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Topic: Roland (air defence)

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	Anti-aircraft warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One aspect of anti-aircraft defence was the use of Barrage balloons to act as physical obstacle initially to bomber aircraft over cities and later for ground attack aircraft over the Normandy invasion fleets.
		Air defence by air forces is typically taken care of by fighter jets carrying air-to-air missiles which is beyond the scope of this article, however most air forces choose to augment air base defence with surface-to-air missile systems as they are such valuable targets for enemy aircraft.
		For example, the United States' strategic air defence is the domain of the Air Force, even when it is performed by missiles launched from fixed installations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-aircraft (3683 words)

	Roland (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roland was a Frankish seneschal in Charlemagne's service, killed in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass in AD He is known due to the epic poem La Chanson de Roland.
		Roland, Iowa is a place in the State of Iowa in the United States of America.
		Roland is also the name of a town located in the former Great Kingdom, in the fictional Dungeons and Dragons World of Greyhawk campaign world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roland_(disambiguation) (273 words)

	[No title]
		Roland entered service with the French Army in 1977, and is in service with 10 countries, including France and Germany.
		Roland 2 and 3 missiles have command to line-of-sight guidance and hollow charge warhead, with both impact and proximity fuzing.
		Roland Carol is installed in a lightweight, compact aluminium shelter, which weighs 8.3 tons.
	homepage.eircom.net /~militaryx/newsite/website/airdefence/10.htm (779 words)

	Iraqi Air Defense - Introduction
		The 3d Air Defense Sector, also known as the Southern Air Defense Sector, had a SOC at Talil Airfield, and its IOCs are at Talil, Al Amraah, As Salman, and Az Zubayr.
		Corps air defense was the responsibility of the corps air defense command.
		The primary means of air defense support for the ground forces came from the air defense artillery weapons organic to the division, corps, and GHQ.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iraq/air-defence.htm (1590 words)

	Iraqi Air Defense Equipment
		The multi-layered, redundant, computer- controlled air defense network around Baghdad was more dense than that surrounding most Eastern European cities during the Cold War, and several orders of magnitude greater than that which had defended Hanoi during the later stages of the Vietnam War.
		Command and control in the no-fly zones was rudimentary and decentralized, because the air defenses there have been attacked with regularity over the years.
		The primary air defense operations center was in Baghdad, with sector air defense centers in Taji (central), Kirkuk (north), H-3 (west) and Talil (south).
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/iraq/air-defence-equipment.htm (862 words)

	Defence History Section 2- The Wednesday Report
		Albeit the Defence Minister has stated that on an as-required basis, increased resources will be provided by the Government as major projects are introduced, but regrettably, that will depend on governments to be elected many years from now.
		There is of course the expected increase in defence marketing activity and a large number of representations being made to senior and service level officials by the defence industrial complex.
		Addressing the complexities of a ‘future battlefield’ and ensuring the ability of ground forces to manoeuver and sustain battle, the new FAAD doctrine copes with the need for an organic air defence capability for the Army’s heavy manoeuver units in a manner that is far superior to that of SGT York.
	www.thewednesdayreport.com /twr/twr_comment.html (6137 words)

	BARRAGE BALLOONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Argentine air force scored some notable victories during the war despite the 400-mile flight from their bases on the mainland, a lack of coordination, defective bombs, and a relatively strong British air defense system.
		This simple mission provided three major benefits: (1) it forced aircraft to higher altitudes, thereby decreasing surprise and bombing accuracy; (2) it enhanced ground-based air defenses and the ability of fighters to acquire targets,since intruding aircraft were limited in altitudes and direction: and (3) the cable presented a definite mental and material hazard to pilots.
		Active air defense personnel receive early warning and ready their weapons, taking advantage of the fact that balloon positions and altitudes are know.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj89/hillson.html (5130 words)

	Army Technology - Roland - Short Range Air Defence Missile System
		The Roland short-range air defence missile system is produced by EADS Euromissile, based in Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.
		German Army Roland systems are being upgraded with new digital computers and displays, improved digital missile fire control and measures to enhance communications with the German Army air defence control system (HFlaAFuSys).
		Roland Carol is installed in a lightweight, compact aluminium shelter, which weighs 8.3t.
	www.army-technology.com /projects/roland (946 words)

	Articles - Roland (air defence) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The Roland is one of a very few (maybe the only) foreign SAM system to be purchased for the US Army and Marine Corps by the US Army Missile Command.
		An airliftable shelter named Roland CAROL has also been devoloped, which is a 7.8t container that can be deployed on the ground to protect fixed assets like airfields or depots or fitted on a truck.
		Roland is currently in service with the defence forces of France, Argentina, Brazil, Nigeria, Qatar, Spain, USA and Venezuela.
	www.mafox.com /articles/Roland_%28air_defence%29 (227 words)

	Operation Desert Storm - The Electronic Battle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Both the Roland and the Gecko are considered serious threats to low flying aircraft as they can be easily hidden and operate autonomously, while their tracking radars are substantially immune to simpler trackbreaking ECM techniques by virtue of monopulse angle tracking.
		The local area defences would then be attacked by SEAD aircraft attached to inbound strike packages, with the twofold objectives of preventing attrition of strike aircraft and inflicting attrition upon elements of the IADS, thus implementing the second phase of the SEAD campaign.
		Reliance on a static air defence system is a flawed strategy as it forces a defensive posture where air assets become committed to protecting air defence infrastructure, rather than winning the offensive counter-air campaign.
	www.ausairpower.net /Analysis-ODS-EW.html (12360 words)

	Martha Battlespace Management System
		The air defence centre is a command, control and coordination centre, managing the land based air defence fire in real time.
		This centre is linked to the Air Force command and control systems (ACCS) and is interoperable with the other main command systems of the French Army and allied forces.
		The modular computer system employed with the Martha system provides a local tactical air picture by fusing data from a range of radars and system that contribute to the creation of aerial situation, as provided by the Air Force.
	www.defense-update.com /products/m/martha.htm (269 words)

	FMP - F19
		Finnish 3./LLv.16 was subordinated to Lapland Group (LR) on 23.12.1939 and operated from Rovaniemi between 23.12.1939 - 28.2.1940 using its obsolete and slow Junkers K 43 / W 34 (JU) planes in bombing, transport and reconnaissance duties.
		Korpijaakko was appointed to Anti-Aircraft Commander of Lapland Group (LR) and had thereafter Air Defence Regional Centers (IPAK) at Kemi, Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi, Kuusamo and Ivalo under his command.
		When the Swedish volunteers began to arrive in Finland during January 1940 air raid defence improved a lot in the north.
	www.geocities.com /finnmilpge/fmp_faf_f19.html (1500 words)

	EADS N.V. - Successful conclusion of Roland NDV official troop trials Decision on series production next on the agenda (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		According to the army, the Roland air defence system is to be kept in service until at least 2015 and employed for object protection and escort, both for homeland defence and by crisis reaction forces.
		Expanding on the results of the bilateral (Franco-German) development to improve combat efficiency of the weapon system, the prerequisites for making the Roland FRP system fit for the second half of its life were fulfilled in only 24 months thanks to a supreme effort using a special German prototype.
		The results of the official troop trials also demonstrate to the eleven Roland export customers that the surface-to-air missile system is subject to continual successful developments and has growth potential.
	www.eads.com /frame/content/en/1024/content/OF00000000400004/6/80/501806.html (537 words)

	AFSOUTH Fact sheets
		Later on, air defense assets strengthened the air defence of those bases.
		Germany deployed IHAWK and Roland missile systems, while I-HAWK and Patriot systems were brought in from The Netherlands.
		Finally, all navies and air forces from NATO nations present in the Mediterranean contributed to Southern Guard.
	www.afsouth.nato.int /FACTSHEETS/SGuard.htm (775 words)

	1 - Number One News Resource of Pakistan - The News - Jang Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		In a secret report, which was sent to Prime Minister Leszek Miller the day before, the chief of staff put the blame squarely on the shoulders of the spokesman Eugeniusz Mleczak, who resigned over the matter on October 7.
		The Roland air defence short-range missile system was produced by a Franco-German consortium known as Euromissile, based just outside Paris, according to French and German defence websites.
		Gazeta Wyborcza said the report also criticised a lack of consultation between the defence ministry and the foreign ministry and criticised the head of the Polish troops in Iraq for having badly weighed up the political impact the matter would have.
	www.warblogging.com /warfarking/mirror/1066233747.html (367 words)

	Army Technology - Roland - Short Range Air Defence Missile System
		Roland Carol has been in production since 1995 with 20 systems delivered to the French Army and eleven to the German Air Force.
		Roland 3 has longer range, 8km to Roland 2’s 6.3km.
		The Safran Glaive integrated electro-optic sight, developed for the Roland 3 modernisation, will also be retrofitted to French and German Armies' Roland 2 systems.
	www.army-technology.com /projects/roland/index.html (946 words)

	History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Nicolas Roland urged him to take this step, alleging that a rich canonry was little in harmony with youthful zeal and activity.
		His portraits present a picture of sweetness and dignity, beaming with intelligence and breathing an air of modesty and refined grace.
		During the few years that intervened between his ordination to the priesthood and the establishing of the institute, de la Salle was occupied in carrying out the last will and testament of Nicolas Roland, who, when dying, had confided to him the newly established Congregation of the Sisters of the Child Jesus.
	www.stpetersboyshs.com /history.htm (6170 words)

	FLUG REVUE August 1999: German defence problems outlined
		At the beginning of May, Defence Minister Rudolf Scharping had to admit that, "the armed forces are only able to carry out their tasks due to the dedication of soldiers and civilian employees.
		The available air transport capacities (Transall, A310) are not suitable for far-reaching and bulky transports.
		Result: "With the current budget the air force is steering towards a situation, in which structure, size and operations can no longer meet today's requirements".
	www.flug-revue.rotor.com /FRheft/FRH9908/FR9908a.htm (956 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Life and death of Iraq's military (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Before the Gulf war of 1991 the Iraqi air force had about 750 Russian and French-made aircraft, but it lost most of them in the war and more than 130 aircraft were flown to Iran to avoid being destroyed by coalition forces.
		The Roland: An air defence missile system produced by the French Euromissile with a maximum range of 25km.
		Israel launched an air attack on Iraq’s Osirak nuclear reactor in 1981 and Iraq launched Scud missiles at Israel during the 1991 Gulf War.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/1B7B0204-AA74-4422-8923-B8947A6E8727.htm (1043 words)

	Poland: French Missile Report Was Wrong (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The French Foreign Ministry statement Saturday said that Roland 1 missiles and their launchers were exported to Iraq in 1980-81, whole Roland 2 missiles were exported for three years, from 1983 to 1986.
		Roland missiles also were found when Australian troops captured an airfield in western Iraq.
		Roland entered service with the French Army in 1977, and is in service with ten countries.French Army systems are mounted on vehicles based on the AMX-30 main battle tank.The Roland system is effective against air threats from extremely low to medium altitude.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/995109/posts (2796 words)

	M247 Sergeant York DIVAD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		Over a period of three decades four successive generations of upgraded forward area air defense systems -- from Mauler to Roland to Sgt. York to ADATS -- were all canceled, at a total cost of more than $6.7 billion.
		The M247 Sergeant York DIVAD (Division Air Defence gun) was born of the Army's need for a replacement for the ageing M163 20mm Vulcan A/A gun and M48 Chaparral missile systems.
		With the Soviet Mi-24 Hind attack helicopter being fitted with the longer range AT-6 SPIRAL Anti-tank missiles and twin barrelled 23mm cannon, and the Mi-28 Havoc nearing deployment, the M163 and M48 systems would be out-classed in a future conflict.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/land/m247.htm (422 words)

	First World War.com - Who's Who - Air Aces & Commanders
		The aviation war threw up new 'knights of the skies', and include such luminaries as the Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen, the legendary French air ace Georges Guynemer, and the indomitable and controversial Canadian Billy Bishop.
		Click here to view the section on the air war.
		Click here for a single-page summary of the war's air aces.
	www.firstworldwar.com /bio/airwar.htm (123 words)

	EADS N.V. - EADS/MBDA team selected for UK Ground Based Air Defence (GBAD) Programme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-05)
		The UK Ministry of Defence yesterday announced that the EADS/MBDA team has been selected as one of two teams awarded a contract to begin development of a new integrated air defence command and control system for the UK armed forces.
		The ADC4I (Air Defence Command, Control, Communications, Computing, Intelligence) solution, Caracal, is based on EADS products already in service with the German Armed Forces offering a low risk military off-the-shelf solution for the UK.
		The Prime Contract, which will be finalised over the coming weeks, is for the Assessment Phase of the GBAD Phase 1 programme, under which the UK's air defence assets will be integrated with an advanced command and control system to protect UK forces against new airborne threats ranging from cruise missiles to UAVs.
	www.eads.net /xml/content/OF00000000400004/3/53/504533.html (888 words)

	Air Defence in Northern Europe 10
		In addition to their air defence task, the F-16s also are earmarked for use on the anti-shipping missions, armed with Norwegian Penguin Mk.3 anti-ship missiles.
		The anti-aircraft troops in Norway are organized under the Inspector of Air Defence.
		The candidates were Roland I and II, Rapier and Hawk.
	www.sci.fi /~fta/norway3.htm (948 words)

	PERSIAN GULF WAR: THE AIR WAR/Aerial Operations/Air Campaign
		Air Power Indeed Is Decisive Instrument of War.
		Operation Desert Storm (air war chronology of sorties, losses, Patriot and Scud launchings for 16-28 Jan).
		Naval power contributions to the success of the air war.
	www.au.af.mil /au/aul/bibs/pgair/pgairc.htm (1211 words)

	Cape Canaveral
		Complex 16 was deactivated in 1969, and it was returned to the Air Force in 1972.
		The Air Force transferred Complex 17 to NASA in the spring of 1965, but the site was returned to the Air Force in October 1988 to support the Delta II program.
		In the mid-1950s, a launch area near the Cape Lighthouse was set aside for complexes 21 and 22 to support the Air Force's winged Bull Goose decoy missile project.
	www.astronautix.com /sites/capveral.htm (7828 words)

	2nd Tactical Air Force
		The Hawker Tempest of Wing Commander Roland Beamont was part of the first Tempest Wing - 150 Wing, 2nd Tactical Air Force which provided air cover for the Normandy landings and intercepted the V1 flying bombs.
		The wing initially comprised of two Typhoon Squadrons which were transferred from Air Defence of Great Britain (ADGB), No.s 3 and 486 (New Zealand), which received their Tempests in March, and then flew to Ayr in Scotland for weapons training.
		Under the leadership of Wing Commander Beamont, the wing was tasked with providing air cover for the Normandy beachhead during the D-Day landings.
	www.military-art.com /ap020.htm (1755 words)

	The Politburo Diktat: Polish troops find new French
		France strongly denied having sold any such missiles to Iraq for nearly two decades, and said it was impossible that its newest missiles should turn up in Iraq.
		The Roland anti-aircraft system is a short-range air defence missile in service with at least 10 countries, including France and Germany.
		They are fired from a mobile launcher vehicle and defence experts say the missiles are highly effective against aircraft attacking at low and medium altitude.
	www.acepilots.com /mt/archives/000066.html (186 words)

	The Wednesday Report, Index, 1991
		Oerlikon, a company which is reputedly an international leader in air defence, had recognized the trend toward missiles in the air defence equipment decisions of the 70's, and turned to the U.S.-based Martin Marietta for their expertise.
		A media event enveloped in an air of near-euphoria, the Washington summit's almost immediate claim to fame was the signing of the INF (Intermediate-range Nuclear Forces) agreement, but it also appeared to pave the way for a possible START (Strategic Arms Reduction Talks) treaty in the first half of 1988.
		The rationale for an increase in the dedicated home defence fleet was not predicated on a desire to recreate the massive RAF interceptor force of the 1950's.
	www.thewednesdayreport.com /twr/faads.htm (16738 words)

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