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Topic: Roman Republican civil wars

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	Roman Republican civil wars - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Fulvia's civil war (41вЂ“40 BC), between the forces of Lucius Antonius and Fulvia Antonia (the younger brother and wife of Mark Antony) and Octavian - Octavian victory.
		Antony's civil war (32вЂ“30 BC), between the Western provinces (under the leadership of Octavian and Agrippa) and the East (under Mark Antony and Cleopatra) - Western victory.
		The next Roman civil war would not be fought until after Nero's suicide in 68 AD, the year of the four emperors.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Roman_Republican_civil_wars (473 words)

	Britain.tv Wikipedia - Roman Empire
		The Roman Empire (31 BC â“ 1453) was a phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by an autocratic form of government, succeeding the Roman Republic (510 BC â“ 1st century BC), which had been devastated and weakened by the conflict between Gaius Marius and Sulla and the civil war of Julius Caesar against Pompey.
		The civil wars which followed have led the year 69 to be known as the Year of the Four Emperors, in which Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian ruled in quick and violent succession, until Vespasian was able to solidify his power as emperor of Rome.
		The Western Roman Empire was divided among the eldest son Constantine II and the youngest son Constans.
	www.britain.tv /wikipedia.php?title=Roman_Empire (9380 words)

	Roman Empire - MSN Encarta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Roman imperialism introduced extremes of wealth and poverty that sharpened social and economic conflict within the Roman state.
		Nearly a century of intermittent civil war, which extended from the rule of the Gracchi, beginning about 133 bc, to the death of Gaius Julius Caesar in 44 bc, threatened to destroy the unity and prosperity of Rome itself (See also Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius and Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius).
		Some Romans complained that the loss of liberty was too great a price to pay for peace, but most recognized that under the so-called liberty of the Roman Republic, a few hundred men had divided the spoils of empire while the workers and the provincials suffered.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_1741502785/Roman_Empire.html (2567 words)

	Caesar's civil war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Busts of Julius Caesar and Pompey, the protagonists in this war.
		To some historians the civil war, and the brief dictatorial rule of Caesar over Rome before his assassination, marks the end of the Roman republic, and the beginning of the Roman Empire.
		August 9 - Roman Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Caesar's_civil_war (2891 words)

	The Late Republican Roman Army
		The Roman army of the late republic is often connected to the socalled Marian army reforms.
		Roman generals interested in gaining the loyalty of the troops were therefore keen on securing special discharge benefits for their men.
		The status and remuneration of the centuriones in the Roman army was significantly raised in the late republican period.
	members.tripod.com /~S_van_Dorst/reparmy2.html (1654 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The Roman army was commanded by the aristocracy, with posts granted on the basis of family relations and bribes rather than ability.
		This was tantamount to a declaration of war.
		Roman law and politics was unable to deal with the political gangs, the assassinations, the terrorism, the proscriptions.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/westciv/romanrevolution.html (9302 words)

	Roman civil wars - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The next Roman civil war would not be fought until after Nero's suicide in 68 AD, the year before the year of the four emperors.
		Fulvia's civil war (41–40 BC), between the forces of Lucius Antonius and Fulvia Antonia (the younger brother and wife of Mark Antony) and Octavian - Octavian victory.
		Final war of the Roman Republic (32–30 BC), between the Western provinces (under the leadership of Octavian and Agrippa) and the East (under Mark Antony and Cleopatra) - Western victory.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_Republican_civil_wars (486 words)

	Roman Empire 1 - Crystalinks
		As result, the Roman population, already greatly diminished by the civil wars, experienced a noticeable decline in the birth rate.
		The Romans were hardworking and frugal, self-reliant and cautious, serious about their responsibilities and steadfast in the face of adversity.
		The stress on family responsibility was evident in the idea of pietas, the belief that all Romans owed loyalty to family authority and to the gods of Rome.
	www.crystalinks.com /romanempire.html (3007 words)

	H102_26 The Augustan Settlement
		Whatever his ultimate intentions, he shrouded them with the appearance of a restoration of Republican political institutions, seeing to the election of magistrates, enabling young aristocrats to strike coins exhibiting the heraldic badges of their families.
		As proconsul in charge of the military provinces of the empire, he maintained his control over the roman legions, and assumed responsibility for their recruitment, maintenance in the field, and discharge with bounties at the end of service.
		Civil wars, military requisitions, and tax abuses in the provinces ceased.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/Roman_dictators.htm (2509 words)

	Miscellenous ancient coins
		Roman consul walking left, flanked by two lictors, BP ("Brutus") monogram to the left / Roman eagle standing left, holding wreath.
		Koson was one of the Thracian Kings at that time (very little is known about him but for the fact that he survived the civil wars and died in 29 BC), and it was under his authority that these coins were issued.
		The style of the coin is completely Roman, though - the obverse (with the senator) copies the issue of Brutus' denarii from 54 BC (Crawford 431-433) - the senator depicted is the great M. Junius Brutus, the ancestor of the Caesar's murderer, who expelled Tarquins from Rome in 509 BC.
	www.ancientcoins.ca /romanrep.html (640 words)

	October 23
		42 BC - Roman Republican civil wars: Second Battle of Philippi - Brutus's army is decisively defeated by Mark Antony and Octavian.
		425 - Valentinian III is elevated as Roman Emperor, at the age of 6.
		1965 - Vietnam War: Operation Silver Bayonet - The U.S. 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile) in conjunction with South Vietnamese forces, launch a new operation, seeking to destroy North Vietnamese forces in Pleku Province in II Corps Tactical Zone (the Central Highlands).
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/oc/october_23.html (1447 words)

	[No title]
		Romans who were grown up under the great influence of traditional Roman culture,that is, authority, patriotism, piety and simplicity couldn't withstand the attraction of Hellenistic civilization with its wealth, luxuries and individual values.
		Roman government and as a part of it the Roman republican constitution remained insufficient to meet the demands of the expansion and the new problems.
		Hence, Roman Republican Constitution fail to function properly in the period from 146 to 31 B.C. The University of Southern California does not screen or control the content on this website and thus does not guarantee the accuracy, integrity, or quality of such content.
	www-scf.usc.edu /~erdemoz/Html/essay6a.html (677 words)

	Roman Army (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During the Pax Romana of the early empire the walls were allowed to fall into desuetude, but with the resurgence of civil wars and barbarian invasions in the third and fourth centuries AD the walls of Rome were reconstructed into a massive brick and mortar circuit.
		The characteristic crossroad of the cardinal and decumanal paths that bisected the camp according to the compass form the center of numerous imperial cities throughout Italy, testifying to the influence of permanent Roman camps in the spread of Roman culture.
		The Roman festival procession at the head of a victorious army through the city of Rome to the Capitoline hill, the highest distinction accorded a victorious commander.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/roman_army.htm (432 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Battle Descriptions
		The Romans were surprised by a Dacian attack at Tapae (near the village of Bucova, in Romania).
		Although the Romans were able to avenge their defeat, they would not consolidate their rule in most of Germany or establish the Elbe as their outermost European frontier.
		Battle of Yarmuk, A.D. During the reign of Heraclius this battle was fought between Romans and Arabs in the Jordan valley in the Roman province of Palestine.
	www.roman-emperors.org /assobd.htm (2604 words)

	Antony and Cleopatra
		Yet Egypt was not the power it once had been, and Cleopatra’s father Auletes owed his throne to Roman support, much as she gained her throne with the aid of Caesar’s arms [see figure II for a bust of the young queen].
		In the opinion of this author, young Cleopatra was determined to use Egypt’s wealth and her own charisma to improve her status as a Roman client Queen and to restore the glory of the Ptolemaic dynasty.
		Labienus was given command of Roman deserters and Parthian troops and was encouraged to invade Roman Syria, which he did in 40 B.C. The surviving independent Hellenistic monarchs in the new Roman world realised that their survival depended largely on their ability to interfere in Roman politics and to fracture their foe by fostering division.
	www.roman-empire.net /articles/article-028.html (5070 words)

	The Ultimate Settefinestre Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Villa Settefinistre in the comune of Orbetello, Tusany, is the site of a late Republican Roman slave-run villa owned by the senatorial family of the Volusii, built in the first century BCE and enlarged in the first century AD with a large cryptoportico.
		The villa was fortified at a later period and the fortress was rebuilt as a villa in the more modern sense in the 15th century.
		Cosa suffered a crisis in the Roman Republican civil wars and became depopulated.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Cosa (449 words)

	Dead Romans: The Emperors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		He was not entirely comfortable as an administrator, perhaps because he had been raised a republican and did not approve of Augustus turning the Roman Empire into an imperial government.
		But the ensuing civil war and rapid murders of two emperors made Vespasian realize he could make a play for the purple.
		This brought an end to the Civil Wars, and in recognition of this accomplishment Vespasian built a grand Temple of Peace.
	www.deadromans.com /romanemp/default.htm (1744 words)

	Roman Civil Wars - Military History Wiki
		Fulvia's civil war (41/40 BC), between the forces of Lucius Antonius and Fulvia Antonia (the younger brother and wife of Marc Antony) and Octavian's Triumvirate army - Triumvirate victory
		Antony's civil war (32/30 BC), between the Western provinces (under the leadership of Octavian and Agrippa) and the East (under command of Marc Antony and Cleopatra) - Western victory
		The next Roman civil war would not be fought until after Nero's suicide in 68 AD; this period was known as the "Pax Augusti" (peace of Augustus), and was the beginning of the era known as the "Pax Romana" (Roman Peace).
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /index.php?title=Roman_Civil_Wars (424 words)

	HMGS East Cold Wars Theme History
		Due to the enormous military successes of the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire the legion has long been regarded as the prime ancient model for military efficiency and ability.
		Much of Roman history during this time is founded on legends, but it is believed that during the reign of Servius Tullius, all Roman able-bodied, property-owning male citizens were first divided into five classes for military service based on wealth, since soldiers provided their own weapons and equipment.
		This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Caesar Augustus in 27 BC.
	www.coldwars.org /themehistory.htm (3897 words)

	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Rome
		Corbulo and the Parthian War 58-66 CE [At CSUN]
		A CAD recreation of the Roman fort at Colonia Ulpia Traiana.
		A Roman Harvest Sacrifice, from Cato, On Agriculture 134, 160 BCE [At enteract.com]
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook09.html (3452 words)

	Roman Navy
		Prior to the Punic wars the Roman classis or fleet was limited to minor coastal operations and support for trade.
		Their newly founded sea prowess enables the Roman legions to land on the coast of North Africa and bring the war out of Italy and into the laps of the Carthaginians.
		Roman ships were built by copying the example of captured Carthaginian vessels, combined with the expertise supplied by the Greek cities of southern Italy.
	www.unrv.com /military/roman-navy.php (792 words)

	The Roman Empire (27 B.C.-393 A.D.) \| Special Topics Page \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Julio-Claudians, Roman nobles with an impressive ancestry, maintained Republican ideals and wished to involve the Senate and other Roman aristocrats in the government.
		69–79 A.D.) emerged as victor from the carnage of the civil wars.
		It was a time when the distinction between provincials and Romans diminished as a greater number of emperors, senators, citizens, and soldiers came from provincial backgrounds and Italians no longer dominated the empire.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/hd/roem/hd_roem.htm (1497 words)

	Roman Military History
		Herr, M.D., “The Participation of the Galilee in the War of Qitos(=Quietus) or in the “Ben Kosiba Revolt,” Cathedra 4 (1977), pp.
		Isaac, Benjamin, “Roman Colonies in Judaea: The Foundation of Aelia Capitolina,” Talanta (1980/81) pp.
		Woolliscroft, D.J., The Roman Frontier on the Gask Ridge, Perth and Kinross, The Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee Monograph 3.
	academics.vmi.edu /history_rms/roman.htm (10275 words)

	Rome - The Late Republic - History for Kids!
		By 146 BC the Romans were the only important power left in the Mediterranean Sea, and they controlled almost all of its coastline.
		A lot of Roman traders who were living in Africa were massacred.
		This war is called the Social War, from the Latin word for allies, "socii".
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/romans/history/civilwars.htm (590 words)

	Civil Wars Throughout the World: An Interdisciplinary Perspective
		Three civil wars within 25 years (with 8 year truce to join forces against Japanese) (conclusive years: 1946-49) Very complex, with implications worldwide for 46 years to the present.
		Note: Between 1900 and 1967, there were 526 wars called, by one source, Civil Wars (broadest use of the term--too broad perhaps).
		How do Civil Wars differ in countries that have voluntary union of states (American) as opposed to forced union of countries or states (Yugoslavia).
	www.lib.lsu.edu /cwc/inter-aspects/world1.htm (763 words)

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