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Topic: Roman Republic (19th century)

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	CalendarHome.com - - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, c.
		During the early and middle Republic, the Roman Senate, highest in prestige and being composed of the aristocratic, rich, and politically influential (towards the end of the Republic, it was exclusively composed of ex-magistrates), was predominant in the state.
		The toga was the characteristic garment of the Roman citizen.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Roman_Republic (7146 words)

	Roman Republic (18th century) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In 1799 the Tiberina Republic, with capital Perugia, was united to the Roman Republic.
		The Roman Republic was short-lived, as the Papal States were restored in June of 1800.
		The Roman Republic flag was a vertical tricolour fl-white-red, taken from the French tricolour, as granted by Napoleon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Republic_(18th_century) (175 words)

	Republic (government) - MSN Encarta
		Republic (government) (Latin res publica, literally “the public thing”), form of state based on the concept that sovereignty resides in the people, who delegate the power to rule in their behalf to elected representatives and officials.
		Accordingly, his ideal republic consisted of three distinct groups: a commercial class formed by those dominated by their appetites; a spirited class, administrators and soldiers, responsible for the execution of the laws; and the guardians or philosopher-kings, who would be the lawmakers.
		These Italian republics were for centuries disturbed by power struggles between the aristocracy and the commercial bourgeoisie, in which the latter represented the cause of democratic government and the former that of feudal conservatism.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554383/Republic_(government).html (1550 words)

	Roman Republic
		The Roman Republic (Latin: Res Publica Romanorum) was the republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until its subversion into the Roman Empire.
		The precise date in which the Republic changed into the Empire is disputed, with the dates of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC), and the date in which the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" (January 16, 27 BC), all being advanced as candidates.
		The toga was the characteristic garment of the Roman citizen.
	www.cooldictionary.com /words/Roman-Republic.wikipedia (4268 words)

	Roman Republic - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Roman Governors of Asia were also notoriously corrupt and greedy, and injustice was common in the province for nearly a century after the transfer of power.
		From 73 BC to 71 BC the Roman Republic would be rocked by a slave revolt led by Spartacus who according to ancient sources was a Thracian "auxilia" who had deserted from the Roman legions.
		The final major confrontation of the Roman Republic occurred on September 2, 31 BC, at the naval Battle of Actium where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed the larger fleet of Antony and Cleopatra; the two lovers fled to Egypt.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/r/o/m/Roman_Republic_9497.html (8875 words)

	GOVSTANDARD.COM: Legal History - Roman Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Traditionally, the origins of Roman legal science are being connected to the story of Gnaeus Flavius: Flavius is said to have published around the year 300 BC the formularies containing the words which had to be spoken in court in order to begin a legal action.
		Roman law as preserved in the codes of Justinian and in the Basilika remained the basis of legal practice in Greece and in the courts of the Orthodox Church even after the fall of the Byzantine empire and the conquest by the Turks.
		It was because Roman law regulated the legal protection of property and the equality of legal subjects and their wills, and because it prescribed the possibility that the legal subjects could dispose their proprety through testament.
	www.govstandard.com /history/roman.html (3068 words)

	Roman Republic (19th century) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Roman Republic was a short-lived (four months) state established in February 1849 when the theocratic Papal States were temporarily overthrown by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi.
		According to the Roman Republic's constitution, all religions could be practiced freely and the pope was guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church.
		Neapolitan troops sympathetic to the Papacy entered Roman Republic territory, and de Lesseps suggested that Oudinot's forces in their current position might protect the city from the converging approach of an Austrian army with the Neapolitan force: the Roman Triumvirate agreed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Republic_(19th_century) (1323 words)

	Roman Republic
		The Roman Republic traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC.
		The Foundation of the Republic - 509 BC Livy's version of the establishment of the Republic states that the last of the Kings of Rome, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (superbus, "the proud") had a thoroughly unpleasant son, Sextus Tarquinius, who raped a Roman noblewoman named Lucretia.
		In the end, the Roman world became too large and complicated for the structures of the republic to cope, and after a period of civil war ended by the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire.
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/r/ro/roman_republic_1.shtml (1696 words)

	Wikinfo \| Roman Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Roman Republic traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC.
		The Romans observed two principles for their officials: annuality or the observation of a one-year term and collegiality or the holding of the same office by at least two men at the same time.
		In the end, the Roman world became too large and complicated for the structures of the republic to cope, and after a period of civil war ended by the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Roman_Republic (1765 words)

	Roman Empire at AllExperts
		Based in Roman legal and cultural traditions, it was also heavily influenced by ancient Greek culture and language, and developed a distinct character that managed to survive and even thrive for another millennium, eventually being conquered on 29 May 1453 by the Ottoman Empire.
		The Western Roman Empire was divided among the eldest son Constantine II and the youngest son Constans.
		But excluding these states claiming their heritage, the Roman state lasted (in some form) from the founding of Rome in 753 BC to the fall in 1461 of the Empire of Trebizond (a successor state and fragment of the Byzantine Empire which escaped conquest by the Ottomans in 1453), for a total of 2214 years.
	en.allexperts.com /e/r/ro/roman_empire.htm (11076 words)

	Articles - Roman Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The precise date in which the Republic changed into the Empire is disputed, with the dates of Julius Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator (44 BC), the Battle of Actium (September 2, 31 BC), and the date in which the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus" (January 16, 27 BC), all being advanced as candidates.
		The final major confrontation of the Roman Republic occurred on 2 of September, 31 BC, at the naval Battle of Actium where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra; the two lovers fled to Egypt.
		Roman Republic had been changed into a despotic regime, which, underneath a competent and strong Emperor, could achieve military supremacy, economic prosperity, and a genuine peace, but under a weak or incompetent one saw its glory tarnished by cruelty, military defeats, revolts, and civil war.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Roman_Republic (10268 words)

	Roman Society
		Romans generally saw the difference between the slave and the freeman as a difference in status, not as a matter of any racial or cultural superiority and inferiority.
		Roman ingenuity of solving problems of all sorts was not only to apply itself to engineering and architecture, but also to the mundane matter of clothing.
		Roman festivals and games emerged from their once humble agricultural origins to celebrations of empire and the shows which were held on most of them became the stuff of legends, the gladiatorial combats in particular and of course, so too, the chariot races.
	www.roman-empire.net /society/society.html (11521 words)

	Roman Republic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Roman Power in Asia Minor]] Throughout the 4th century B.C. the Romans fought a series of wars with their neighbors, Most notably the Sabines, who became their principle enemies on the Italian mainland.
		The transition from Republic to Empire was swift, yet subtle; rather than making a direct grab for power after the civil wars, Augustus' first political move was to support the return of power to the Senate in 27 BC.
		A generation of Romans were born and died in the course of his forty-five years as First Citizen, and this was now all that the people knew rather than the old days of the Republic.
	roman-republic.area51.ipupdater.com (2952 words)

	Legacy and Reform
		In later centuries, illiterate tribesmen who knew little of Rome had heard his name and it is notable that, even today, his is one of few names which are recognized, however imperfectly, as illustrating the might of Rome.
		After the hero-worship of 19th century historians, particularly Mommsen, and the turn in the war-torn 20th century away from men of violence, the truth of his historical importance falls somewhere in between these polar extremes.
		Essentially, the Roman Republic had become rather enmeshed in the breakdown when men no longer define the common good similarly, and where the ambitions of individuals or families was paramount.
	web.mac.com /heraklia/Caesar/legacy/index.html (829 words)

	Roman Republic - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The Romans were very much convinced that their city was founded in the year 753 BC.
		While factional strife had become a traditional part of Roman life, the stakes were now far higher; a corrupt provincial governor could enrich himself far beyond anything his ancestors imagined possible, and a successful military commander needed only the support of his legions in order to rule vast territories.
		In the end, the Roman world became too large and complicated for the structures of the republic to cope, and after a period of civil war ended by the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire, with himself as the nation's first Emperor.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /r/ro/roman_republic_1.html (1718 words)

	Republic and Empire, Ancient Roman Coins - Calgary Coin Gallery
		Denarii were struck for use in areas under Roman control and would remain the principal coin of the Mediterranean world for the next 450 years.
		Prior to that the Romans did not control any area rich in silver, which is why silver coins were not generally issued in earlier periods.
		In 49-48 B.C. the fabric of the Roman Republic was coming apart with a civil war being fought between the Pompeian forces lead by Pompey the Great, and those of his former allies, Julius Caesar.
	www.calgarycoin.com /roman1.htm (1114 words)

	Read about Roman Republic at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Roman Republic and learn about Roman Republic here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Roman army took the field under the command of the two consuls they alternated days of command.
		A generation of Romans were born and died in the course of his forty-five years as First Citizen, and this was now all that the people knew rather than the old days of the Republic.
		For centuries the Senators ignored this and other issues which might lead to a reduction in their privileges - for example they allowed to fall into disuse the Licinian-Sextian Laws (367BC), which limited the amount of public land one family could use for its own benefit.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Roman_Republic (1973 words)

	Roman Republic -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It existed in the Netherlands province of Holland from the 15th to the early 19th century and was carried by Dutch colonists to the Cape of Good Hope, where it became the foundation of modern South African law.
		A republic of northeastern Asia on the southern half of the peninsula of Korea, the Republic of Korea (South Korea) borders the Sea of Japan, the Korea Strait, the Yellow Sea, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea at roughly the 38th parallel.
		In 1973 the republic acknowledged British sovereignty over Northern Ireland as long as the majority of the people in the north agreed—which they did, in a referendum in March that was boycotted by the Roman Catholics.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9083817 (972 words)

	How Democratic Was the Roman Republic?
		For the past century, however, historians of ancient Rome have had no period of democratic, or even semi-democratic, freedom to earn contemporary respect and approval for their field of history.
		In the early Republic, rich and poor, high and low, lived in close proximity and the social and economic gap between them was not so great as it was later.
		The state was basically the army, the original meaning of the word populus, where the soldiers elected the higher officers from among their richer neighbors and gave approval to major decisions about peace, war, and other matters affecting them, such as the division of booty or the punishment of those who broke the rules.
	ablemedia.com /ctcweb/showcase/warddemocracy.html (474 words)

	New America Foundation : article -56- "The Second Fall of Rome" "The Second Fall of Rome" -56- (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Roman authors such as Virgil and Horace and Seneca and Plautus are often dismissed as second-rate imitators of the Greeks.
		The neoclassicism of the late 18th century was not so much the final stage of Renaissance and Baroque humanism as it was the beginning of a new romantic primitivism that would manifest itself in 19th-century romanticism and 20th-century modernism.
		Roman civilization--imperial, metropolitan, urban, bureaucratic--was too reminiscent of contemporary Europe and North America to be used as a contrast with 19th-century society.
	www.newamerica.net /index.cfm?pg=article&DocID=56 (4204 words)

	Hope College IDS 171 Timelines: Rome
		The first two centuries of the imperium, from 27 BC to 180 AD, is known as the Pax Romana, or Roman Peace, because of the relative quiet that the Empire enjoyed in these years.
		Because 18th and 19th century Americans looked to the Roman Republic for political inspiration, it is worth looking briefly at the Republic, and why it failed.
		The Romans were not noted for the originality of their thought; rather, they were imitators of other peoples, especially of - as you've just read - the Greeks.
	www.hope.edu /academic/ids/171/rome.htm (1226 words)

	[No title]
		Sword; 19th century This sword is believed to have been presented to Garibaldi by the people of Montevideo on the occasion of his departure for Italy in June, 1848.
		Many of the lithographic cartoons are anti-clerical in nature, but this example represents the Roman Republic, Roman wolf at her side, heralding the dawn of Italian unity by ringing a bell in the shape of a cap of liberty.
		Bassi, among the most attractive of the 19th century Italian patriots, is described by the 11th edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica as "a gentle, unselfish soul, who, although unusually gifted, had an almost childlike nature".
	www.sc.edu /library/spcoll/hist/garib/garib.doc (4923 words)

	Mommsen's Roman History
		Mommsen was the first to consider the crisis of the final century of the republic, beginning in the time of the Gracchi, as the Roman revolution.
		For the author, as for Mommsen, the last generation of the republic was obviously a "legitimate revolution" that ended the history of the Roman republic.
		The fact that Mommsen was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature in 1902 confirmed that he was indeed the brightest star in the field of Roman history that arose from Europe in the 19th century.
	www.dur.ac.uk /Classics/histos/1997/wiedemann.html (4908 words)

	The Roman Republic (from democracy) -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia
		The Romans called their system a respublica, or republic, from the Latin res, meaning thing or affair, and publicus or publica, meaning public—thus, a republic was the thing that belonged to the Roman people, the populus romanus.
		The republic consisted of the seven northern Netherlands provinces that won independence from Spain from 1568 to 1609, and it grew out of the Union of Utrecht (1579), which was designed to improve the...
		Of the two new countries, the Czech Republic was the larger, with a land area of 30,441 square miles (78,842 square kilometers), compared to Slovakia's 18,919...
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-233830 (993 words)

	Roman Law: Questions and Answers
		Roman Law was the law that was in effect throughout the age of antiquity in the City of Rome and later in the Roman Empire.
		In the form of the Ius Commune, Roman Law was in force in many jurisdictions until national codes superseded these rules in the 18th and 19th centuries.
		This age is called the classical period of Roman Law, because the law during this time period, as it was taught and practised, best exemplified the classic characteristics of the Roman legal tradition.
	www.jura.uni-sb.de /Rechtsgeschichte/Ius.Romanum/RoemRFAQ-e.html (1206 words)

	romandramabib
		Jory, E.J. "Continuity and Change in the Roman Theatre," in Betts, Hooker, and Oren, edd., Studies in Honour of T.B.L. Webster (Bristol, 1986) 143-52.
		Explains New and Roman Comedy in terms of Aristotelian and semiotic theory.
		Brooks, R.A.B., Ennius and Roman Tragedy (New York, 1981).
	ccwf.cc.utexas.edu /~tjmoore/romandramabib.html (1379 words)

	19th Century
		Throughout the century, conservative kings and their aristocratic advisors remained in power in most European states.
		But the 19th century was also a century of progress, peace, and tremendous social change.
		By the end of the century, it was beginning to have an impact on Russia.
	faculty.ucc.edu /egh-damerow/19th_century.htm (635 words)

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