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Topic: Roman Navy

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	Ancient Roman Navy - Crystalinks
		The Roman Navy (Latin: Classis) operated between the First Punic war and the end of the Western Roman Empire.
		This allowed the Romans to send their army to sea to board the attached enemy ships, avoiding the traditional battle tactics of ramming, in which they were far less experienced.Although the first sea engagement, the Battle of the Lipari Islands in 260 BC, was a defeat for Rome, the forces involved were relatively small.
		Romans lost almost two entire fleets to storms in 255 and in 249 BC, largely due to the instability caused by the device.
	www.crystalinks.com /romenavy.html (1203 words)

	Roman Navy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Romans were originally a land power based in the Italian mainland, and were wary of the sea.
		The result was the rapid construction in 260 BC of the first sizeable Roman fleet of about 150 quinqueremes and triremes, operating near the Strait of Messina between Sicily and the toe of Italy.
		This allowed the Romans to send their army to sea to board the attached enemy ships, avoiding the traditional battle tactics of ramming, in which they were far less experienced.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Navy (1426 words)

	Roman Navy - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In 5 BC the Roman knowledge concerning the North and Baltic Sea was fairly extended during a campaign by Tiberius, reaching as far as the Elbe: Plinius describes how Roman naval formations came past Heligoland and set sail to the north-eastern coast of Denmark.
		The navy stationed in the Eastern Empire became the cadre for the byzantine Empire.
		The status of the sailors and marines of the Roman navy were somewhat similar to that of the auxiliary soldiers serving in the army, and received a salary of around the same amount.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Roman_Navy (3261 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Under the barracks emperors, the navy made it through a major crisis, when during the rule of Trebonianus Gallus for the first time Germanic tribes built up their own powerful fleet in the Black Sea.
		Via two surprise attacks (256) on Roman naval bases in the Caucasus and near the Danube numerous ships fell into the hands of the Germans, whereupon the raids were extended as far as the Aegean Sea; Byzantium, Athens, Sparta and other towns were plundered and the responsible provincial fleets were heavily debilitated.
		The Roman fleets suffered defeats against Germanic tribes in 460 and 468 under the emperors Majorian and Anthemius on the North African shore.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Roman_navy (3623 words)

	Roman Republic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The toga was the characteristic garment of the Roman citizen.
		Roman republican government was a complex system, which seems to have had several redundancies within it, and was based on custom and tradition, as much as it was on law.
		Roman victories at Thermopylae (191 BC) and the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC), forced Antiochus to sign the Treaty of Apamia (188 BC), ceding Seleucid territory to Rome and Pergamon, and extracting a war indemnity of 15,000 talents of silver.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Republic (9564 words)

	History of WARFARE - SEA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		As a quinquereme, with five banks of oars (rowed by 300 oarsmen), it is larger and heavier than the triremes which have been the standard ship of Greek warfare.
		Rome's new navy is to consist largely of quinqueremes, copied from the captured Carthaginian example.
		Instead the Romans pin their hopes on a device which has already featured briefly in Greek naval warfare, but not to much effect.
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ab80 (921 words)

	/Users/ross/Desktop/joshr.html
		At its finest period, the Roman army and navy were almost unconquerable because of three reasons: discipline, hard and efficient training, and the speed at which they learned new tactics.
		Towers were sometimes built on Roman boats as a place where archers could shoot their arrows at the men aboard the enemy vessel.
		Instead, Roman soldiers rowed them, and their main purpose was to propel the ship through the water during battle.
	www.uky.edu /~scaife/coinsS02/joshr.html (820 words)

	Rice's Dissertation Chapter 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		It is certain that the Romans were aware of the Rhodian navy's reputation, and it may have been the news of Chios and Lade that prompted the Senators to transfer a powerful squadron from Sicily to the Illyrian coast in 201.
		Roman sapping parties ascended ladders and killed the sentries; it did not take them long to penetrate well into the center of the city and admit the rest of their army.
		When the bulk of the Roman fleet came into the Aegean in 199, under the appointed commander, Apustius, Attalus soon joined it with his squadron by way of his base at Aegina, and a message was sent to the Rhodians requesting them to take up their part of the war.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /rrice/chptr6.html (20711 words)

	Ancient Rome :: Roman Navy
		Rome really never felt a need for a navy, but because of threatening naval forces during the Punic Wars, a navy was formed.
		The larger navy was constructed in 260 BC during the first Punic War.
		The navy was no longer being maintained, the only operational ships they had to use were those bound by treaty from Rhodes and Pergamum.
	library.thinkquest.org /26602/romannavy.htm (129 words)

	The Roman Army Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		With the spread of Roman citizenship among the population of the conquered territories the auxilia were increasingly recruiting citizens into the ranks, blurring the original division between peregrine auxiliaries and citizen legionaries.
		The status of the sailors and marines of the Roman navy is somewhat unclear, though the fleet is generally regarded as the least prestigious branch of service.
		The total strength of the Roman navy is not known with any exactitude, though it was reportedly some 40.000 strong during the reign of Diocletian.
	members.tripod.com /~S_van_Dorst/legio.html (4085 words)

	Roman seapower. (from navy) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		It was founded by Roman Musat, ruling prince of Moldavia (1392–94); he referred to it as “our town of Roman” in a letter of 1392.
		Roman Nose was born a Cheyenne in 1830.
		Roman numerals are hard to manipulate, however, and mathematical calculations generally were done on an abacus (see Abacus).
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-205264 (827 words)

	Roman Army: Bibliography
		Irby-Massie, G.L., "The Roman Army and the Cult of the Campestres," ZPE 113 (1996) 293-300.
		Isaac, Benjamin, "Reflections on the Roman Army in the East," The Defence of the Roman and Byzantine East ed.
		Maxfield, Valerie, "The Deployment of the Roman Auxilia in Upper Egypt and the Eastern Desert during the Principate," Alföldy, Géza, Brian Dobson, & Werner Eck (edd.), Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit: Gedenkschrift für Eric Birley (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner 2000).
	www.csun.edu /~hcfll004/armybibl.html (15725 words)

	Roman Pages maintained by Danno Ulpius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Roman Navy of the First Punic War - Discussion of the Illyrian Wars, and a bunch of pictures of Roman ships at Naves.
		A Roman Sailors' Song - Words for the tune of "Gary Owen" composed by a friend of mine, with a Roman sailor theme.
		Roman Reconstructions - A small page of reconstructed Roman buildings which I collected from third-party sources many (4-5?) years ago.
	www.geocities.com /danno_ulpius/rn/rome.html (166 words)

	HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE SHIP - LECTURE NOTES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The Roman Republic had already eliminated most of its potential naval rivals and the defeat of the Greek/Egyptian navy at Actium destroyed the one remaining sea power which might have constituted a threat to Roman control of the Mediterranean sea lanes.
		Being methodical and orderly the Romans now standardised their warships on the basis of a developed and rather heavier version of the trireme for the Italian based fleets and the rather lighter Liburnian was used for the Provincial fleets.
		All of these types were inherited by the Imperial navy from different cultures and earlier periods but Roman shipbuilders tended to follow the Phoenician rather than the Greek practise, eschewing the outrigger in preference for a slightly wider beam to accommodate the upper level of oarsmen in the standard trireme.
	cma.soton.ac.uk /HistShip/shlect28.htm (1388 words)

	Roman Blinds - Cheap Roman Shades - Buy Online
		The Roman blind can be retracted in segments of an estimated 20 cm, and is complete with colour corresponding control coordination.
		With their clean, stylish lines, Roman blinds, or Roman shades as they are from time to time known, are one of the most fashionable ways to dress up a window.
		Roman blinds are best made from light to intermediate weight fabrics and are more often than not lined.
	www.bamboo-blinds.co.uk /Roman_Blinds.php (256 words)

	Roman Navy
		As a result, the navy slipped into the logistical role of support to the legions and providing escort for trade vessels and grain shipments, with the adverse affect of drastically increasing piracy.
		The imperial navy after Augustus, aside from the occasional conflicts in civil wars, once again was primarily charged with the protection of shipping and deterring piracy.
		Roman ships were built by copying the example of captured Carthaginian vessels, combined with the expertise supplied by the Greek cities of southern Italy.
	www.unrv.com /military/roman-navy.php (792 words)

	ORB Online Encyclopedia--Bibliography, Roman Navy
		Suggestions for additions are welcome, especially material on the later Roman navy.
		-----------------------."The Roman Navy", in John E. Sandys, ed.
		"Romans on the Sea", in George F. Bass.
	www.nipissingu.ca /department/history/muhlberger/orb/navy.htm (288 words)

	Ancient Roman Navy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		It is too easily accepted that Rome developed a navy in 260 BC a) Romans not nearly as land-bound as people would have you think
		(4) Roman amicitia with Ptolemy II in 273
		Roman Navy of the First Punic War (Dan Diffendale's excellent site)
	www.barca.fsnet.co.uk /rome-navy.htm (136 words)

	Rome: Military Resources
		In general the bulk of the roman army was based a) in the West in the Rhine region during the reign of Augustus, but shifted later to the Danube border, and b) on the Eastern frontier towards Persia." Excerpted from Roman Numismatic Gallery.
		Roman culture evolved through that time, from a small collection of villages on seven hills and the earliest kings, to the Republic, to the Empire, and it is still with us.
		Despite this, the Roman navy was not disbanded; indeed, it was expanded further.
	intranet.dalton.org /groups/Rome/RMil.html (8126 words)

	rogueclassicism: Roman Navy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		The first-ever image of a soldier in the Ancient Roman navy has surfaced at a major imperial naval base at Ravenna.
		Piracy was a major problem for Roman merchant ships and the navy frequently launched punitive expeditions against raiders from Cilicia, now southern Turkey.
		The Roman navy was an extension of the army and used army fighting methods.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/Posts/00001608.html (463 words)

	Roman Military
		The Roman Legion, the ultimate military machine of the ancient world, was the catalyst that spread Roman conquest and civilization throughout the known world.
		The core of the Roman legion consisted of heavily armored infantry.
		The earliest known Roman army was mainly heavy infantry.
	www.unrv.com /military.php (170 words)

	Roman Navy - Definition, explanation
		battle of the Eurymedon, 190 BC – Roman forces under Lucius Aemilius Regillus defeat a Seleucid fleet commanded by Hannibal, fighting his last battle.
		Classis Misenensis, later Classi Praetoria Misenensis, was to control in the western part of the Mediterranean sea.
		In 330 her ships were moved to Constantinople, when emperor Constantine moved there the capital of the Roman Empire.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/r/ro/roman_navy.php (761 words)

	Ancient Rome
		Roman Empire: explore all the different aspects of the Romans
		Slavery: In the Late Roman Republic to the Early Roman Empire: Slaves, Duties and Manumission
		Roman Armour (Lorica) of the 1st and 2nd century A.D. Evolution of the Etruscan Helmut
	members.aol.com /TeacherNet/AncientRome.html (3127 words)

	Roman Legion
		Imaginifer: Carried the Standard bearing the image of the Emperor as a constant reminder of the troop's loyalty to him.
		The Rank and File of the Roman Legion
		Roman Legion - Related Topics: Legio II Augusta - Legio VI Victrix
	www.unrv.com /military/legion.php (1171 words)

	Roman Empire
		Roman art prints of Roman history, ancient historical prints and books of the Roman Empire.
		The Chariot Race, part of the Gladiatorial Roman spectacle, this superb painting of Roman history shows the thrill and excitement and speed of the chariots.
		In AD50 Roman legions under Ostorious Scapula cornered Caracticus and his force on a hill in Shropshire near the welsh Border.
	www.medieval-art.com /roman_empire.htm (768 words)

	British Roman Navy, Classis Britannica
		We are a small group of dedicated archaeologists who with others are focusing our knowledge on this subject.
		We intend to publish (via the internet), challenging new theories based upon factual data about the British Navy and other Roman Navies.
		As well as to run two pairs of workshops per year, for which we have titles for five years of work, already.
	www.archaeology.co.uk /directory/viewsoc.asp?soc=1120&cat=2 (105 words)

	Roman Military Sites in Britain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-23)
		Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies, Britannia, annual journal of the society.
		Membership of the society is open to anyone with an interest in Roman history.
		Philp, The Excavation of the Roman Forts of the Classis Britannica at Dover 1970-77, Dover 1981
	www.morgue.demon.co.uk /Pages/Other_stuff/BOOKS.HTM (872 words)

	Powell's Books - Asterix and Obelix All at Sea (Asterix) by Albert Uderzo
		But, the Romans are on the ocean blue, too...and the battles are about to come fast and furiously.
		In ancient Rome, the slaves are rebelling--and they've even stolen Julius Caesar's own warship, the finest in the Roman navy.
		In ancient Rome the slaves are revolting....and not only that, they've stolen Caesar's galley, the finest warship in the Roman navy.
	www.powells.com /biblio?isbn=0752847783 (264 words)

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