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	Pope Alexander VI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Alexander VI, (Rodrigo Borgia) (January 1, 1431 – August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), is the most memorable of the secular popes of the Renaissance.
		He was born at Xàtiva, València, Spain, and his father's surname was Lanzol or Llançol; that of his mother's family, Borgia or Borja, was assumed by him on the elevation of his maternal uncle to the papacy as Callixtus III (April 8, 1455).
		Borgia's elevation did not at the time excite much alarm, and at first his reign was marked by a strict administration of justice and an orderly method of government in satisfactory contrast with the anarchy of the previous pontificate, as well as by great outward splendour.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Alexander_VI (3737 words)

	Cesare Borgia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Cesare Borgia (September, 1475 - March 12, 1507), Duke of Valentinois, the illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia) and Vannozza dei Cattani.
		Cesare was born to the mistress of Rodrigo Borgia, an important cardinal and nephew of Pope Calixtus III.
		Alexander VI staked the hopes for the Borgia family on Cesare's brother Juan, who was made captain general of the military forces of the papacy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cesare_Borgia (539 words)

	BORGIA FAMILY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Borgias were a group of talented men and women whose spectacular rise in Renaissance Italy aroused much envy and hatred among their contemporaries.
		Rodrigo Borgia was born on Xafiva in Spain in 1431.
		Rodrigo chose to be called Alexander and became a cardinal at age 25.
	www.yesnet.yk.ca /schools/projects/renaissance/borgia.html (376 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope Alexander VI
		Rodrigo Borgia, born at Xativa, near Valencia, in Spain, 1 January, 1431; died in Rome, 18 August, 1503.
		To the Romans especially, who had come to regard Borgia as one of themselves, and who predicted a pontificate at once splendid and energetic, the choice was most acceptable; and they manifested their joy in bonfires, torchlight processions, garlands of flowers, and the erection of triumphal arches with extravagant inscriptions.
		It was the political use made by the Borgias of their opportunity, and the prospective alliance of France and the Holy See, which now drove several of the Powers of Europe to the verge of schism.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01289a.htm (5465 words)

	Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia)
		Pope Alexander VI (Rodrigo Borgia), memorable as the most characteristic incarnation of the secular spirit of the papacy of the 15th century, was born at Xativa in Valencia, 1st January 1431.
		Borgia's uneasiness was betrayed by his hasty assumption of the pontifical vestments, and premature announcement of the election to the expectant crowd.
		They are unproved as yet, but are certainly countenanced by the opulence of the supposed victims, and the avidity with which the pope pounced upon their effects, especially in the case of his rapacious datary, Cardinal Ferrari.
	www.1902-encyclopedia.com /A/ALE/alexander-vi.html (3633 words)

	Histories/ Lucrezia Borgia
		Once she was remarried, Rodrigo found it in himself to remove the children from their mother's home and place them all under the care of his cousin and fellow-Spaniard, Adriana de Mila.
		All of that changed and Lucrezia and the rest of her family were catapulted to center stage when Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia became Pope Alexander VI in 1492 A.D. Lucrezia was twelve years old and her charmed life of protective obscurity was at an end.
		The Borgias were seen as the epitome of corruption and the fact that the Pope's daughter was quite attractive made it seem likely - almost desirable - for there to be incest in the family.
	www.dragonrest.net /histories/lucrezia.html (5076 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lucrezia Borgia was born in April 1480, the daughter of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, the future Pope Alexander VI, and his mistress, Vannozza de Cattanei.
		Rodrigo arranged and cancelled two betrothals to Spanish nobleman before she was married to Giovanni Sforza, Count of Pesaro at the age of 13.
		After this, Pope Rodrigo successfully forged an alliance with the House of Aragon and Lucretia was married to Alphonse d'Este, the son of Ercole I, duke of Ferrara, on February 2, 1502.
	www.poeforward.com /mrperfumery/deadgirls/historical/european/borgia/borgia.htm (1590 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia
		On April 18, 1480, Lucrezia Borgia was born to the mistress of Rodrigo Borgia, Vannozza de Cattanei.
		Rodrigo loved each of his children, but his passion for Vannozza ran out and she left for a retired life, leaving a young woman named Giulia Farnese to fill the spot of Rodrigo's mistress.
		In 1507, Cesare Borgia died at the siege of Viana at the age of thirty-one, and although he was a bloody and heartless man yet cultured man and the murder of her second husband, Lucrezia grieved deeply.
	royalwomen.tripod.com /id30.html (2200 words)

	LUCREZIA BORGIA - LoveToKnow Article on LUCREZIA BORGIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lucrezia was educated according to the usual curriculum of Renaissance ladies of rank, and was taught languages, music, embroidery, painting, andc.; she was famed for her beauty and charm, but the corrupt court of Rome in which she was brought up was not conducive to a good moral education.
		She devoted herself to the education of her children and to charitable works; the only tragedy connected with this period of her life is the murder of Ercole Strozzi, who is said to have admired her and fallen a victim to Alphonsos jealousy.
		She died on the 24th of June 1519, leaving three sons and a daughter by the duke of Ferrara, besides one son Rodrigo by the duke of Bisceglie, and possibly another of doubtful paternity.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /B/BO/BORGIA_LUCREZIA.htm (777 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Francis Borgia
		RANCISCO DE Francis Borgia, born 28 October, 1510, was the son of Juan Borgia, third Duke of Gandia, and of Juana of Aragon; died 30 September, 1572.
		His grandfather, Juan Borgia, the second son of Alexander VI, was assassinated in Rome on 14 June, 1497, by an unknown hand, which his family always believed to be that of Cæsar Borgia.
		The task of Borgia was to establish, first at Rome, then in all the provinces, wisely regulated novitiates and flourishing houses of study, and to develop the cultivation of the interior life by establishing in all of these the custom of a daily hour of prayer.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06213a.htm (4078 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cesare Borgia
		Borgia, Cesare (1476?-1507), Italian soldier, politician, and ecclesiastic, born in Rome, an illegitimate son of Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope...
		Borgia, Lucrezia (1480-1519), Italian patron of the arts during the Renaissance.
		She was born in Rome, daughter of Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope...
	encarta.msn.com /Cesare_Borgia.html (107 words)

	borgia
		Borgia: Alexander VI (circa 1431-1503), pope (1492-1503), who was noted for his worldliness and corruption.
		Borgia, Cesare (1476?-1507), Italian soldier, politician, and ecclesiastic, born in Rome, an illegitimate son of Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope Alexander VI.
		She was born in Rome, daughter of Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope Alexander VI, and sister of Cesare Borgia.
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/borgia.htm (1458 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections - XV Century
		Rodrigo held this military commission for the remainder of his uncle's lifetime and was replaced, on March 9, 1459, by Antonio de' Piccolomini, nephew of the newly elected Pope Pius II.
		Borgia participated in the conclave of 1464 and, as archdeacon, it fell to him both to announce the election of Paul II and to crown him.
		Borgia had to weigh very carefully the size and scope of the blandishments to his fellow cardinals, and they, in turn, gave careful consideration and took sufficient time to determine whether or not the offer was one which met their needs or desires.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/election-alexandervi.htm (21695 words)

	Italy With Us - Ezine, page 1
		It is certain, however, that Rodrigo would not have been elected without the support of the powerful Sforza family which was enormously wealthy and the ruling dynasty of the Duchy of Milan.
		Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia chose the name Alexander VI (the name Alexander V had been used by an antipope (1409-1410)), and became one of the most infamous popes of all time.
		The election of Rodrigo Borgia as pope was met with general acclaim.
	www.italywithus.biz /ezine/12oc (1112 words)

	History of the Borgia Family
		A bull of pope Sixtus IV attributes to the children of Rodrigo and Vanozza the status of “nephews”.
		Rodrigo Borgia is elected pope and takes the name Alexander VI The catholic king of Spain succeeds in driving the Arabs out of the Iberian peninsula by the conquest of Granada.
		Lucrezia Borgia is united in matrimony with Giovanni Sforza, nephew of the Duke of Milano, to reinforce the alliance with France.
	www.tennapel.net /borgia/introduction.htm (1584 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia, infamous murderess or political pawn?
		Unfortunately for Sforza, Rodrigo and Cesare Borgia decided they’d sold Lucrezia in haste, that she could be better utilised to gain them entrance into the powerful house of Aragon.
		Rodrigo Borgia announced that Giovanni was the result of a liaison between Cesare and one of his mistresses.
		Rodrigo successfully forged an alliance with the House of Aragon and before the end of the year Lucrezia married Alfonso, 17 year old nephew of the King of Naples.
	mo.essortment.com /lucreziaborgia_rldl.htm (1058 words)

	borgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		He was born Rodrigo Borgia near Valencia, Spain, the nephew of Callixtus, who made him a cardinal at the age of twenty-five (1456) and vice-chancellor of the Holy See (1457).
		During the elaborate ceremony consecrating Rodrigo as Pope Alexander VI, he had to be "verified" as a male, since, from the Thirteenth Century and the scandalous myth of "Pope Joan," a Pope John that was believed to have been a woman, newly elected popes had to submit to an examination lying on a low seat.
		The fact that Rodrigo, prolific father, might be disguising his sex was an amusing sidelight to his rise from the low seat of genital examination to the high throne of Peter.
	www.d.umn.edu /~aroos/borgia.html (1825 words)

	Lucrezia Borgia biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Lucrezia Borgia (or "Lucrecia Borgia") (April 14 or April 18, 1480 - June 24, 1519) was the daughter of Rodrigo Borgia, the powerful Renaissance Spaniard who would later become Pope Alexander VI.
		Lucrezia was the daughter of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and his mistress, Vannozza de Cattanei.
		Before long, the Borgia family no longer needed the Sforzas, and the presence of Giovanni Sforza's in the papal court was superfluous.
	lucrezia-borgia.biography.ms (1162 words)

	Beears' Presentation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Alexander VI was born as Rodrigo de Borja, in Xativa, Spain.
		Rodrigo's position, although it was blatant nepotism, kept his position through four pontificates until he became Pope.
		Rodrigo was elected Pope in 1492, at the death of Innocent VIII.
	muweb.millersville.edu /~columbus/papers/beears.html (2662 words)

	Alexander VI, pope. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Rodrigo became cardinal (1456), vice chancellor of the Roman Church (1457), and dean of the sacred college (1476).
		Cardinal Borgia had four illegitimate children by a Roman woman, Vannozza; among them were Cesare and Lucrezia Borgia.
		Alexander’s son, Cesare Borgia, was the principal leader in papal affairs, and papal resources were spent lavishly in building up Cesare’s power.
	www.bartleby.com /65/al/Alexand6.html (308 words)

	The First Crime Family - main (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The marriage was by proxy, and for four months after her marriage, until the arrival of her new husband in Rome, Lucrezia lived in a handsome palace next to the Vatican with the Pope's new mistress, Guilia Farnese.
		This first papal bull was followed by a second, which acknowledged that the child was the son of the pope himself, even though the pope would have been sixty-seven at the time of the child's conception.
		Rodrigo died in 1512, at the age of thirteen, and Lucrezia retired in grief to a convent.
	www.crimelibrary.com /borgia/borgialucrezia.htm (2270 words)

	Hist of Christ'n Church 6 (ii.vii.vii) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A figure of a bull, the emblem of the Borgias, was erected near the Palazzo di S. Marco on the line of the procession, from whose eyes, nostrils and mouth poured forth water, and from the forehead wine.
		Rodrigo was 61 years of age, had been cardinal for 37 years, having received that dignity when he was 25.
		Another of the fearful tragedies of the Borgia family filled the atmosphere of this holy year with its smothering fumes, the murder of Lucretia’s husband, the duke of Besiglia, to whom she had borne a son.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.vii.vii.html (7657 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Borgia
		Borgia, noble family originally from Valencia in Spain who became politically prominent in affairs of state and Church in Italy in the 15th and 16th...
		Borgia, Lucrezia (1480-1519), Italian patron of the arts.
		Lucrezia was born in Rome, daughter of Rodrigo Borgia, later Pope Alexander VI, and sister...
	uk.encarta.msn.com /Borgia.html (90 words)

	Morbid Outlook - Heart of Darkness, The Borgia Family
		Indeed, the tradition of clinking vessels together in a toast to health before drinking dates to the Borgias; the splashing of wine from cup to cup was a safeguard against poisoning.
		Lucrezia was the illegitimate child of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia and his mistress.
		Rodrigo later became Pope Alexander VI and not only continued his flagrant sexual affairs, he moved 12 year old Lucrezia, her beautiful 18 year old friend, Giulia (the aging Rodrigo’s latest mistress), and his cousin, Adriana (the younger two girl’s caretaker), into private quarters adjoining St Peter’s.
	www.morbidoutlook.com /nonfiction/articles/2001_12_hd_borgia.html (813 words)

	Italy With Us - Ezine, page 1
		In the Borgia story part one I looked at the early life of Rodrigo Borgia up to the time that he had split from his long-time mistress and the mother of 4 of his children, Vanozza Catanei.
		Rodrigo noticed Giulia's beauty when he visited his daughter, Lucrezia, while she was living with Adriana de Mila.
		The Farnese family was still comparatively obscure when Rodrigo fell in love with Giulia, but it was destined to rise to conspicuous eminence because of their relationship.
	www.italywithus.biz /ezine/11tc (1159 words)

	Pope Alexander VI
		Pope Alexander VI Alexander VI, (January 1, 1431 - August 18, 1503) pope (1492-1503), born Rodrigo Borgia[?] (1431), is the most memorable of the corrupt and secular popes of the Renaissance.
		He was born at Xativa[?], near Valencia in Spain, and his father's surname was Lanzol or Llancol; that of his mother's family, Borgia or Borja[?], was assumed by him on the elevation of his maternal uncle to the papacy as Callixtus III (April 8, 1455).
		The story of Alexander's relations with Savonarola is narrated under the latter heading; it is sufficient to say here that the pope's hostility was due to the friar's outspoken invectives against papal corruption and to his appeals for a General Council.
	www.fastload.org /po/Pope_Alexander_VI.html (3614 words)

	Clan Lamagni - lugg39 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File
		RODRIGO ALESSANDRO VI BORGIA PAPA [Parents] was born 1431.
		ALFONSO CALLISTO III PAPA BORGIA was born 1378.
		PIERLUIGI BORGIA DUCA CANDIA VLC was born 1467 in ROMA.
	xoomer.virgilio.it /ulamagni/lamanon/lugg39.htm (232 words)

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