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	Roman Jakobson
		Roman was born in Moscow on October 11, 1896.
		In 1941, Roman decided to move to the United States.
		It is hard to sum up Roman Jakobson’s work in just a few words as he studied many areas and worked with wide variety of people throughout many years of his work.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/fghij/jakobson_roman.html (356 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Roman Jakobson
		Roman Osipovich Jakobson (October 11, 1896 - July 18, 1982) was a Russian thinker who became one of the most influential linguists of the 20th century by pioneering the development of structural analysis of language, poetry, and art.
		Jakobson was born to a well-to-do family in Russia of Jewish descent, where he developed a fascination with language at a very young age.
		Jakobson's universalizing structural-functional theory of phonology, based on a markedness hierarchy of distinctive features, was the first successful solution of a plane of linguistic analysis according to the Saussurean hypotheses.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Roman-Jakobson (2539 words)

	Roman Jakobson Biography
		Roman Osipovich Jakobson (1896-1982) was a famous Russian linguist who emigrated to the Czech Republic and the United States.
		Jakobson was one of the most influential intellectuals of the 20th century, with his contributions to linguistics, structuralist anthropology (he was an inspiration to Claude Levi-Strauss), literary theory and semiotics, among others.
		Jakobson's three major ideas in linguistics play a major role in the field to this day: linguistic typology, markedness and linguistic universals.
	www.biographybase.com /biography/Jakobson_Roman.html (129 words)

	ISFP Gallery of Russian Thinkers: Roman Jakobson
		Jakobson was the founder of the structural analysis of language and a key figure in 20th century structuralism.
		Jakobson was interested in anthropology, and it also helped him to predestine a 'linguistic turn' in the humanities.
		Jakobson introduced them in a different way as a basic mechanisms of poetic language: metonymy (rapprochement according to contiguity; ability of selection) and metaphor (rapprochement according to similarity; ability of combination).
	www.isfp.co.uk /russian_thinkers/roman_jakobson.html (1249 words)

	Jakobson
		Jakobson was professor at the Higher Dramatic School, Moscow (1920-33) and Masarykova University, Brno, Czechoslovakia (1933-39) before moving to the US in 1941.
		There Jakobson was professor at Columbia Universtity (1943-49), Harvard (1950-67) and M.I.T. A leading authority on Slavic languages, he was the principal founder of Prague school of structural linguistics and of phonology.
		Jakobson also held that Saussure's key insight that sounds had an essentially arbitrary relation to meaning, meaning being determined by their stuctural relations with other sounds which differed in this or that way, was an overstatement.
	www.ling.fju.edu.tw /biolinguistic/data/people/roman.htm (2122 words)

	Old Eastern Religions - ADF Neopagan Druidism
		Roman Jakobson's work in this area uses these sources as tools in reconstructing the Old Slavic pantheon, by which is meant the religion(s) of the Slavic peoples before, and to a certain extent during, the adoption of Christianity as the official religion of parts of the Slavic world.
		Jakobson's point about context appears substantial also, for no deity exists in a religious vacuum and by studying any as such, important information concerning those deities and their relations with other elements of their pantheon and culture may not be revealed.
		Roman Jakobson concludes that, "[t]he relative linguistic unity and negligible dialectal differentiation of the Slavic world until the end of the first millennium A.D., and particularly the considerable lexical uniformity of Slavic pre-Christian beliefs, corroborate the supposition of a substantial unity for the cult of the Primitive Slavs" (4).
	www.adf.org /articles/gods-and-spirits/slavic/old-eastern-religions.html (2212 words)

	Roman Jakobson (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Jakobson was professor at the Higher Dramatic School, Moscow (1920-33) and Masarykova University, Brno, Czechoslovakia (1933-39) before moving to the US in 1941.
		There Jakobson was professor at Columbia Universtity (1943-49), Harvard (1950-67) and M.I.T. A leading authority on Slavic languages, he was the principal founder of Prague school of structural linguistics and of phonology.
		Roman was pink faced and blue-eyed, with a squint in one eye; he drank a great deal but his head remained clear, and only after the tenth glass would he button his coat the wrong way.
	www.heartfield.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk /jakobson.htm (214 words)

	Roman Jakobson - Encyclopedia.com
		Jakobson, Roman, 1896-1982, Russian-American linguist and literary critic, b.
		In Czechoslovakia in the late 1920s and the 30s, Jakobson and a few colleagues, most notably N. Trubetzkoy, developed what came to be known as the Prague school of linguistics.
		They argued that synchronic phonology, the study of speech sounds in a language at a given time, must be considered in light of diachronic phonology, the study of speech sounds as they have changed over the course of the language's history.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Jakobson.html (474 words)

	Philologica 3 (1996): Roman Jakobson. The Moscow Linguistic Circle (Summary)
		This previously unpublished article of Roman Jakobson, the first Chairman of the Moscow Linguistic Circle (MLC), was written in early November 1976 at A. Reformatskij’s request and with his participation.
		Jakobson’s entry for the encyclopaedia, furnished with an extensive preface and commentary, may serve as a substantial introduction for a student of the Moscow Linguistic Circle (1915—1924): the article gives an overall idea of both the principal directions of its activities and of its aesthetic orientation.
		The present publication, intended to mark the centenary of Roman Jakobson (11/23 Oct. 1896 —; 18 Aug. 1982), may help us clarify the place of the MLC among other “Formalist” currents: it is on this group that the best traditions of Russian Structuralism and semiotics are based.
	www.rvb.ru /philologica/03eng/03eng_jakobson.htm (235 words)

	Science and Postmodernism (Site not responding. Last check: )
		What Jakobson did not note is that the context of this sentence is a discussion not of an aphasia patient, but of a patient suffering from delirium, one who "takes his nurse to be his wife".
		Jakobson's premise remained the Saussurean reduction of language to signs, and so, while he himself had no use for Saussurean arbitrariness, by rooting similarity and contiguity in the structure of the linguistic sign he unintentionally reaffirmed it.
		Jakobson announces that Marie had showed that aphasia had its roots in the "conceptual, 'semiotic' sphere, an 'intellectual deficiency relating specifically to language', according to the formulation of this scholar", then promptly adds, referring to speech sounds, "Not the perception as such, but rather its linguistic value is impaired".
	www.physics.hku.hk /~tboyce/ss/topics/drake.html (3525 words)

	Bios - Babel Babble - UniLang
		Roman Jakobson was born on October 11, 1896, into a well-to-do family in Russia.
		Jakobson moved to Prague in 1920, when there was a rise of political unrest in Russia.
		Jakobson worked with a variety of people throughout the many years of his career, and he studied many aspects of linguistics.
	home.unilang.org /bb/index.php?n=18&t=10 (497 words)

	Jakobson's Linguistic Poles and Hyper-Text
		By studying aphasia, Roman Jakobson found that he was able to corroborate on a physiological level what was essentially a Saussurean proposition: language functions according to two poles, that of selection, and that of combination.
		Jakobson also observed that "in the combination of linguistic units there is an ascending scale of freedom", so that the speaker has no freedom to create new phonemes, marginal freedom to create new words, greater freedom to create new sentences, and the most freedom to combine sentences into new utterances.
		Jakobson's study of aphasias is an attempt to understand the structure of language along Saussurean lines, by examining the relationships between linguistic units.
	www.moock.org /nostalgia/hyptext.html (1477 words)

	JAKOBSON, Roman
		Jakobson was a principal founder of the influential Prague school of linguistics, comprised of a group of European intellectuals who stressed the function of the different elements within a language, particularly as related to how messages are put across.
		He went to the U.S. in 1941, a refugee from the Nazis, and taught at Columbia University (1943–49) before being appointed professor of Slavic languages and literature at Harvard University (1949–67).
		Gaius Julius Caesar, dictator of Rome, is stabbed to death in the Roman Senate house by 60 conspirators led by Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ja005300.a#FWNE.fw..ja005300.a (596 words)

	Chapter 4 of "Seeing Power" by Harry Polkinhorn
		Roman Jakobson's work, although rigorous and empirical when considered on a molecular level, in some ways is antisystematic, fragmentary.
		Jakobson, as I have indicated, acknowledges his debts, a doubly ironic move that pulls both ways, since the "tradition" to which he binds himself explodes a connection to tradition.[13] Jakobson's debts fall into two distinct categories: intellectual in a conventional sense (Saussure, Peirce, Sapir, among others), and aesthetic/artistic.
		Jakobson was unable to evolve a semiotic or any other theory of the image sufficiently flexible to account not only for the new artists' books as presumed aesthetic objects with formal laws and structures of their own but also for their embeddedness in a social context.
	www.concentric.net /~lndb/hp/hpsp04.htm (4408 words)

	2Jakobson&Structuralism
		Roman Jakobson and the Birth of Linguistic Structuralism
		That this was the case is shown most clearly in the career of Roman Jakobson (1896-1982), who had already begun to absorb non-positivistic ideas in the second decade of the twentieth century, long before copies of Saussure's Cours reached Russia.
		In the case of Roman Jakobson, we must reckon with an additional complicating factor, namely that he was exposed to Saussure's ideas in two stages.
	people.ku.edu /~percival/2Jakobson&Structuralism.html (3107 words)

	Roman Jakobson, "Selections"
		[Jakobson (1896 - 1982) was a founder-member of the Moscow Linguistic Circle; in 1920 he moved to Czechoslovakia and helped found the Prague Linguistic Circle, the source of foundational work in Structuralist Linguistics and Poetics.
		To be sure, the metonymical style in Uspenskij is obviously prompted by the prevailing literary canon of his time, late nineteenth-century 'realism'; but the personal stamp of Gleb Ivanovic made his pen particularly suitable for this artistic trend in its extreme manifestations and finally left its mark upon the verbal aspect of his mental illness.
		[Etc., etc., etc. Jakobson claims that poetic devices belong to other arts as well, such as cinema.] In short, many poetic features belong not only to the science of language but to the whole theory of signs, that is, to general semiotics.
	social.chass.ncsu.edu /wyrick/debclass/Jakob.htm (2164 words)

	AllRefer.com - Roman Jakobson (Language And Linguistics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Roman Jakobson[rumAn´ yAk´Obsun] Pronunciation Key, 1896–1982, Russian-American linguist and literary critic, b.
		As a professor of Russian in Moscow in the 1920s, Jakobson and a few colleagues, most notably N. Trubetskoi, developed what came to be known as the Prague school of linguistics.
		They argued that synchronic phonology, the study of speech sounds in a language at a given time, should be considered in light of diachronic phonology, the study of speech sounds as they have changed over the course of the language's history.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/J/Jakobson.html (244 words)

	CSI: Geo2
		Lecture 2: Roman Jakobson and the Primacy of the Poetic
		Jakobson's Poetic function is suggestive of delicate problems of rank; problems that cannot be adequately analyzed alone within the limits of the perception of verse shape in which rank order is determined by meter, for instance, or sound shape gives prominence to stressed and unstressed elements, peaks and valleys, lows and highs.
		It was Julia Kristeva who saw in Jakobson's turn to the poetic the foundation of the "linguistic ethics" which would have as its object poetic language, understood as the swelling of a heterogeneous process, a rhythm inassimilable to structure; nothing less than the struggles of the Kristevan subject-in-process.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /epc/srb/cyber/geo2.html (3297 words)

	Ling Links--People, I-M
		Born in Moscow in 1896, Roman Jakobson was a poet in addition to his great contributions to the field of linguistics.
		Jakobson was a Structuralist in his viewpoints; however, he differed from the structuralism of Bloomfield and his colleagues in America and from Saussure, in that he integrated all aspects of linguistics as being important to the field.
		Otto Jesperson was born at Randers, Jutland, Denmark in 1860.
	www.ttt.org /linglinks/i_m.html (1390 words)

	Prague Linguistics - Linguistique de Prague \| Linguistic Circle of Prague - Cercle Linguistique de Prague - Pražský ...
		In the spring of 1996, many renowned linguists came to Prague to pay homage to the heritage of the Prague Linguistic Circle and to Roman Jakobson during a conference to 70 Years of Existence of the Prague Linguistic Circle and 100th Anniversary of Roman Jakobson's Birthday.
		Although the 'classical period' of the Circle can be dated between 1926, the year of the first meeting, and the beginning of WWII, its roots are in much of the earlier work of its members, and also it did not completely cease its work with the outbreak of the war.
		Among the founding members were such personalities as Vilém Mathesius (President of PLC until his death in 1945), Roman Jakobson, Nikolay Trubetzkoy, Sergei Karcevskiy, Jan Mukarovský, and many others who began to meet in the mid-twenties to discuss issues of common interest.
	www.cercledeprague.org (530 words)

	ScribeMedia.Org » Modus R - Russia Invades Miami Art Basel
		Roman Jakobson classified aphasia on the basis of two mechanisms of vocal impairment - selection and combination [10].
		Jakobson applied the theory of aphasia to fine art, pointing out Surrealism’s orientation on the metaphor and Cubism and Dadaism’s orientation on metonymy.
		In a direct reference to Roman Jakobson, Sergei Bugayev calls his method “aphasiac.” In the Aphasia of Representation series, the “alien” images of Assyrian warriors, astronauts and microorganisms are sewn onto Soviet flags, in the same technique as the “original” state symbolics.
	www.scribemedia.org /2007/04/28/modus-r (2794 words)

	Roman Jakobson - Meine futuristischen Jahre - Perlentaucher.de, Kultur und Literatur Online
		Roman Jakobson, geboren 1896 in Moskau, gestorben 1982 in Boston, studierte Slawistik in Moskau.
		Jakobson floh 1939 als Jude aus der Tschechoslowakei nach Dänemark, dann nach Schweden.
		Roman Jacobson erinnert sich an seine Begegnungen mit Majakowski, Chlebnikov und anderen Futuristen.
	www.perlentaucher.de /buch/616.html (263 words)

	Memorial Resolution - Svatava Pirkova Jakobson
		In 1967, after her divorce from the famous linguist, Roman Jakobson, and after many years of teaching Czech language and literature and folkloristics at Harvard, Svatia, as she was known to friends and students, came on a visiting lectureship to The University of Texas at Austin.
		Roman taught at Columbia, Harvard, and MIT, and Svatia was a lecturer in Czech language and literature at Harvard.
		Roman had converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and was being buried by the Orthodox Church.
	www.utexas.edu /faculty/council/2000-2001/memorials/Jakobson/jakobson.html (961 words)

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