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Topic: Rodolfo Graziani

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	Rodolfo Graziani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rodolfo Graziani, Marchese di Neghelli (August 11, 1882—January 11, 1955), was an Italian military officer who led expeditions in Africa before and during World War II and a war criminal responsible for thousands of Libyan and Ethiopian civilian deaths.
		Graziani expressed doubts about the ability of his largely un-mechanized force could defeat the British, however, he followed orders and the Tenth Army attacked on September 13.
		Is related to Tony Graziani A former NFL and current Arena Football League quarterback for the Philadelphia Soul.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani (466 words)

	Graziani, Rodolfo - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		GRAZIANI, RODOLFO [Graziani, Rodolfo], 1882-1955, Italian soldier and colonial administrator.
		Graziani was made chief of staff of the Italian army (1939) and became governor of Libya (1940).
		Arrested in 1945, Graziani was indicted for high treason for his collaboration with the Germans in N Italy after the Italian armistice with the Allies in 1943.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/G/Graziani.asp (217 words)

	Comando Supremo: Graziani vs. Rommel
		Marshal Graziani is often cast as the personification of Italian ineffectiveness; the inability to achieve victory through a numerical superiority in men and equipment.
		Graziani's request for armored divisions was outlined in the 1938 manual which required "M" tanks as the core of each unit for penetration effect, "P" tanks as mobile artillery (the P.40 was the most advanced Italian tank developed, but never utilized), and "L" tanks as scouts.
		Graziani was forced to use the "M" and "L" tanks for all three.
	www.comandosupremo.com /Graziani2.html (1288 words)

	Tony Graziani - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anthony Robert Graziani (Born:December 23, 1973, in Las Vegas, Nevada) is a current Arena Football League quarterback for the Philadelphia Soul.
		Graziani was a four-year letterman at the University of Oregon and finished his football career with 4498 passing yards and 25 touchdowns.
		Tony Graziani is related to Rodolfo Graziani an Italian military officer who led expeditions in Africa before and during World War II.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tony_Graziani (190 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Rodolfo Graziani
		Rodolfo Graziani (1882-1955) became Italy's youngest colonel during World War One and enjoyed a prominent post-war military political career up to and during World War Two, after which he was convicted of high treason.
		Despite his reputation Graziani's force was thoroughly routed by the British under Sir Archibald Wavell during the Libyan campaign of 1940-41 with the result that he resigned his command following a recall to Italy.
		With the end of the war Graziani was placed on trial in 1945 and charged with high treason for his collaboration with the Nazis post-1943.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/graziani.htm (300 words)

	POSC 270 Comparative Politics: Review of the Film Lion of the Desert (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Graziani in his growling voice, evil laugh and his quick spark to anger only portrays him even more as an evil man only out to further himself, which could not be any farther from Omar’s intentions which are for his God and his people.
		Gen. Rodolfo Graziani is hired by Mussolini and is told that he must crush the rebellion by any means necessary, and this statement shows the ruthlessness that the Italian army will go to in order to achieve its goals.
		Graziani is naive about the war he is wagging and it comes clear when Mukhtar makes the statement that when he dies the war will continue from generation to generation.
	www.ijtihad.org /2006/05/review-of-film-lion-of-desert.html (19971 words)

	tecolahagos.com - ethiopian related issues and commentary
		On the whole Rodolfo Graziani and the Fascist Minist3er for Italian colonies Alessandro Lessona (as of June 11, 1936) were said to be two individuals so different and belonging to two contradictory poles.
		Graziani was thus given temporary and occasional power, but in reality permanent and uninterrupted authority, to destroy the patriotic resistance in Shoa.
		Graziani orders were to be executed by General Sebastiano Gallina with the assistance of General Mariotti's four Eritrean ascari banda battalion to hunt the rebels who were hiding in the mountains around the railway.
	www.tecolahagos.com /origin_tribal_partIII.htm (6839 words)

	Events during the Fascist Occupation: in February 1937
		He was, however, bitterly opposed to the Graziani regime, and particularly its racial discrimination.
		Graziani and the top-ranking Fascist leadership had by then taken up their positions on the Palace steps (now those of the University).
		Graziani and some thirty of his colleagues were wounded - and the Viceroy, who was badly shaken, later claimed that no less than 250 pieces of steel had entered his body.
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2004/02/27-02-04/Events.htm (1190 words)

	The Secret History of the Italian Fascist Occupation of Ethiopia 1935-1941, 8
		We saw last week that Rodolfo Graziani, the Italian Fascist Viceroy of Ethiopia, was confronted with strong opposition in Italy, most noticeably on the part of Alessandro Lessona, the doctrinaire Minister of Italian Africa.
		In Rome meanwhile Lessona was relentless in his intrigues to obtain the removal of Graziani whose failure to crush Patriot resistance was arousing increasing disquiet and impatience in Fascist circles.
		Graziani's "actions in command", he later frankly recalled, "furnished me with convenient reasons," and he adds: "Many times from the day upon which Mussolini announced to me his decision to replace him I argued verbally and in writing the necessity of recalling the Viceroy...
	www.addistribune.com /Archives/2001/06/22-06-01/Secret.htm (1584 words)

	MES Resources
		Description: The year is 1929 and dictator Benito Mussolini is still faced with the 20-year long war waged by Bedouin patriots to combat Italian colonization and the establishment of “The Fourth Shore”—re-birth of a Roman Empire in Africa.
		Mussolini appoints General Rodolfo Graziani as his sixth governor to Libya, confident that the eminently accredited soldier can crush the rebellion and restore the dissipated glories of Imperial Rome.
		Graziani confronts North Africa with the might of the Italian army.
	www.cmes.arizona.edu /resources/showv.php?id=43 (310 words)

	Second Italo-Abyssinian War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A smaller contingent, commanded by General Rodolfo Graziani, attacked from Italian Somaliland.
		After a failed assassination attempt against Graziani on February 19, 1937, the colonial authorities executed 30,000 persons, including about half of the younger, educated Ethiopian population.
		In exile in Britain, the emperor sought to gain the support of the Western democracies for his cause but had little success until Italy entered World War II on the side of Germany in June 1940.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War (1414 words)

	afrika korps
		But Graziani complained of the heat and of the anti-tank guns that awaited his armor; he suggested the offensive be renewed in October.
		At the height of their success, Graziani halted again, this time to build a series of fortified camps, allowing General Wavell, commanding British forces, time to organize his own counter-attack.
		Had Graziani continued his hitherto successful march into Egypt, instead of stopping to construct defenses at Sidi Barrani, the North African Campaign would have undoubtedly climaxed in an Italian victory before Wavell’s preparations were completed.
	www.third-reich-books.com /afrika-korps.htm (3185 words)

	MagWeb Europa: WWII North Africa: British vs. Italians: 57 Military History and Product Magazines
		Graziani's answer was to order General Berti's 10th Army, consisting of three corps, to be ready to attack on 27 August.
		Graziani proposed to send the ill-trained 21st Corps on the northern coast road to Sollum, across the border, while the Libyan Corps and motorized Maletti Group of seven tank battalions would attack on the south side of the escarpment that ran parallel to the sea.
		Graziani received this flimsy with another signal from Mussolini on 27 January: "I want you to know, dear Marshal, that we are eating out our liver, night and day, to send you the necessaries for this arduous battle." The message promised more aircraft, the Ariete Armored Division, and more delays.
	www.magweb.com /sample/seuropa/seu55daw.htm (9336 words)

	AllRefer.com - Rodolfo Graziani (Italian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Rodolfo Graziani[rOdOl´fO grAtsEA´nE] Pronunciation Key, 1882–1955, Italian soldier and colonial administrator.
		For his part in the Italo-Ethiopian War, he was promoted to marshal and served (1936–37) as viceroy of Ethiopia.
		In World War II, Graziani's army was completely routed (winter 1940–41) by the British in the Libyan campaign, and he resigned his command.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Graziani.html (254 words)

	TIME.com: The Unforgiving Lion -- Jan. 24, 1955 -- Page 1
		Until Rodolfo Graziani made it a terrifying reality for thousands of conquered Africans, the Graziani family motto — "An enemy forgiven is more dangerous than a thousand foes" — was no more sinister than scores of other Italian family mottoes handed down from the age of feuding dynasties.
		Soldier Graziani was 32 years old and a loud-voiced, hulking 6 ft. 4 in.
		Graziani was a natural for the campaign in Ethiopia.
	www.time.com /time/archive/preview/0,10987,861135,00.html (607 words)

	A History of Early 20'th Century Ethiopia - Pankhurst - Ch. 11 - 15
		Graziani, lacking anything like the men and material available to Badogio, played, to his disgust, a subordinate role in the campaign.
		In an attempt to crush such opposition Graziani, who had by then become the Italian viceroy, issued an edict in the middle of May, proclaiming that Italy was the "absolute master of Ethiopia", and would "remain so at whatever cost".
		Graziani frankly admitted as much when he observed, on 9 November 1937, that the "rebels" were awaiting a European war.
	www.civicwebs.com /cwvlib/africa/ethiopia/pankhurst/early_20th_cent_ethiopia_3.htm (6174 words)

	redazionale
		These Rodolfo Graziani’s memories are a really interesting testimony on Pre-Repubblican history of Italy.
		Graziani was one of the most important officers during Fascism: governor of Somalia in 1935, Field Marshall of Italy in ‘36, Chief of staff during the Republic of Salò.
		The final part of the book is dedicated to an unpublished “Diary”, regarding the period april-december ‘45, which Graziani spent in an English detention field, in Algiers.
	www.cesil.com /aprile99/letteng.htm (256 words)

	Graziani Rodolfo Marchese Di Neghelli - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Graziani Rodolfo Marchese Di Neghelli - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Graziani, Rodolfo, Marchese Di Neghelli (1882-1955), Italian Fascist administrator and military commander, born in Filettino, Italy.
		Search for books about your topic, "Graziani Rodolfo Marchese Di Neghelli"
	encarta.msn.com /Graziani_Rodolfo_Marchese_Di_Neghelli.html (109 words)

	Amazon.com: Lion of the Desert (Ws Rmst): Video: Moustapha Akkad,Anthony Quinn,Oliver Reed,Rod Steiger,Irene Papas,John ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Graziani's mission is to go to Libya and smash these pesky desert nomads in any way he sees fit.
		Graziani is such a ruthless tyrant that even Omar Mukhtar recognizes his name when told the general is now the new governor.
		According to the makers of "Lion of the Desert," Graziani was the first military commander to use tanks in the desert, and the movie portrays this historic battle in expansive detail.
	www.amazon.com /Lion-Desert-Rmst-Moustapha-Akkad/dp/6305020078 (2676 words)

	Lion of the Desert
		The film also covers in painful detail the brutality of the Italians towards the Libyans held in the Italian concentration camps.
		The master-mind of this brutality was the war criminal General Graziani, who only had to spend a rotten four years in prisons before the Italians released him.
		1935-36 -- during the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, Graziani was the commander of the Italian army when it invaded Ethiopia.
	www.vernonjohns.org /snuffy1186/liondest.html (577 words)

	Boston.com / News / Boston Globe / Opinion / Op-ed / The roots of Muslim unrest
		Graziani was the first to adapt tanks to desert warfare, and Akkad spared no effort to get the battle scenes right.
		His lecture to Graziani -- ''Libya is not your country.
		There is even a bit of dialogue in the film between Mussolini and Graziani about building a ''new Hadrian's Wall" to fence in the insurrectionists, written a generation before the separation wall between Palestinians and Israelis began to be built on the West Bank.
	www.boston.com /news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2005/04/15/the_roots_of_muslim_unrest (706 words)

	Negele Boran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Negele Military Base, an important installation for the Ethiopian Army, is located nearby.
		The Italians under General Rodolfo Graziani captured Negele shortly after their victory at the Battle of Ganale Doria, which further weakened the southern Ethiopian defenses.
		In protest over their substandard living conditions, non-commisioned officers at the base arrested their superior officers and petitioned Emperor Haile Sellasie January, 1974, an event considered by many as contributing to the fall of Imperial Ethiopia and leading to the Ethiopian Revolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Negele_Boran (237 words)

	Rodolfo Graziani
		Rodolfo Graziani was born near Frosinone on August 11, 1882.
		Relieved in 1941, he did not see any further action until Italy changed sides in 1943.
		Graziani was the only Marshal to stay loyal to Mussolini and was appointed Minister of Defence of the RSI.
	www.comandosupremo.com /Graziani.html (235 words)

	Imperial Ethiopia - Contemporary History
		In February 1937, in bitter retaliation for a coup d'etat attempted by Ethiopians loyal to their emperor, the Italian army, acting on the orders of the viceroy, General Rodolfo Graziani, attempted to decimate the population.
		Graziani, a vehement Fascist later tried and sentenced by the Italian Republic for war crimes, was following Fascist dictates; Mussolini had demanded "ten eyes for every eye." Some estimates place the total number of civilian Ethiopian deaths resulting from punitive actions of this kind at approximately a quarter of a million.
		As a result of its conduct of the Ethiopian campaign and occupation, Italy would become the first nation ever cited for crimes against humanity by the United Nations War Crimes Commission.
	www.imperialethiopia.org /history3.htm (2231 words)

	Graziani, Rodolfo, Marchese Di Neghelli - ninemsn Encarta
		Graziani, Rodolfo, Marchese Di Neghelli - ninemsn Encarta
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	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761565033/Graziani_Rodolfo_Marchese_Di_Neghelli.html (59 words)

	LRDG History
		On September 13th, 1940, a quarter of a million Italian troops under Marshal Rodolfo Graziani crossed the Libyan-Egyptian border and started an attack on the British troops in Egypt.
		The Italian offense halted, Graziani being uncertain how to deal with these unsuspected attacks that seemed to come out of nowhere, and the resulting break gave the British defenders all the time they needed to move in reinforcements and mount a counterattack.
		Unknown to Graziani, these raids were not carried out by large troop contingents but by a small group of desert experts formed only six weeks before - the Long Range Desert Group, at the time consisting of no more than a couple dozen men and a handful of re-fitted civilian trucks.
	www.lrdg.de /history.htm (307 words)

	World War II Database: Your WW2 History Reference Destination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The WW1 veteran of Libya and Italy Rodolfo Graziani was born near Frosinone.
		In 1935, he was made the governor of Italian Somaliland, then in the following year he was made the Viceroy of Abyssinia with the military title of Marshal, in which role he was known for the brutal pacification of the Senussi rebels.
		After Italy capitulated in 1943, Mussolini fled to northern Italy and formed the Italian Social Republic with German support; Graziani was named the Minister of Defense of the German puppet government....
	www.ww2db.com /rsslander.php?id=P111 (213 words)

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