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Topic: Roman Gaul

	Roman Gaul - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Roman Empire began its take-over of what was Celtic Gaul in 121 BCE, when it conquered and annexed the southern reaches of the area.
		Gallia Cisalpina or "Gaul this side of the Alps", was an area of the Po Valley in modern Italy.
		The Roman administration finally collapsed as troops were withdrawn south 455-475 and the Visigoths, the Burgundians, and the Franks replaced the Empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Gaul (304 words)

	Gaul - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Map of Gaul circa 58 BC Gaul (Latin Gallia, Greek Galatia) was the region of Western Europe occupied by present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine river.
		Rather, the Gauls in the last century before Christ ought to be regarded as "half-civilized." As the excavations of the Aeduan "oppidum" of Bibracte reveals, the Gauls were a wealthy people, well acquainted with the use of gold, as well as silver and bronze coinage.
		The Dying Gaul, an ancient Roman marble copy of a lost ancient Greek statue, thought to have been executed in bronze, that was commissioned some time between 230 BC-220 BC by Attalos I of Pergamon to honor his victory over the Galatians.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaul (1412 words)

	France - MSN Encarta
		Although the Romans eventually established colonies in these provinces as well, they forestalled opposition to their rule by disturbing the preexisting order as little as they thought necessary.
		The decline of Roman Gaul after ad 200 was part of the complex process that led to weakening of the grip of the Roman Empire everywhere in the west.
		Although slavery, a vestige of the Roman Empire, slowly disappeared, serfdom arose in its place, especially in the north, where land held as alods became less common than in the South.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568934_14/France.html (5591 words)

	Gaul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Gaul in Italy was called Cisalpine Gaul [Cisalpine, from Lat.=on this side the Alps], as opposed to Transalpine Gaul; Cisalpine Gaul was divided into Cispadane Gaul [on this side the Po] and Transpadane Gaul.
		In Roman Gaul it often became customary to call the chief center of a tribe or the country around it by some form of the tribe’s name.
		The greatest testimony to the stability and thoroughness of the culture of Roman Gaul is the survival of the Latin language as French.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Gaul.html (501 words)

	Roman Provence - ProvenceBeyond (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Romans were invited into Provence by the Phoenicians to help protect them from the savage Celtic-Ligurian tribes, but the Roman protection soon turned to Roman domination.
		The indiginous population was transformed by the centuries of Roman occupation, including by the large numbers of Roman administrators and the colonies established for the retired Roman Legionaires.
		Cisalpine Gaul was the area of Northern Italy conquered by the Romans in 222 BC.
	www.beyond.fr /history/romanh.html (551 words)

	Gaul: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cisalpine gaul (latin: gallia cisalpina, meaning "gaul this side of the alps") was a province of the roman republic,...
		250pxthumbroman province of gallia lugdunensis, 120 adgallia lugdunensis was a roman provinceprovince of the roman empire roughly encompassing the...
		(120 adgallia lugdunensis was a roman provinceprovince of the roman empire roughly encompassing the...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ga/gaul.htm (2546 words)

	Gaul - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gaul (Latin Gallia), ancient Roman designation of that portion of western Europe which is substantially identical with France, although extending...
		His short biographies of notable Greek and Roman figures are renowned...
		Ambitious and highly capable but frustrated in his political ambitions, the Roman general Julius Caesar knew that extending the empire through...
	ca.encarta.msn.com /Gaul.html (96 words)

	Fusion of German and Roman in Gaul
		The members of the clergy, especially the missionaries, did much to bring the Romans and the Germans together; the bishops were the natural intercessors between the Roman population and the German kings; the church edifice was the common asylum for all who needed protection; the monastery welcomed both Germans and Romans as members.
		It is possible that some of the Roman colleges or gilds, such as that of the boatmen of Paris, continued to exist for centuries, but cities suffered from their isolation and the ne- d cessity of defense.
		Many of the Roman nobles held office as counts under the Merovingian rulers, and by the end of the sixth century many of the chief positions under the Frankish kings were held by men of Roman descent.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/Munro03.html (4845 words)

	History of ROMAN BRITAIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The tendency is personified in a chieftain regarded by the Romans, during the reign of Augustus, as the king of Britain.
		Its existence, and the Roman presence south of it, has a profound influence on the histories of England and Scotland - though the border between them is eventually established a little to the north.
		Roman Britain never achieves the prosperity or sophistication of Roman Gaul, and it has the disadvantage of being cut off from the centre whenever Gaul is controlled by rebellious Roman armies or invading barbarians.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ac71 (2352 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Gaul
		In English the word Gaul also commonly refers to a Celtic inhabitant of that region in ancient times, but the Gauls were widespread in Europe by Roman times, speaking dialects of the Gaulish language.
		Besides the Gauls living on the territory of modern-day France, there were the Lepontians who had settled in the plains of northern Italy (Gallia Cisalpina), and the Helvetii who settled to the north of the alps, in Raetia.
		Roman rule in Gaul was established by Julius Caesar, who defeated the Celtic tribes in Gaul 58-51 BC and described his experiences in De Bello Gallico (About the Gallic War).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Gaul (456 words)

	Gallia
		Gaul, or Roman France, was the scene of some of the most intense initial resistance to Romanization in the Empire.
		Their waning Empire had roads (which the Romans are rumored to have built their great networks atop), cities, well developed trade routes, and an ancient culture.
		There was nothing the Romans could do to sway their loyalties and beliefs that they were the true rulers of the Celts.
	barney.gonzaga.edu /~lmann/Gaul1.html (785 words)

	History of FRANCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		They are the Celts, known to the Romans as the Gauls.
		Gaul proves one of the most stable and economically important regions of the Roman empire outside Italy itself.
		The result, by the end of that century, is a Gaul shared between Visigoths, Burgundians and Franks.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab03 (1151 words)

	Histoire
		The Romans conquered and annexed the southern fringe of France by 125-121 BC.
		The province of Gaul prospered: it developed good communications, a network of cities crammed with public buildings and leisure facilities such as baths and amphitheaters, while in the countryside large villas were established.
		The collapse of the Roman Empire led to a period of instability and invasions.
	www.franceway.com /culture/histoire.htm (740 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		By 121 BC, Rome had acquired S Transalpine Gaul, and by the time of Julius Caesar it had been pacified.
		He is the best ancient source on Gaul, and he has immortalized its three ethnic divisions, Aquitania (S of the Garonne), Celtic Gaul (modern central France), and Belgica (very roughly Belgium).
		Upper and Lower Germany were taken from Gaul; these included the upper Rhine, Alsace, W Switzerland, the Franche-Comté, E Belgium, S Netherlands, and the Rhineland.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:Gaul (494 words)

	SparkNotes: Early Middle Ages (475-1000): Post-Roman Europe I: Italy and Southern Gaul From Theodoric to the Lombards ...
		In effect, the system was dualistic: Roman law, practice, religion (Catholicism), taxes, and language for the indigenous Italians, as opposed to Germanic kingship, tribal Ostrogothic (as well as Rugian) law, Arianism, and military duties for the German newcomers, who were outnumbered by native Italians.
		This "administrative dualism" was justified according the Roman legal convention that the military-- in this case the mostly Gothic Germans--was in legal, financial, and other matters, accountable to a different system from that of civilians--the natives in this case.
		Theodoric also attracted capable Roman aristocrats as administrators, including Cassiodorus, Boethius, and Symmachus, who were invested with proper Roman titles (and offices of) Patrician, Consul, and Master of Offices, the chief civil administrative offices in Roman parlance.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle1/section1.html (3594 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.02.09
		Becoming Roman is the culmination of a long series of articles on related topics that the author has published since the first year of this decade, and fulfills all the promise of the best of these.
		For W., the prevailing discourse of romanization is a simplistic and simplifying byproduct of the nineteenth-century imperial experience, and he deftly exposes the notion of Gallo-Roman cultural resistance as a misplaced critique that merely helps entrench the idea of romanization as an imperialist process.
		In this context, becoming Roman did not mean adopting in whole or in part a single readymade Roman culture, but rather gaining the cultural competence necessary to take part in the process of deciding what that Roman culture actually was.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-02-09.html (1101 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.10.34
		The first chapter, "Religion and the Study of the Romanization Process," provides the obligatory review of past scholarship on the Romanization process and then proceeds to outline an approach to religion that is neither a romanticized worship of mythological beings nor a simplistic means of sacralizing political power.
		The religious epigraphy in Roman Gaul, Derks points out, is very uneven both regionally and chronologically, concentrated near military encampments and over the late second and early third centuries, a period (he proposes) of an increasingly democratic use of inscriptions.
		Generally (and admitting multiple problems in regional sampling), southern Gaul shows a greater propensity to adopt Roman sanctuary forms, apparently in consonance with this culture's adoption of the villa and other Roman architectural styles, while the cultures of northern Gaul seem to have found Roman models less appealing.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-10-34.html (1587 words)

	Roman Dying Gaul Statue
		This is a Roman copy of the original Greek Dying Gaul statue found in the gardens of Sallust, a Roman historian.
		The original Dying Gaul bronze statue was dedicated at Pergamon in modern Turkey by Attolos I in commemoration of his victories over the Celtic Gauls who had invaded Asia Minor in 239 BC.
		This version of the dying gaul statue depicts the mustache, matted hair and twisted collar identify the warrior as a barbarian.
	www.eleganza.com /statue-gallery/b-19-roman-dying-gaul-statue.html (428 words)

	SparkNotes: Early Middle Ages (475-1000): From Roman Gaul to the Merovingian Kingdom of the Franks (450-511)
		It is with the Frankish assumption of dominion in Gaul that the Dark Ages reached this region.
		They were Romanized in only the most superficial way, and should thus be seen as part of the second Barbarian wave of Germans migrating only to the Roman provinces directly adjoining their ancestral areas across the Rhine.
		Based on the decay of Roman forms not maintained by a weakened demographic base and an unconcerned Frankish component, it was evidenced in shared attitudes to principles of law, kingship, and social bonds.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/european/middle1/section6.rhtml (2471 words)

	Romans In Gaul" Webliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Roman Occupation of Gaul 1 B.C. Vercingétorix and the Battle of Châlons
		Roman Numismatic Gallery: Julius Caesar in Gallia (elephant, rostral column, simpulum, patera) and the Province of Gallia
		This was short for "the Roman Province (of Gaul)", as opposed to the Celtic provinces.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /drjclassics/romansin/gallia/webliography.shtm (1300 words)

	NU HIST 2055, Lecture 43: Egypt and Gaul under the Principate
		In most of the west, Roman rule was imposed on less civilized cultures -- less civilized in the sense that urbanization and large-scale trade were just beginning, or were not nearly as highly developed as they were in Italy.
		The rest of Gaul was turned into regular provinces, and crossed with roads to bind it firmly to the empire.
		The cause of Romanization was much aided by the presence of the army, which gave Gauls the possibilities of a career, and encouraged veterans from other parts of the empire to settle in Gaul.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/MUHLBERGER/2055/L43ANC.HTM (3411 words)

	Freewalt.com - Greco-Roman History - Julius Caesar
		At that time, Celtic Gaul, to the north, was still independent, but the Aedui, a tribe of Roman allies, appealed to Caesar for help against another Gallic people, the Helvetii, during the first year of his governorship.
		Roman legionaries, slaves, generals, and whoever else might be traveling with a Roman army could easily cross it on foot.
		Someone who committed treason would inevitably be hunted down by Roman soldiers and dragged to the Roman Senate, where he would be tried, with the very likely outcome of a guilty verdict and a death sentence.
	www.freewalt.com /socialstudies/history/world/grecoroman/romans/juliuscaesar.htm (7661 words)

	Sixth Century Gaul: Its Roman and Germanic Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		While genealogy and family ties were important in the Roman world, the structure and responsibilities of the extended family group in Frankish Gaul were quite distinct from those of earlier classical Gaul.
		While the Western Roman Empire had never been as urbane as its counterpart in the East, city life was further challenged by the Germanic nature of Frankish society.
		In sixth century Gaul, Frankish law was peculiarly distinct from its Roman predecessor, and while the process of codification betrays substantial Roman influence, Lex Salica and its administration are obviously Germanic in nature.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~chri2057/z2001rome.htm (1516 words)

	Gaul During the Roman Empire - French History
		In 58 BC, Gallic agitation against the Suevi, a German tribe that had recently conquered territory in Gaul, and the threat of invasion by the Helvetii, a Celtic tribe from the area that is now Switzerland, gave Caesar a pretext to advance his career through war.
		The Celts, whom the Romans called Galli (Gauls), began to cross the Rhine into Gaul c.900 BC and by the 5th century BC had established a fairly uniform culture typified by the art of La Tene.
		In the 3d century it suffered devastating barbarian raids, however, and the Roman emperors' ineffective defense led to the creation c.260 of a short-lived kingdom of the Gauls.
	www.discoverfrance.net /France/History/Roman_Empire.shtml (1009 words)

	Gaul
		Amadis of Gaul - Amadis of Gaul, Fr.
		Gaul: Roman Rule - Roman Rule By 121 B.C., Rome had acquired S Transalpine Gaul, and by the time of Julius Caesar it...
		Gaul: Effects of Roman Rule - Effects of Roman Rule Although the Romans had won political control over Gaul, they never succeeded...
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0820338.html (231 words)

	German Timeline. Germany. Das Deutschland Geschichte Netz, The Germany History Network. History and Genealogy
		When Caesar came to Gaul, the Romans were already in control of the southern most part, Gallia Narbonensis (from 121 BC) which today we know as Provence in France.
		The Franks cross the Rhine river and invaded Gaul, the Alamanni destroyed the Limes in Southwest and Southern Germany invading the Agri Decumates.
		All Roman forts, watchtowers and civil settlements the Limes from the Rhine to the Danube are destroyed or abandoned.
	www.usgennet.org /de/topic/ddgn/timeline (2347 words)

	Gaul on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Gaul to seek changes in county bond fund operation.
		UK GOVERNMENT: Gaul investigation to be reopened; search for bodies to begin.
		Décès de l'ancien champion cycliste luxembourgeois Charly Gaul
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/g/gaul.asp (619 words)

	"the Dying Gaul" - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		The statue is a Roman copy of one of the bronze statues dedicated at Pergamon by Attolos I in commemoration of his victories over the Gauls who had invaded Asia Minor in 239 B.C. Fourth and fifth century Greek sculpting had never depicted such a subject.
		The so-called "Ludovisi Gaul" is in the Terme, Rome and shows a warrior committing suicide after killing his wife.
		I find the statue of the Dying Gaul one of the most beautiful and moving from any age, He is up there, for me, with the David and the Prime Porta Augustus.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=2886&st=0&p=23271&#entry23271 (1224 words)

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