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Topic: Roentgen equivalent man

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	FDA itg Page 1
		The RBE is the ratio of rem to rad.
		The dose equivalent in rems is numerically equal to the absorbed dose in rads multiplied by certain modifying factors.
		In nuclear reactions, it is customary to refer to photons originating in a nucleus as gamma rays, and those originating in the extranuclear part of the atom as X-rays.
	www.fda.gov /ora/inspect_ref/itg/itg44.html (734 words)

	REM - REMark, REMote, Remote Equipment Module, Ring Error Monitor
		A unit of biological dose of radiation; the name is derived from the initial letters of the term "roentgen equivalent man (or mammal)." The number of rems of radiation is equal to the number of rads absorbed multiplied by the RBE of the given radiation (for a specified effect).
		Rem is the abbreviation of roentgen equivalent man.
		Roentgen equivalent man, a unit used in radiation protection to measure the amount of damage to human tissue from a dose of ionizing radiation.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/REM.asp (806 words)

	Röntgen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The röntgen or roentgen (symbol R) is a unit measurement of ionizing radiation in air (X or gamma rays), and is named after the German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen.
		To adjust for the different impact of different forms of radiation on biological matter, the "röntgen equivalent man" or rem was also in use.
		Exposure in rems is equal to the exposure in röntgens multiplied by the Q value, a constant describing the type of radiation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roentgen (343 words)

	UCSF Office of Environmental Health and Safety Radiation Safety Training Manual Chapter 2
		The roentgen (R) was adopted in l928 as a unit of exposure to medium-energy x-radiation.
		In measuring the roentgen, a known volume of air is irradiated, and the ions produced (electrical charge) are collected and measured.
		The dose equivalent (DE) is defined as the absorbed dose (rads) multiplied by a quality factor (QF), a term that expresses the differences in biologic effectiveness of various types of radiation as compared to x-rays.
	www.ehs.ucsf.edu /Manuals/RSTM/oehsRSTMC2.asp (824 words)

	301-roentgens
		The roentgen is a measurement of radiation in the air.
		The rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man) is a unit used to derive a quantity called equivalent dose.
		The difference between a rad and a rem is a rad is a measurement of radiation absorbed by the material not the potential affect of the radiation.
	httpsrv.irt.drexel.edu /faculty/ina22/301/301ppr-roentgen.htm (758 words)

	1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The roentgen (R) is a unit for expressing exposure from x or gamma radiation in terms of the number of ionizations produced in air.
		The rem estimates the amount of any radiation that would be necessary to produce the same biological effects in humans as one rad of x or gamma radiation.
		In summary, the roentgen is a unit of exposure, the rad is a unit of absorbed dose, and the rem is a unit of biological dose.
	www.radford.edu /~fac-man/Safety/Xray/chp4.htm (1259 words)

	The University of Michigan Health Physics Web Site: Basic Terms
		Roentgen (R) The Roentgen is a unit used to measure a quantity called exposure.
		Equivalent dose is often expressed in terms of thousandths of a rem, or millirem.
		Equivalent dose is often expressed in terms of millionths of a Sievert, or micro-Sievert.
	www.umich.edu /~radinfo/introduction/terms.htm (1341 words)

	Measurements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The roentgen is a unit for expressing exposure from x or gamma radiation in terms of the number of ionizations produced in air.
		The rem is the unit that is used to measure radiation doses to personnel.
		The dose limit to the skin and extremities is 50 rem per year or 12.5 rem per quarter, reflecting the decreased sensitivity to radiation damage of these areas.
	www.radford.edu /~fac-man/Safety/Radiation/chp5.htm (3381 words)

	EFMR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Equivalent dose is considered the most appropriate means for measuring biological damage from radiation.
		A REM is the american unit used to measure equivalent dose, and stands for "Roentgen Equivalent Man" ("man" was later adjusted for political correctness to "mammal").
		Equivalent dose using rems is often expressed in terms of thousandths of a rem, or millirem.
	www.efmr.org /RADALERT.htm (1371 words)

	Roentgen Equivalent Man (Rem) \| World of Chemistry
		Roentgen equivalent man (rem) is a unit of radiation dose equivalent that describes not only the amount of radiation that a human is exposed to, but also the biological damage that can result from exposure to the various types of radiation.
		The normalizing factor for exposure to alpha particles is 20, for thermal neutrons is two, for fast neutrons is 10, for protons is 10, and for beta particles is one.
		The average American is exposed to approximately 0.1-0.2 rem per year from natural sources such as cosmic rays, radon in the air and transuranic elements in various building materials, and from medically-related procedures such as diagnostic chest and dental x rays.
	www.bookrags.com /sciences/chemistry/roentgen-equivalent-man-rem-woc.html (330 words)

	Radiation Safety Office
		Exposure is often expressed in units of roentgens which is a measure of the amount of ionization that the radiation (x- or gamma rays) could produce in air.
		The absorbed dose in rads is multiplied by this quality factor to yield dose equivalent units in rem or sieverts.
		Rem can be added to ensure that an individual has not received a dose in excess of the maximum permissible limits.
	www.radsafe.pitt.edu /ManualTraining/SectionIII.htm (1097 words)

	Radiological Fundamentals
		The rem is the unit used for equating radiation absorption with biological damage.
		Since the rem is a fairly large unit, radiation exposure is usually recorded in thousandths of a rem - or millirem.
		The roentgen is essentially a measure of how many ion pairs are formed in a given volume of air when it is exposed to radiation.
	www.jlab.org /div_dept/train/rad_guide/fund.html (2120 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		It is a unit of energy equivalent to 87.7 ergs per gram.
		It is abbreviated Gy and is equivalent to 1 joule of energy deposited per kilogram mass.
		Since not all radiation is equivalent, quality factors assigned to each type of radiation are used to give tissue equivalent energy values.
	www.camd.lsu.edu /msds/TrainingTest/radtesttrain/page11.html (186 words)

	ATSDR - PHA - Weldon Spring Site Remedial Action Project (Chemical Plant, Raffinate Pits, Quarry), St. Charles, St. ...
		A roentgen is the amount of gamma rays or X rays required to produce ions carrying one electrostatic unit of electrical charge in one cubic centimeter of dry air under standard conditions.
		Roentgen equivalent man (rem) is a unit used to measure the radiation effectiveness in man.
		Sievert (Sv) is the SI unit of radiation effectiveness in man. The dose equivalent in sieverts is equal to the absorbed dose in gray multiplied by the quality factor (1 Sv = 100 rem).
	www.atsdr.cdc.gov /HAC/PHA/weldonq/wsq_p4b.html (7683 words)

	Is there a conversion factor between the radiation units Curie and Roentgen?
		A Roentgen, on the other hand, is a measure of the amount of charge produced in a particular sample of air from ionizing radiation (i.e.
		The rem is basically a measure of the amount of energy absorbed per unit mass of tissue.
		The Roentgen (charge produced in air) is indirectly linked to the rem (energy absorbed in tissue); the standard comparison of the effect of ionizing radiation in tissue to that in air is given that 1 rem is approximately equal to one Roentgen of 200-kV X-radiation.
	www.physlink.com /Education/AskExperts/ae553.cfm (477 words)

	the Wonderworld to be Created by Electricity
		This water energy is therefore equivalent to that obtainable from an annual supply of 120,000,000 tons of coal, which is about 25 per cent of the total output in the United States.
		But the time is very near when we shall have the precipitation of the moisture of the atmosphere under complete control, and then it will be possible to draw unlimited quantities of water from the oceans, develop any desired amount of energy, and completely transform the globe by irrigation and intensive farming.
		From simple geometrical rules applying to a spherical body it follows that the mean rate per square foot of the earth's surface is one-quarter of that, or 20 3/4 foot-pounds.
	www.frank.germano.com /wonderworld.htm (4114 words)

	New Page 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The quality factor is the factor by which the absorbed dose (rad or gray) is to be multiplied to obtain a quantity that expresses, on a common scale for all ionizing radiation, the biological damage (rem or sievert) to an exposed individual.
		Dose equivalent is the product of absorbed dose (H) in tissue multiplied by a quality factor (Q), and then sometimes multiplied by other necessary modifying factors (N) at the location of interest.
		The conventional unit of measuring absorbed dose is the rem (roentgen equivalent man).
	www.dtc.dla.mil /radpro/measure/measuremain.htm (877 words)

	Radiology FAQs
		A radialogist is trained in the diagnostic and/or therapeutic use of x-rays and radionuclides, and radiation physics; a diagnostic radiologist may also be trained in diagnostic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging and applicable physics.
		One thousandth of a rem, the unit for measuring equivalent dose.
		Roentgens are named after Professor Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen, the man who discovered x-rays in 1895.
	www.msit.com /rad2.html (438 words)

	An Exceptional Nuclear Glossary
		An area, accessible to individuals, in which radiation levels could result in an individual receiving a dose equivalent in excess of 0.005 rem (0.05 mSv) in 1 hour at 30 centimeters from the radiation source or from any surface that the radiation penetrates.
		It represents a dose equivalent or a dose that is correlated with injury due to radiation exposure.
		The sievert is the SI unit of absorbed dose; 1 rem is equivalent to 0.01 sievert.
	www.nuclearglossary.com /abcs/nuclearglossary_R.html (1525 words)

	ENV 440 - Lecture 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dose equivalent is a unit of radiation measurement that attempts to account for these differences, and to assist in evaluating exposures to ionizing radiation.
		Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem) is the basic unit of dose equivalent, and includes the different effects on biological systems by different radiation types.
		Most radiation exposures are much smaller than a rem, so the usual unit of measurement is the milligram (mrem).
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~doetqp-p/courses/env440/env440_2/lectures/lec3/lec3.html (1532 words)

	Cardinal Surveys Company Glossary
		Dose equivalent (DE) is expressed in rem (roentgen equivalent man) and is defined as the product of absorbed dose (D) in rads and other necessary modifying factors.
		The half-value layer is a function of the energy of the gamma and the composition of the shield or absorber.
		One milliroentgen (mR) is equivalent to 1/1000 of one Roentgen.
	www.cardinalsurveys.com /glos.htm (1967 words)

	TABLE OF CONTENTS
		The dose equivalent to organs or tissues of reference (T) that will be received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual during the 50- year period following the intake.
		Quantity of radiation absorbed per unit of mass of a body or by any portion of a body; units of dose measurements are the rad, Gray, the Roentgen, the Coulomb/Kg, the Sievert, and the rem.
		A description of the Reference Man is contained in the international commission on radiological protection report, ICRP publication 23, “Report of the Task Group on Reference Man”.
	bama.ua.edu /~ehs/radman.html (10170 words)

	Nuclear Science Glossary
		rem (röntgen equivalent, man): A measure of dose deposited in body tissue, averaged over the body.
		One rem is approximately the dose from any radiation corresponding to exposure to one röntgen of
		Such a dose would be caused by an exposure imparted by ionizing x-ray or gamma radiation undergoing an energy loss of 1 joule per kilogram of body tissue (l gray).
	www.lbl.gov /LBL-Programs/nsd/education/ABC/wallchart/glossary/glossary.html (2684 words)

	Dismantling Nuclear Reactors MATTHEW L WALD / Scientific American 1mar03
		But the three dominant types of radiation—alpha, beta and gamma—differ in their biological potency; the rem, which is short for "roentgen equivalent man," integrates the three into a single number.
		The 10,000 person-rem could be the result of exposing 10,000 people to one rem each, or 100,000 people to a tenth of a rem each, or a million people to a hundredth of a rem each.
		Radiation is customarily gauged in energy emissions per hour; to determine emissions per year in millirem, or thousandths of a rem, re-quires measuring hourly emissions in millionths of a rem.
	www.mindfully.org /Nucs/2003/Dismantling-Reactors1mar03.htm (5591 words)

	JCESOM - Office of Radiation Safety
		Dose Equivalent: Although the injury in living systems produced by a given type of ionizing radiation depends on the amount of energy imparted, some types of particles produce greater damage than others for the same amount of energy imparted.
		This means that a 1 rem dose to each of 10,000 workers might increase the cancer rate from 33 percent to 33.03 percent, an increase of about 3 hundredths of one percent.
		Rem - (Acronym for roentgen equivalent man.) The unit of dose equivalent of any ionizing radiation; 1 rem of dose produces the same biological effect as a unit of absorbed dose (1 rad) of ordinary X-rays.
	musom.marshall.edu /urso/training_manual.asp (12020 words)

	Safety Services - Ionizing Radiation
		Rem is a measure of the dose of any ionizing radiation to body tissue in terms of its estimated biological effect, relative to a dose of 1 roentgen (r) of X-rays [1 millirem (mrem) =0.001 rem].
		The relation of the rem to other dose units depends upon the biological effect under consideration and upon the conditions for irradiation.
		Each of the following is considered to be equivalent to a dose of 1 rem:
	www.weizmann.ac.il /safety/ionrad4.html (1230 words)

	Emergency Response Plan \| Nuclear Engineering, UC, Berkeley
		The Roentgen (R) is the unit of radiation exposure (ionization in air).
		The Rad (Roentgen Absorbed Dose) and Gy (the Gray is equal to 100 Rads) are the units of
		The Rem (Roentgen Equivalent Man) and Sv (the Sievert is equal to 100 Rem) are indexes of
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /people/safety/safety_manual.html (8280 words)

	Nikola Tesla--A Man of Comprehensive Solutions
		What followed was a series of important experiments that vastly increased man's knowledge of radio propagation and earth resonance, culminating nearly a decade of work related to the study of synchronized electrical tuned circuits.
		Another one of Tesla's inventions familiar to anyone who has ever owned an automobile, was patented in 1898 under the name "Electrical Igniter For Gas Engines." More commonly known as the automobile ignition system, its primary component, the ignition coil, remains practically unchanged since its introduction into use at the turn of the century.
		But Tesla developed many as yet unused inventions which have the capacity to be of an equivalent or perhaps even greater value to society.
	www.teslascience.org /pages/tesla.htm (2165 words)

	NASA - Sickening Solar Flares
		One rem, short for Roentgen Equivalent Man, is the radiation dose that causes the same injury to human tissue as 1 roentgen of x-rays.
		Cucinotta estimates that a moonwalker caught in the August 1972 storm might have absorbed 400 rem.
		An Apollo command module with its aluminum hull would have attenuated the 1972 storm from 400 rem to less than 35 rem at the astronaut's blood-forming organs.
	www.nasa.gov /vision/space/livinginspace/27jan_solarflares.html (1138 words)

	Dr. Ray Noonan's Archives: NASA's Humans in Space by Ken Jenks
		Future large scale laboratories, such as a permanently manned space station and/or a base on the moon, are already in the planning stages.
		The basic unit of measurement for the amount of radiation is the roentgen.
		Scientists usually describe radiation exposure to humans in units of REM (roentgen equivalent, man).
	www.bway.net /~rjnoonan/humans_in_space/humans.html (3368 words)

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