus (see note 16 and standard scheme in Figure 1).
		For a reconstruction of the skull of Rodhocetus kasrani, see Philip D. Gingerich, S. Mahmood Raza, Muhammad Arif, Mohammad Anwar, and Xiaoyuan Zhou, “New whale from the Eocene of Pakistan and the origin of cetacea swimming,” Nature 368 (1994):845.
		Gingerich has, on at least one occasion, estimated Rodhocetus to be “about forty-eight million years old.” Philip D. Gingerich, The Whales of Tethys,” Natural History (April 1994):88.
	www.creationresearch.org /creation_matters/98/cm9805.html (4680 words)

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