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Topic: Rogue Waves

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	Freak wave - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In oceanography, they are more concisely defined as waves that are more than double the significant wave height (SWH), which is itself defined as the mean of the largest third of waves in a wave record.
		Such waves were said to consist of an almost vertical wall of water preceded by a trough so deep that it was referred to as a "hole in the sea"; a ship encountering a wave of such magnitude would be unlikely to survive the tremendous pressures of up to 100 tonnes/m
		One simple model for this is a wave equation known as the nonlinear Schrödinger equation (NLS), in which a normal and perfectly accountable (by the standard linear model) wave begins to 'soak' energy from the waves immediately fore and aft, reducing them to minor ripples compared to other waves.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Freak_wave (2508 words)

	Crow's Nest - Freak Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		While always unexpected, freak waves tend to occur more often in particular areas, such as off the eastern coast of South Africa (where the Waratah disappeared and the Oceanos sunk, as described in the SAVAGE SEAS episode "Killer Waves"), in the Gulf of Alaska, and off the Florida coast.
		The rogue waves that are generated severely damage two to three tankers every year.
		To reduce the damage caused by rogue waves, oceanographers are trying to develop techniques to predict when and where they'll strike.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/savageseas/neptune-side-waves.html (366 words)

	Geotimes - October 2004 - Super waves sink ships
		But in the past decade alone, there have been many harrowing tales of encounters with rogue waves — defined as individual waves of exceptional height or abnormal shape that are more than twice the average of the highest one-third of all the wave heights in a given wave record.
		Prime examples include when waves travel against a current and are focused in one area, such as around the southern tip of Africa or in the open ocean where a fast-moving storm travels over already-existing waves, she says.
		Most of the rogue waves the satellites imaged were in southern oceans in winter, but radar images taken from oil rigs in the North Sea have also recorded many rogue waves.
	www.geotimes.org /oct04/NN_waves.html (920 words)

	ESA Portal - Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites
		Rogue waves are believed to be the major cause in many such cases.
		The fact that rogue waves actually take place relatively frequently had major safety and economic implications, since current ships and offshore platforms are built to withstand maximum wave heights of only 15 metres.
		Rogue waves are often associated with sites where ordinary waves encounter ocean currents and eddies.
	www.esa.int /esaCP/SEMOKQL26WD_index_0.html (1182 words)

	WWF: Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The size and nature of the waves during the deluge dictates the strength of the ark. The Korean safety study concluded that the ark was capable of riding out 30m waves if the structure had 30 cm walls and 50cm framing timbers.
		Wave height is related to 2nd power of wind speed, the Henschke data yielding longer wavelengths than the PNA data extrapolation - obviously influenced by the 20m x 600 hurricane.
		The wave was observed on the night of 6-7 Feb 1933, during a 68 knot (126 km/h) hurricane.
	www.worldwideflood.com /flood/waves/waves.htm (3370 words)

	EBTX - Oceanic Rogue Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		According to their tales, rogue waves of 100 feet or more were seen in seas which could not support waves higher than 60 feet by the then known equations.
		A scientist noticed a resemblance between the cross-section of the rogue wave and the cross-section of a solution to Schrodinger's wave equation in quantum mechanics.
		When such a wave occurs, the wind will naturally blow on it more than the surrounding ones which have their heads down as it were.
	ebtx.com /theory/roguewav.htm (523 words)

	Ocean Prediction Center--Rogue Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When storm forced waves are developed in a water current counter to the wave direction an interaction can take place which results in a shortening of the wave frequency.
		The generation of waves on water results not in a single wave height but in a spectrum of waves distributed from the smallest capillary waves to large waves indeed.
		Waves higher than roughly twice the significant wave height fall into the category of extreme or rogue waves.
	www.opc.ncep.noaa.gov /perfectstorm/mpc_ps_rogue.shtml (386 words)

	Rogue Waves - Boat Design Forums
		This corresponded to a 52' wave for a catamaran of 40' beam.
		Rogue waves (and troughs) typically do not persist, and may not reoccur: they're a transitory, fleeting phenomenon, arising when a statistically unlikely event causes unusually high peaks from a number of underlying wavetrains of different wavelengths to coincide at a given place and time.
		Rogue waves do not show up on offshore bouys or come to shore because they are the "momentary" constructive interference of a number of waves.
	boatdesign.net /forums/showthread.php?t=4365 (3369 words)

	NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Rogue Waves and Explorations of Coast Waves Project
		Rogue waves, sometimes also known as freak waves, are a special kind of ocean waves that is distinguished by an instant, singular, and unexpected wave profile with an extraordinarily large and steep crest or trough.
		A few rogue waves have been recorded accidently and are widely cited as examples, but the reality is that there are no strong rogue waves data sets available that can be readily used to establish a realistic probability for rogue waves.
		Academic interests may be satisfied by the theoretical simulation of an event of rogue wave occurrence, which is basically the state-of-the-art of rogue waves research currently, but the present ostensibly lacking of actual field measurements of rogue waves renders even the best formulated theories remain unverified.
	www.glerl.noaa.gov /res/Task_rpts/2002/ppliu02-3.html (1322 words)

	SailNet Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Wave length is measured from crest to crest, while the period of a wave is the time it takes for one full wave from crest to crest to pass the same point.
		Wave height is actually less important than the steepness of the seas and this is a critical point for sailors since steepness is a product of the height and the length, being the angle between crest and trough.
		Waves are generally steeper at the beginning of a storm and are at their worst near its center.
	www.sailnet.com /collections/articles/index.cfm?articleid=doolin0008 (1811 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Rogue Waves
		The mechanism by which rogue waves are formed is not yet well understood, but mathematicians have produced models that can predict where they will form (the general area, that is, not the exact spot).
		Rogue waves become likely where a swell collides with a current that is following a curved path, called an eddy.
		It is now agreed that the size of rogue waves, and the frequency with which they occur, can not be explained by the straightforward superposition of waves that add arithmetically, resulting in constructive interference (see What is a Wave).
	www.enviroliteracy.org /article.php/257.html (693 words)

	Rogue Waves: Indomitable Wanderers of the Sea \| Ross A. Laird (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Indeed, a 26-metre rogue wave was the principal cause of the capsize of the Ocean Ranger, a drilling rig that sank off the coast of Newfoundland in 1982.
		Since rogues tend to be about twice the height of the surrounding seas, one strategy for avoiding them is to stay away from wave conditions that, if doubled, represent a danger to your boat.
		A wave of this size was a principal cause of the capsizing of the Cap Rouge II off Steveston, BC, in 2002, with five lives lost.
	www.rosslaird.info /rogue (1940 words)

	Monster Freak Rogue Waves spotted from Space. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Waves twice as large as any that ships are designed to ride over.
		In a storm sea with a significant wave height of 12m, the model suggests there will hardly ever be a wave higher than 15m.
		The largest wave marine architects are required to accommodate in the design strength calculations is 15m from trough to crest.
	www.tldm.org /News7/MonsterTitleWaves.htm (1609 words)

	LiveScience.com - New Method Predicts Monster Waves
		Rogue waves are more common than most people realize, and scientists are starting to predict when and where they will strike.
		Wave forecasts made by the United States deal with data grid points that are 15.5 miles apart, which misses the fine points crucial to boaters.
		This rare photo of a rogue wave was taken by first mate Philippe Lijour aboard the supertanker Esso Languedoc, during a storm off Durban in South Africa in 1980.
	www.livescience.com /forcesofnature/050503_monster_waves.html (1222 words)

	USATODAY.com - Ship-devouring waves, once legendary, common sight on satellite (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The cause for most of the mishaps is a mystery, but so-called rogue waves as tall as 10-story buildings are believed to be the major culprit in many cases.
		The Queen Elizabeth II was struck by a 95-foot (29-meter) rogue wave in February 1995.
		Rosenthal, an expert on rogue waves, and his colleagues obtained satellite data taken during the time of the mishaps with the two cruise ships.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/2004-07-23-wave-theory_x.htm (651 words)

	Rogue Waves - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Rogue Waves (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In a wave tank at the Stevens Institute of Technology in Hoboken, New Jersey, a three-foot-long model ship is effortlessly capsized by a simulated rogue wave.
		The wave was 85 feet high and half as broad as a football field.
		As one marine insurer put it, “If a captain loses a ship or crew in rough waters, they blame it on a rogue wave rather than admit they were out when they shouldn’t have been out.” But many rogue stories are not exaggerated.
	www.discover.com /issues/jul-04/features/rogue-waves?page=2 (861 words)

	The Weather Notebook \| Rogue Waves
		Waves are caused by wind pushing across the surface of the sea.
		Four to five waves might come to the beach five seconds apart but the next one comes three seconds later and it's part of a different wave train.
		One of the places where rogue waves are most common is off the east coast of South Africa.
	www.weathernotebook.org /transcripts/2003/10/10.php (293 words)

	Rogue Waves
		Each day surfing, at some time during the day there will be one wave that is triple the size of the average size of the wave during the day.
		When one wave pattern set off by some market, political, fundamental, economic event catches up with another underlying wave pattern, there is a spike or peak and the price is amplified.
		Seamen who have survived a missing wave tell of traveling up and down when suddenly the ship is suspended in mid-air, 10's of metres in the air, then crashing the full amplitude of the wave to the water below.
	www.dailyspeculations.com /Letter/rogue_waves.html (1683 words)

	ROGUE waves
		Cross-pattern rogues should have a level of predictability, if you are able to know what's happening in other parts of the ocean, but for most of us most of the time that's a lot to ask.
		The great puzzles are the documented rogue waves that seem to appear out of nowhere and nothing on a mild day in a mild sea (not to be confused with tsunamis, which have little effect on open water).
		Waves there are found to be no worse than in the northern North Sea, where extreme wave heights are near 100 feet.
	www.sailmag.com /features/roguewaves (712 words)

	Rogue Waves
		At the same instant 'a freakish wave of incredible force and size,' as Sefton later described it, slammed the ship broadside, pushing its masts farther beneath the surging water.
		Until recently, oceanographers were confident that any unusually large wave was just the chance addition of two smaller waves.
		In sum, the old statistical theory about the origin of rogue waves has been jettisoned, but a new approach is still in the formative stages.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf066/sf066g14.htm (407 words)

	Science News Online - This Week - News Feature - 11/23/96
		Gargantuan waves, which appear unexpectedly even under calm conditions in the open ocean, have damaged and sunk numerous ships over the years.
		The interaction of wave and current reduces the spacing between the waves and changes their direction.
		The ultimate goal of the researchers is to develop models to predict the location of danger areas and to forecast the occurrence of rogue waves, which would allow ships to proceed safely yet take advantage of ocean currents.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arch/11_23_96/fob2.htm (610 words)

	Financial Sense Online Storm Watch Update for April 26, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		When a strong current suddenly opposes a large wave train being driven across a vast open space of ocean, the likely outcome is the formation of a rogue wave of staggering height.
		The strength of these wave sets was felt as far away as Florida where 15-foot waves pounded the boardwalks of coastal cities.
		The fact that rogue waves are infrequent doesn’t remove the possibility that when they appear, they will sink the ship.
	www.financialsense.com /stormwatch/oldupdates/2002/0426.htm (9338 words)

	bastardsword: Rogue Waves
		Waves that travel at the same speed as a storm front, or places where large waves encounter a different body of water or front where lensing would focus the energy are likely culprits.
		Now, for a rogue wave, the time for tiedown or transfer of aircraft to the hangar bay would probably not be there, unless other ships had previously encountered this wave.
		Posted by: twalsh at Jul 27, 2004 12:13:33 AM I think it is Halliburton with their new wave generator sinking oil tankers to keep supplies low and prices high while the military industrial complex continues to enrich Bushitler and his cronies.
	armor.typepad.com /bastardsword/2004/07/rogue_waves.html (1736 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by satellites
		Results from the European Space Agency's ERS satellites helped establish the widespread existence of these 'rogue' waves and are now being used to study their origins.
		The strength of the current concentrates the wave energy, forming larger waves - Lehner compares it to an optical lens, concentrating energy in a small area.
		Sustained winds from long-lived storms exceeding 12 hours may enlarge waves moving at an optimum speed in sync with the wind - too quickly and they'd move ahead of the storm and dissipate, too slowly and they would fall behind.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0407/26monsterwaves (1538 words)

	OutdoorsBest Forums: rogue waves FYI
		Rogue waves are the result of two wave trains coinciding at just the right moment for their energy to combine.
		Unfortunately for those who make their living on the sea, rogue waves of eighty or ninety feet are becoming more common.
		I get sooo tired of hearing about people running into 'rogue waves' when in fact it is usually just a slightly larger wave that catches them off guard.
	outdoorsbest.zeroforum.com /zerothread?id=357877 (1153 words)

	Rogue Waves and how they are made
		Surfersvillage Global Surf News - - Rogue waves are the stuff of legend and maritime myth: Giant waves, taller than highrise buildings, that rise out of calm seas.
		Rogue waves in the past have been ignored and regarded as rare events, now we are finally getting a handle on them and finding out how common they are.
		Waves are normally caused by high winds whipping over the sea surface, but the origin of the freak waves baffles scientists.
	www.saltwater-dreaming.com /rogue-waves.htm (647 words)

	collision detection: Rogue Waves
		Wave equations normally describe an average wave height; they don't describe rogues.
		Now scientists are rushing to produce models that illustrate the behavior of rogues -- which rear up and tower twice as high as nearby waves.
		Posted by: Jeff at December 13, 2004 11:20 PM The first time I read about Rogue Waves was the day I returned from my Honeymoon vacation cruise (August 2004).
	www.collisiondetection.net /mt/archives/2004/12/rogue_waves.html (545 words)

	Waves of Destruction
		Such freakishly tall waves in the middle of the ocean are no longer considered fictional, thanks in part to recent satellite observations and computer simulations.
		Many otherwise unexplainable ship sinkings have been attributed to rogue waves, which are single, sharply-peaked mounds of water that rise out of the ocean.
		But rogues often occur without significant currents, so one popular alternative is to assume a so-called non-linear property of the waves, in which the wave velocity depends on the wave height.
	focus.aps.org /story/v18/st7 (721 words)

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