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	King Roger II - Best of Sicily Magazine
		Roger II, a member of the Norman de Hauteville dynasty which arrived in Italy as knights early in the eleventh century, was the first medieval king of Sicily, and it was during his reign that a true Sicilian nation, inhabited by a "Sicilian people," can be said to have been established.
		Count Roger was a younger brother of Robert "Guiscard" ("the crafty") de Hauteville, overlord of Sicily and much of the Italian peninsula south of Rome, with Salerno as its largest city.
		Roger I had accepted the duty of Apostolic Legate, effectively "protector" of the Roman Church in Sicily, in 1098, allowing the sovereign a voice in ecclesiastical affairs and preceding by decades similar claims by Henry II of England in his Constitutions of Clarendon (1164).
	www.bestofsicily.com /mag/art124.htm (1143 words)

	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		At the time of the birth of his youngest son, in 1093, Roger I ruled the County of Sicily, his nephew, Roger Borsa, was the Duke of Apulia and Calabria, and a distant nephew, Richard II of Capua, was the Prince of Capua.
		However, the union of Sicily and Apulia was resisted by Pope Honorius II and by the subjects of the duchy itself.
		In September 1129 Roger was generally recognized as duke of Apulia by Sergius VII of Naples, Robert of Capua, and the rest.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Roger_II_of_Sicily (2681 words)

	Sicily - MSN Encarta
		Sicily is subject to constant drought, not much relieved by the oppressive sirocco wind that blows across the island from North Africa.
		In 1127 Roger II, count of Sicily, was recognized as duke of Apulia and Calabria, and in 1130 he assumed the title of king of Sicily.
		Soon thereafter, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was divided; Naples remained under the control of the house of Anjou, but the island of Sicily became independent and chose as king Pedro III, king of Aragón, who was connected by marriage with the house of Hohenstaufen.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761564985/Sicily.html (1242 words)

	Roger I - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(1031-1101), ruler of Sicily, was the youngest son of Tancred of Hauteville.
		Roger practised general toleration to Arabs and Greeks, allowing to each race the expansion of its own civilization.
		Roger, the "Great Count of Sicily," died on the 22nd of June 1101 in his seventieth year and was buried in S. Trinita of Mileto.
	61.1911encyclopedia.org /Roger_I (433 words)

	Sicily (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Sicily (Sicilia in Italian) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 sq.
		The Aeolian islands to the north are administratively a part of Sicily, as are the Aegadian Islands and Pantelleria Island to the west, Ustica Island to the north-west, and the Pelagian Islands to the south-west.
		Sicily is well known as a country of art: many poets and writers were born on this island, starting from the Sicilian School in the early 13th century, which inspired much subsequent Italian poetry and created the first Italian standard.
	abcworld.net /Sicily (2316 words)

	Norman Capture of Sicily
		Roger was first succeeded as Count of Sicily by his older son Simon, who died three years later while still a minor.
		Roger's younger son, another Roger, succeeded to the realm and--upon reaching maturity--weathered an extended period of hostility with various changing alliances among his mainland cousins, the Papacy and other Italian princes.
		On the island of Sicily the d'Hautevilles introduced a period of remarkable tolerance, with even-handed treatment of the Greek and Saracen populations, who were joined by an increasing migration of new settlers from the Italian mainland.
	www.boglewood.com /sicily/normaninvasion.html (393 words)

	Sicily - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		Sicily was inhabited at the beginning of historical times by a people called the Siculi or Sicani.
		The domain of Roger II was sometimes called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, or the Two Sicilies, because the southern part of the Italian mainland was known as “Sicily on this side of Cape Faro.”
		At the beginning of 1848 Sicily rose in insurrection and forced Ferdinand II to grant a representative constitution to his subjects.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761564985___3/Sicily.html (1334 words)

	Roger II of Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, the union of Sicily and Apulia was resisted by Pope Honorius II and by the subjects of the duchy itself.
		In September 1129 Roger was generally recognized as duke of Apulia by Sergius VII of Naples, Robert of Capua, and the rest.
		Roger II's first marriage was to Elvira of Castile, a daughter of King Alfonso VI of Castile.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roger_II_of_Sicily (2627 words)

	Sicily - Cunnan
		Sicily is an island situated west of the "toe" of mainland Italy.
		Roger held the conquered portions of Sicily, with the exception of Palermo and Messina, in fealty to Robert Guiscard until 1085.
		In 1282, Charles I of Anjou was deposed in Sicily and the island became a political entity separate from mainland Italy.
	cunnan.sca.org.au /index.php?title=Sicily&redirect=no (211 words)

	sicily
		Francis I (of Two Sicilies) (1777-1830), king of the Two Sicilies (1825-30), the son of King Ferdinand I. Francis was viceroy of Sicily from 1812 to 1816 and duke of Calabria from 1817 to 1825.
		Sicily was in Byzantine hands at the time and so Robert and his brother Roger (see Roger I) embarked on a series of campaigns, capturing Messin a in 1061 and Palermo in 1072.
		Roger II (1095-1154) King of Sicily from 1130, the second son of Count Roger I of Sicily (1031-1101).
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/sicily.htm (2975 words)

	Information on Sicily
		Sicily played a central role as a supplier of grain for the city of Rome, but the ruthless exploitation of the agricultural slaves led to several rebellions, the most important in 139-132 BCE and 104-100 BCE.
		Sicily became a separate kingdom ruled by a branch of the House of Aragon, but the conflict with the Angevins in Naples continued for decades to come, with repeated and reciprocal invasions in Sicily and Southern Italy.
		Sicily was ruled by a viceroy with residence in the Norman Palace of Palermo.
	www.kathyandpeterinsicily.com /informationonsicily.html (3609 words)

	SICILY
		Sicily is for the most part a plateau about 150 to 580 m (about 500 to 1900 ft) above sea level.
		Soon thereafter, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was divided; Naples remained under the control of the house of Anjou, but the island of Sicily became independent and chose as king Pedro III, king of Aragón (1239–85), who was connected by marriage with the house of Hohenstaufen.
		By the Treaty of Utrecht (1713) Sicily was separated from Naples and handed over to Victor Amadeus II, duke of Savoy (1666–1732), who ceded it to Austria seven years later, receiving in exchange the island of Sardinia.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=222313 (2160 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Al-Idrisi And Roger’s Book (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Roger II, son of a Norman-French soldier of fortune who had conquered Sicily at the beginning of the 12th century, was an anomaly among Christian monarchs of his time.
		Roger's interest in geography was the expression of a scientific curiosity just awakening in Europe, but inevitably he turned to a Muslim for help.
		Sicily, naturally, came in for special praise; it was "a pearl of the age," and al-Idrisi told the story of the Norman conquest of the island by Roger d'Hauteville, "the greatest of Frankish princes," followed by the succession of "the great king who bears the same name and who follows in his footsteps."
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/197704/al-idrisi.and.roger.s.book.htm (3375 words)

	Sicily - WOI Encyclopedia Italia
		Sicily (Sicilia in Italian and Sicilian, Σικελία in Greek) is an autonomous region of Italy and the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, with an area of 25,700 km² and 5 million inhabitants.
		Sicily is adjacent to the region of Calabria via the Strait of Messina to the east.
		Sicily was ruled as an independent kingdom by relatives of the kings of Aragon until 1409 and then as part of the Crown of Aragon.
	www.wheelsofitaly.com /wiki/index.php/Sicily (3939 words)

	ROGER II. The Columbia Encyclopedia: Sixth Edition. 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Naples and Capua recognized Roger’s sovereignty; Innocent was obliged to invest him with the lands that, for the next seven centuries, were to constitute the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily.
		Prosperity returned to Sicily, and Roger’s brilliant court at Palermo was a center of the arts, letters, and sciences.
		Roger was succeeded by his son, William I. See E. Curtis, Roger of Sicily (1912, repr.
	www.bartleby.com /aol/65/ro/Roger2.html (150 words)

	Sicily and the Mafia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The mafia, was born in Sicily during the Bourbon domination and affirmed itself as a vocabulary term with the unification of Italy.
		Pasta was born in Sicily after the coming of the Arabs, not because the Arabs knew how to make it, but because in Sicily is cultivated the hard wheat which produces the semolina that is the prime ingredient to make pasta.
		Sicily was hit with the imposition of a new language; the Italian language, new laws, on the model of the Piedmont sovereign, which could not work on a completely different culture and in an opposite economic situation, and an arraign of new and exorbitant taxes which the Sicilian people could not pay.
	home.att.net /~ilsiciliano/page29_sicily_and_the_mafia.htm (4270 words)

	Roger II of Sicily Summary
		Roger II was the son of the "Great Count" Roger of Sicily and Adelaide of Savona, and the nephew of Robert Guiscard, the greatest Norman ruler of Apulia and Sicily.
		Roger, a member of the first generation of the Hauteville family to be born in their southern Italian domains, was raised in the cosmopolitan Arabic, Greek, and Norman culture of Sicily, and his subsequent character reflects that upbringing.
		Roger II (1093 – February 26, 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon.
	www.bookrags.com /Roger_II_of_Sicily (3241 words)

	Roger Borsa and Guiscard's legacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Roger Borsa (1085-1111) succeeded Robert to the duchy of Apulia and Calibria.
		Roger Borsa was not of the same calibre as his father, and his reign was distinguished by a period of intense feudal anarchy, despite the interventions of the Pope and his appeals for a truce of God between 1089 and 1120.
		Bohemond of Tarente, the half-brother of Roger, who had no right to succession, as he was the child of a first marriage, which had been dissolved for political reasons, seized an important part of southern Apulia from 1085.
	www.mondes-normands.caen.fr /angleterre/histoires/medit/6/medit6_3.htm (296 words)

	Roger II - Encyclopedia.com
		The NORMAN expansion into southern Italy and Sicily was begun by the brothers Robert and Roger GUISCARD, initially in defiance of the pope, but subsequently with his grudging cooperation.
		His son Roger II effectively ruled Sicily from 1113 but had to assert control over the anarchic Norman barons who threatened his rule, especially when backed by the pope in 1129.
		From 1130 Roger supported the ANTIPOPE's cause; despite excommunication by Pope Innocent II and internal revolt, he consolidated his power by 1140.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1O48-RogerII.html (517 words)

	Sicily 's History & Biographies - Best of Sicily - Sicilian History, Timeline, Nature, Culture, Society
		The three legs of the Trinacria, the heraldic symbol of Sicily, are said to represent the island's three points.
		The head depicted in the center is that of Medusa.
		The Trinacria is quite similar to the three-legged heraldic symbol of the Isle of Man, another medieval Norman dominion.
	www.bestofsicily.com /history.htm (159 words)

	Monarchia Sicula
		When Ferdinand II of Aragon became King of Sicily, his secretary, Luca Barberi of Noto in Sicily, undertook to collect the official documents by which the rights of the kings of Sicily, both in ecclesiastical and in secular matters, were clearly determined.
		This edict was not recognized by the monarchs of Sicily, and, when a few years later the island came under the rule of Charles VI, Benedict XIII entered into negotiations with him with the result that the Decree of Clement XI was withdrawn, and the Monarchia Sicula restored, but in an altered form.
		Garibaldi, as "Dictator" of Sicily, claimed the rights of the papal legate, and, during the service in the cathedral at Palermo, caused legatine honours to be shown him.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/m/monarchia_sicula.html (964 words)

	Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West Canadian Journal of History - Find Articles
		Roger II of Sicily: A Ruler between East and West, by Hubert Houben, translated by Graham A. Loud and Diane Milburn.
		The sentiments of the twelfth-century Koran reciter are infectious in this excellent overview of the reign of Roger II (1105-54) and the early history of the Kingdom of Sicily.
		Roger II forged one of the longest lasting European political units out of the conquests of his Norman forbears, Robert Guiscard (d.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3686/is_200412/ai_n13243894 (774 words)

	Roger I of Sicily - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roger was the youngest son of Tancred of Hauteville by his second wife Fredisenda.
		Roger, the "Great Count of Sicily," died on June 22, 1101, in his seventieth year and was buried in S. Trinità of Mileto.
		Roger's third and last wife was Adelaide del Vasto, niece of Boniface, Lord of Savona.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily (821 words)

	SICILY
		Sicily was held by the Byzantines in the 8th century but was conquered by the North African Aghlabids, who captured Palermo, followed by Messina in 842, and Syracuse in 878[1].
		The emergence of the kingdom of Sicily as a new power in the 12th century changed the diplomatic balance of the European medieval world. It was seen by the declining empire of Byzantium as a significant threat to its security, and by the Pope as a useful counterbalance to the troublesome kings of Germany.
		ROGER de Hauteville ([1031]-Mileto 22 Jun 1101, bur Mileto, Abbey of the Holy Trinity). Malaterra names "septimus Rogerius minor" last among the sons of Tancred and his second wife[100]. The Annals of Romoald agree that he was the youngest son
	fmg.ac /Projects/MedLands/SICILY.htm (3631 words)

	Roger II: Free Encyclopedia Articles at Questia.com Online Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		ROGER II c.1095â“1154, count (1101â“30) and first king (1130â“54) of Sicily, son and successor of Roger I. He conquered (1127) Apulia and Salerno and sided with the antipope Anacletus II against Pope Innocent II.
		The Death of Roger II of Sicily: February 26th, 1154...and son of Count Roger I of Sicily, Roger II succeeded to Sicily at the age of nine...disputed between Innocent II and Anacletus II in 1130, Roger supported the latter in return for a...
		Roger also served James (later James II of Aragon), Peters successor...who bestowed it on Charles II of Naples; James agreed to help...the island.
	www.questia.com /library/encyclopedia/roger_ii.jsp (1646 words)

	Italy during the Crusades (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The elder Roger was married to Adelaide, who ruled until her son came of age in 1112.
		Roger's great accomplishment was that he not only survived, he created a successful and thriving kingdom.
		Roger's son, William I (1154-1166), was faced with the same problems as his father, plus some new ones.
	crusades.boisestate.edu /europe/italy/02.shtml (916 words)

	Sicily - Italy
		Strategically situated between Italy and north Africa and with fertile soil and rich coastal fishing grounds, Sicily has suffered an almost continuous round of invasion for as long as history has been recorded.
		The Cathedral is an exact replica of that destroyed in the 1908 calamity, which was built in the 11th century by King Roger.
		Sicily is littered with the remains of successive invading cultures and a full listing of important sites.
	www.freedom-tour.com /italy/sicily.html (399 words)

	Sicily, Italy (Photo Archive)
		Charles I of Anjou intervened in Sicily and Southern Italy in 1266 at the Pope's request, and he first defeated and killed Manfred, an illegitimate son of Frederick II, and two years later Conradin, the grand-son of Frederick II.
		One of the provisions of this treaty was to give sovreignty of Sicily to the House of Savoy, that originated from the region of the same name in France, but whose main possession was Piedmont in Northern Italy.
		The capital of the Two Sicilies was Naples, and this together with the centralising policies of the Bourbons caused widespread dissatisfaction in the Sicilian elite that felt its power had diminished compared to the time of Spanish domination.
	sights.seindal.dk /sight/613_Sicily.html (3754 words)

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