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	IARCW - Cardiff University Archaeology
		Almost half of the Iron Age coins from Wales were struck by the Dobunni ('Western' issues), a tribe whose territory stretched eastwards from the River Severn from Gloucestershire.
		While the pattern of Iron Age coin finds in this area is certainly more similar to the situation in Gloucestershire, this should not be taken as evidence that Dobunnic influence extended beyond the Wye (or even that a boundary in the modern sense of the word existed between these tribes in the later Iron Age).
		The absence of early Roman coins from the highlands may be related to the nature of the economy and the local populations, which either did not require coins, or only saw their use in specific locations (for example, seasonal markets).
	www.cardiff.ac.uk /hisar/people/pg/IARCW.html (2662 words)

	Iron Age & Roman Brooches Index
		The large iron 'P' shaped brooch with returned foot that is fixed to the bow by a coil.
		Roman Plate Brooch A very early and rare type of plate brooch, the design is of a circular boss with a serpent arising from a rounded altar either side.
		Roman Early Zoomorphic plate brooch An early bronze zoomorphic plate brooch, in the shape of a cross.
	www.gilliscoins.com /antiquities/iron_age_and_roman_brooches (821 words)

	Bronze Age - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		The Bronze Age is a period in a civilization's development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) consisted of techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ore, and then alloying those metals in order to cast bronze.
		The transition into the Iron Age c.1200 BC was more of a political change in the Near East rather than of new developments in metalworking.
		The Central European bronze age is followed by the iron age Hallstatt culture (700-450 BC).
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Bronze_Age (1876 words)

	ROMAN ARROW HEADS
		This tanged iron arrowhead was made for and used by the Roman army stationed in North Central Bulgaria along the Danube River.
		It is a rare and important artifact of the Roman Period as this region was the northern-most boundary of the Empire during the 2nd century AD.
		Iron disintegrates and decomposes from the inside out so by the time the piece is seen to be structurally damaged, it is too late to salvage if it has not been properly conserved.
	www.paleodirect.com /cbi001.htm (766 words)

	Pre-Roman Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Pre-Roman Iron Age (5th/4th century BC - 1st century BC) designates the earliest part of the Iron Age in Scandinavia, northern Germany, and the Netherlands north of the Rhine River.
		Funerary practices continued the Bronze Age tradition of burning the corpses and placing the remains in urns, a characteristic of the Urnfield culture.
		The cultures of the Pre-Roman Iron Age and their predecessor the Nordic Bronze Age are sometimes hypothesized to be the origin of the Germanic languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age (703 words)

	From the Iron Age to the Roman Empire
		Iron had been in evidence on the continent and in central Europe for at leasr 300 years already.
		The iron age Iceni tribal heartlands were in North West Suffolk around Ixworth and the Blackbourne Valley and Icklingham, West Stow and the Lark Valley.
		The culture the Romans found in Britain had something like 1,500 to 2,000 years of development behind it, and the celtic society was much the same as the Romans found elsewhere in north-western Europe.
	www.stedmundsbury.gov.uk /sebc/visit/700bc-410ad.cfm (7215 words)

	A Brief History of Orkney - The Iron Age
		The Iron Age in Orkney, as in the rest of Scotland, seems to have been a time of change and unrest.
		Throughout the Iron Age, metal goods were being crafted in Orkney, with the metalworking at Minehowe in Tankerness being hailed as one of one of the best assemblages of Iron Age metalworking in Britain.
		During the Iron Age, Orkney was far from isolated, with discoveries of Roman pottery and artefacts are a number of broch sites as well as Minehowe in Tankerness.
	www.orkneyjar.com /history/ironage.htm (517 words)

	Pre-Roman Iron Age - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		The Pre-Roman Iron Age (ca 500 BC - ca 1 AD) is the name given by Oscar Montelius to a period in Scandinavian and North German pre-history and a part of the European Iron Age.
		It evolved out of the Nordic Bronze Age and is characterized by the acquisition of iron tools (the name is also applied to contemporary Britain, but at the moment this article follows the Montelian sense).
		This period is named the Pre-Roman Iron Age, because it was prior to a period during which the influence of the Roman Empire was considerable in Northern Europe, and which is consequently called the Roman Iron Age.
	www.music.us /education/P/Pre-Roman-Iron-Age.htm (569 words)

	Iron Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Iron Age round houses are fascinating buildings, as well as being highly practical living-spaces.
		The late Iron Age tribes of this area of the West Country were known as the Durotriges, and their main centre was at the magnificent hill fort of Maiden Castle, the largest of its kind in Britain.
		On further excavation it was found to be part of a Late Iron Age burial of a wealthy Durotrigian female of about 45 years of age, the skeleton in a typical crouched position facing west to the setting sun.
	www.waddon-heritage.co.uk /iron_age_artefacts.htm (928 words)

	Rare discovery of Roman Iron Age Tool - Press Release Bradford University
		The tool was found in a securely dated context at a Late Roman Iron-Age iron-smelting site in Holland, and analysed, along with other iron artefacts from the site, by Evelyne Godfrey, a specialist in ancient metallurgy in the University's Department of Archaeological Sciences.
		Even in the Early Iron Age, people had learnt how to improve the quality of iron by controlling the content of carbon to make steel, but the objects they produced generally contained less than 1.5% carbon.
		Romans were demonstrating knowledge of cast iron by at least the 5th or 6th Centuries AD, possibly acquired by trading contacts with India and China.
	www.brad.ac.uk /corpcomms/pressreleases/2004/steel.php (558 words)

	East Anglian Archaeology - Roman
		Very large, probably defensive, ditches of late Iron Age date may imply that the settlement at Ivy Chimneys was a focus of activity at that time, and a small amount of circumstantial evidence hints at a religious use for part of the site.
		In the Iron Age the sea reached this low-lying area which is now 24km from the coast, human activity and nature having combined to create a new landscape in the intervening centuries.
		The Roman villa was abandoned in the late 4th or early 5th century but the close association between Roman and post-medieval ditches implies some form of continuity within the landscape.
	www.eaareports.demon.co.uk /roman.html (5949 words)

	DVNVM
		A large number of iron ballista-bolts were found concentrated within a remarkably small space in the south-east corner of the fort during archaeological excavations at the site between 1951 and 1958.
		It would appear that the chieftain's house, easily identifiable by the Romans due to its size, was the target of a barrage of ballista bolts, probably from a number of such weapons, during which hail of fire the resident Durotrigian lord was killed, apparently before even taking up his spear.
		The lack of any identifiable Roman road in the immediate area, plus the fact that Hod Hill is not mentioned in any of the later classical geographies, leads one to conclude that Roman occupation of the hillfort was not to last long, and following the withdrawal of the garrison the settlement was soon abandoned.
	www.roman-britain.org /places/dunum.htm (960 words)

	Roman Iron Age - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The name comes from the hold that the Roman Empire had begun to exert on the Germanic tribes of Northern Europe.
		Therefore, the preceding part of the Iron Age is called the Pre-Roman Iron Age, which had grown out of the Nordic Bronze Age.
		A new Iron Age had begun in Northern Europe, the Germanic Iron Age.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Iron_Age (351 words)

	Vestvågøy Theme 12 of Travels in Time
		The Bronze Age left huge burial mounds with quantities of prestige artefacts, sacrificial offerings and rock carvings; graves in the Iron Age are smaller, poorer, with fewer sacrifices.
		This may be because Bronze Age the society was ruled by chieftains whose power and wealth was rooted in their control of one scarce commodity: bronze.
		Our understanding of this Viking Age is rooted in our understanding of the preceding centuries, offering an overview of the archaeological material and the written sources.
	www.travels-in-time.net /e/norway12arteng.htm (1403 words)

	Lore and Saga. The Living History Service for Education. The World of the Iron Age Celts.
		Fabulous jewellery and metalwork were the status symbols of their age and are a challenge even for modern craftsmen to reproduce.
		It is not surprising that when the Romans wanted to strengthen their control of Britain it was the druids who they most heavily persecuted.
		The Iron Age Celtic culture was crushed underfoot sometimes with force and other times with a simple bit of bribery and corruption.
	www.lore-and-saga.co.uk /html/iron_age.html (700 words)

	BRANDON CAMP
		The roman defences consisted of an 800 ft stretch of rampart on the east, with a 700 ft bank on the south, and utilising the defences of the hillfort which curved round on the north and west.
		Archaeologists were thus presented with the intriguing possibility that the visible defences of Brandon Camp were entirely Roman in origin, and that what we have here is a situation somewhat like that at Hod Hill in Dorset, where a Roman fort was sited in the corner of a captured British hillfort.
		The suspected Roman granary was excavated and confirmed in 1981, and other internal features revealed on A.P.'s went under the trowel during digs conducted in 1983-1985 by Sheppard Sunderland Frere and J.K. St. Joseph.
	www.roman-britain.org /places/brandon_camp.htm (1143 words)

	The Leverstock Green Chronicle: The Bronze & Iron Ages
		This does not, however, necessarily imply that there was a Bronze Age settlement at Westwick Row, as itinerant smiths frequently built small furnaces at suitable sites and then moved on to another site next time they wished to smelt their metals and cast some tools.
		In other words they were there BEFORE the Roman occupation of the area. This therefore leads me to suppose that these ancient field boundaries and "hollow ways" were not Medieval, or possibly even Anglo-Saxon as previously thought, but instead date from at Iron Age.
		I've marked what I consider major Iron Age trackways (because they are obviously ancient routeways rather than just field boundaries as they are all in some places incised into the landscape due to the continual wear over the centuries (or millennia!).
	www.homestead.com /bacchronicle/BronzeandIron.html (1020 words)

	Internet Archaeol 2. Dungworth. Home Page
		Iron Age and Roman Copper Alloys from Northern Britain
		Iron Age alloys are almost exclusively of one type only - a tin bronze which often contains a small amount of arsenic (up to 1%).
		It is now clear that the majority of 'Celtic' metalwork which survives dates to the end of the Iron Age or the Roman period (despite the traditional equation of the Iron Age with 'Celtic' material).
	intarch.ac.uk /journal/issue2/dungworth_index.html (521 words)

	Iron Age Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The 'Iron Age' in Britain began at the time when iron was first commonly used to make tools and weapons, around 2800 years ago (800 BC).
		Iron Age Britain was a land of farms and small villages.
		Haselgrove, 'The Iron Age' in J. Hunter and I. Ralston (eds.), The archaeology of Britain: an introduction from the Upper Palaeolithic to the Industrial Revolution (London, Routledge, 1999)
	www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk /compass/ixbin/goto?id=ENC7646 (365 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Roman Iron Age (1-400) is the name that Swedish archaeologist Oscar Montelius gave to a part of the Iron Age in Scandinavia, Northern Germany and the Netherlands.
		Therefore, the preceding part of the Iron Age is called the Pre-Roman Iron Age, which had grown out of the Nordic Bronze Age.
		The age that followed the Roman Iron Age is called the Germanic Iron Age or the Age of Migrations.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Roman_Iron_Age (294 words)

	Iron Age Hele Bay, Ilfracombe, north Devon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		IRON AGE c700 BC to c50 AD Whereas the Bronze Age in north Devon is normally characterised by many burial mounds and few settlements, this is completely reversed in the Iron Age, where there are many ramparted enclosures (commonly called hillforts), but not a single known burial (1).
		Milber was excavated in 1937 and is from Iron Age B, 100 BC, Clovelly Dykes is of similar age.
		The local tribes, known to the Romans as the Dumnonii, did not issue coins, though iron bars of regular weight and sizes were used for exchange in the 1st century BC.
	hele.mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /iron_age.htm (7986 words)

	Rare discovery of Roman Iron Age Tool - Press Release Bradford University
		The tool was found in a securely dated context at a Late Roman Iron-Age iron-smelting site in Holland, and analysed, along with other iron artefacts from the site, by Evelyne Godfrey, a specialist in ancient metallurgy in the University's Department of Archaeological Sciences.
		Even in the Early Iron Age, people had learnt how to improve the quality of iron by controlling the content of carbon to make steel, but the objects they produced generally contained less than 1.5% carbon.
		Romans were demonstrating knowledge of cast iron by at least the 5th or 6th Centuries AD, possibly acquired by trading contacts with India and China.
	www.bradford.ac.uk /admin/pr/pressreleases/2004/steel.php (558 words)

	Roman and Iron age fortifications
		Therefore, from fifty yards back one Roman artilleryman could cover a piece of the earthwork about one hundred yards wide from the top of the hill to the bottom.
		This Roman construction stretched from the North Sea to the Irish Sea.
		(7) The Iron Age fort, Maiden Castle, was built in an age where hand-to-hand combat was the method of attacking a structure.
	www.schoolshistory.org.uk /romanforts.htm (471 words)

	BBC - Devon - Archaeological dig at Exmoor unearths Roman Empire iron
		However, he reported that the natives were a barbaric breed, and it was not until AD41 that the Romans decided to invade and settle.
		While the archaeologists do not necessarily believe that the name "Roman Lode" can be taken as evidence for Roman mining, the fact that the nearby smelting sites would have required a constant supply of good quality ore suggests that Roman Lode would have been a convenient source.
		Or was it being operated by the Roman imperial army, or being run by a local entrepeneur, supplying iron to markrets throughout the Roman Empire.
	www.bbc.co.uk /devon/outdoors/moors/exmoor_iron.shtml (668 words)

	Iron Age Home Furnishings
		IRON AGE home furnishings offers indoor and outdoor wrought iron decor in both the classic satin fl finish and the more rugged natural rusty finish to give your home and garden the unique special touch wrought iron brings.
		These are just a few of the interesting decorative wrought iron furnishings we have available for you to choose from.
		Iron Age Home Furnishings brings to you wonderful and unique furnishings for your home and garden.
	www.ironagehomefurnishings.com (235 words)

	Holme on spalding moor iron ages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It could possibly have been made at Hasholme, as lumps of iron ore known locally as 'nosmun' (which is naturally formed) are to be found in the sand layer on the land, so the material which it was made was readily available.
		With the existance of these Roman kilns in the area there is a possibility that somewhere there could be the site or remains of a Roman villa.
		The only indication of the saxons is a stone carving in the tower of All saints Church of a figure carrying a lamb, possibly a piece of stone from the original wood and stone saxon church.
	www.holmeonspaldingmoor.co.uk /id2.html (818 words)

	BBC NEWS \| England \| Somerset \| Iron Age villagers 'behind times'
		Iron Age villagers living in west Somerset were 'behind the times' according to evidence unearthed by a team of archaeologists.
		A site of this age should show signs of square Roman houses but the existence of only round houses shows the village was behind the times in property style.
		Two round houses, one with its floor still preserved, which is very rare in a house of this age, and the remains of an iron hanging bowl which had probably fallen from a rafter and has lain on the floor for about 2,000 years were also revealed on the site.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/england/somerset/5210152.stm (305 words)

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