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	Introduction - Adoption Encyclopedia
		Adoption, the lawful transfer of parental obligations and rights, is not solely a child of the 20th century but is a very old and constantly evolving institution.
		Adoption is also mentioned in the Hindu Laws of Manu, written about 200 B.C. Perhaps the earliest known adoption is mentioned in the Bible, which describes the adoption of Moses by the Pharaoh's daughter.
		Adoption satisfied religious requirements in some cases; for example, in the Shinto religion, ancestral worship and the performing of certain religious rituals were perceived as necessary and important reasons for the institution of adoption.
	encyclopedia.adoption.com /intro/introduction/1.html (686 words)

	Adoption in Ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Roman law, the power to give children in adoption was one of the recognised powers of the pater familias.
		Adoption was agreed between families of (for the most part) equal status, often political allies and/or with blood connections.
		Adoption was not secretive or considered shameful, nor was the adopted boy expected to cut ties to his original family.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Adoption_in_Rome (791 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Canonical Adoption
		Wherever the substantial elements of the Roman law are retained in the new codes, the Church recognizes this relationship as a diriment impediment in accord with the principle laid down by Benedict XIV.
		Adoption is regulated in the United States by State statutes; generally it is accomplished by mutual obligations assumed in the manner prescribed by law.
		When adoption is in accord with the substantial elements of the Roman law, as in the case of the German code, in the eyes of the Church it carries with it all the restrictions in the matter of marriage accepted by the Church from the Roman law.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/01147b.htm (1137 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Roman Law (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Roman law in its maturity recognized a definite natural-law theory as the ultimate test of the reasonableness of positive law, and repudiated the concept that justice is the creature of positive law.
		The Romans attributed slavery to the jus gentium because it was universally practised, and therefore implied the consent of all men, yet the definition of slavery expressly states that it is contra naturam, "against nature".
		To return to the Roman law, the school of the glossators (of whom Accursius in the middle of the thirteenth century was the last) was succeeded by the school of which Bartolus of Sasso Ferrato and Alciat were representatives.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09079a.htm (12228 words)

	adoption on Encyclopedia.com
		Adoption statutes usually provide that the consent of the parents or guardian of the child—and that of the child, if above a certain age—must be obtained.
		Transracial adoptions are controversial, pitting issues of culture and heritage against the need of a child for a stable parent-child relationship as early in life as possible, regardless of race.
		In adoption by unrelated adults, the courts have traditionally attempted to ease adjustment to the adoptive family and protect the privacy of the (often unwed) mother by maintaining secrecy regarding the child's birth parents.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/a1/adoption.asp (1107 words)

	Chapter 12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Adoption is one of the few contexts in which the law allows persons who are responsible for the care and custody of minor children to abandon obligations of parenthood.
		This impediment to adoption usually is the result of a natural parental interest shared by both genders alike; it is not a manifestation of any profound difference between the affection and concern of mothers and fathers for their children.
		The decision to withhold from the unwed father the power to veto an adoption by the natural mother and her husband may well reflect a judgment that the putative father should not be able arbitrarily to withhold the benefit of legitimacy from his children.
	www.law2.byu.edu /Wardle/New_Fam/chapter12.htm (11402 words)

	The Spirit of Adoption (No. 34)
		Roman adoption required the person being adopted to publicly state that he or she renounced all previous family connections, political affiliations, and religious allegiances.
		Adoption required the person being adopted to be bought or redeemed from the natural parents and, in fact, the process of adoption was not complete until the new parents had gone through this process.
		adoption proper (adoptio) was the process by which a person was transferred from his natural father’s power into that of his adoptive father; and it consisted in a fictitious sale of the son, and his surrender by the natural to the adoptive father.
	www.ccg.org /English/s/p034.html (5045 words)

	Adoption (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools
		Three cases of adoption are mentioned: of Moses (Exodus 2:10), Genubath (1 Kings 11:20) and Esther (Esther 2:7, Esther 2:15), but it is remarkable that they all occur outside of Palestine--in Egypt and Persia, where the practice of adoption prevailed.
		In a more specific sense, adoption proper (adoptio) was the process by which a person was transferred from his natural father's power into that of his adoptive father, and it consisted in a fictitious sale of the son, and his surrender by the natural to the adoptive father.
		Adoption as God's act is an eternal process of His gracious love, for He "fore-ordained us unto adoption as sons through Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will" (Ephesians 1:5).
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/221 (1735 words)

	Journal of Social History: Blood Ties and Fictive Ties: Adoption and Family Life in Early Modern France. - book reviews
		Those Parisians most likely to seek out children for adoption came instead from the middling ranks of the city's population whose family lives were much more open to the creation of "fictive" kin relations through the experiences of wet nursing, apprenticeship and god parenthood.
		She shows the importance of the lingering association of adoption with ancient Roman practices in which children were introduced into the family at the wishes of the paterfamilias solely to ensure family continuity.
		Although Gager rightly argues that the practice of adoption that she has documented contributed to the continuous appeal of adoption as reality and symbol, one is most struck by the contrast between the overblown rhetoric of revolutionary pronouncements on adoption and the genuine feeling conveyed by the more austere notarial documents.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n1_v31/ai_20355277 (1382 words)

	DOCTRINE OF ADOPTION
		For example, from late in the first century to the mid second century AD and beyond, Roman emperors adopted men not related to them by blood with the intention that they should succeed them in the principate (i.e., office of Caesar).
		Roman law is the only source of reference for the theological background.
		As those who have come of age, believers are sons and heirs (as in Roman law), and are qualified to enter into the final investiture of their sonship, cp.
	www.versebyverse.org /doctrine/adoption.html (1129 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Roman slept OK with just a bit trouble falling asleep after our bathroom run in the middle of the night.
		I thought since Roman was so good on the train that a 10 hour car trip during the day would be OK--well, I didn't count on leaving so late in the afternoon that it was essentially an overnight trip.
		When we returned at 6 pm Roman went immediately to sleep (once he decides to sleep, he does!!) and he was able to sleep for 12 straight hours...
	home.earthlink.net /~lprattsprint0/Faith (5785 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.02.10
		By comparing the provisions of adoption laws in England and Wales, Gardner establishes that Roman adoption served a far different purpose: it was not concerned with the welfare of children but was instead "about property entitlement" (116).
		The provision of the Julian law on adultery concerning the paterfamilias' right to punish his daughter with death applied in cases of adoption, since that involved his legal authority, but expectations of behavior grounded upon pietas were occasionally modified for adoptive children and parents "because of the artificial origin of their relationship" (124).
		She also examines Justinian's other adoption reforms, which confined the imposition of potestas and loss of agnatic inheritance rights in the natal family to those who were being adopted by biological male ascendants.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-02-10.html (2459 words)

	bible.org: ISBE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Three cases of adoption are mentioned: of Moses (Ex 2:10), Genubath (1 Ki 11:20) and Esther (Est 2:7,15), but it is remarkable that they all occur outside of Palestine--in Egypt and Persia, where the practice of adoption prevailed.
		The redemption is only a precondition of adoption, which follows upon faith, and is accompanied by the sending of "the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, crying, Abba, Father," and then all bondage is done away (Gal 4:5-7).
		Adoption as God's act is an eternal process of His gracious love, for He "fore-ordained us unto adoption as sons through Jesus Christ unto himself, according to the good pleasure of his will" (Eph 1:5).
	www.bible.org /isbe.asp?id=221 (1731 words)

	OUR FATHER GOD
		After the symbolic sale, there followed a ceremony in which the adopting father went to one of the Roman magistrates, and presented a legal case for the transfer of the person to be adopted.
		The Romans perceived that the new person was entering into a new life with which the past had nothing to do.
		That Roman ceremony was performed in the presence of seven witnesses.
	www.tulip.org /ccr/rom08b.htm (1534 words)

	Adoption - Child of God Doctrine Study (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		According to the Roman law the adopted person lost all rights in his old family and gained all the rights of a legitimate son in his new family.
		The word "adoption" means "a son given to one to whom it does not naturally belong." The adopted person has the same privileges, benefits, position as a natural born son.
		Vincent says our adoption should serve to impress upon us "the assurance that the adopted son of God becomes in a peculiar and intimate sense, one with the heavenly Father." The Holy Spirit enables the believer to call God, "Father" (Romans 8:15).
	www.abideinchrist.com /keys/adoption.html (1488 words)

	Romanpop
		Roman is available through a joint effort between The National Anatolian Rescue Network and DogsOnly.
		Roman and his brothers were rescued from a shelter in TN.
		Roman's adoption fee is $150 to help us cover the cost of his neuter and vet work.
	www.dogsonly.org /RomanASDpop.html (186 words)

	God wants us to be His Sons, not His Slaves
		In general, however, adoption was conducted between males and involved the legal transfer of the adoptee into the agnatic family of the adopter.
		Adoption did not sever normal relations with the original family any more than marriage or emancipation from the father's authority would have done and the law still observed certain obligations between the adopted child and his biological father.
		In contrast to adoption at the end of the eighteenth and in the nineteenth century, it was not conceived as a humanitarian solution to the large-scale abandonment of children (related or not to the increase in illegitimate births).
	www.abcog.org /sons.htm (3499 words)

	bibleteacher.org: Christian Liberty and Galatians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		That is the normal use and definition of adoption: It generally indicates the legal process by which a man might bring into his family, and endow with the status and privileges of a son, one who was not by nature his son or of his kindred.
		The adopted Roman child was still under the Law of Rome, and the adopted Christian is under the Law of the Spirit.
		A Roman child became an adult at the sacred family festival known as the Liberalia, held annually on the seventeenth of March.
	www.woundedheart.org /Galstudy9.htm (8585 words)

	Academic Presentations on The Roman Empire
		During the roman rule, the city became one of the attractions in the region, due to its commercial potential originating from geostrategic location.
		The Roman’s armor looked like it came from a store specializing in cheap Halloween costumes and it seems like every time the Romans were the primary scene, the cinematographer turned the color setting so low they almost appeared in fl and white with ghoulish white faces.
		That the theatre was filled with the sound of wild howling, an image of a colony in ruins was seen in the water of the Thames and the sea became blood coloured.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mharrsch/2003_10_01_academicpres_archive.html (2843 words)

	New Page 2
		The true problem is not whether the Romans or the Jews were right or wrong -- but rather, both were right, and the masses and quasi-secular leaders and priests of both religions lacked the spiritual depth to comprehend the essence of their own respective religions which were equally of a Divine Expression.
		The respectable name of Plato was used by the orthodox, and abused by the heretics, as the common support of truth and error; the authority of his skilful commentators and the science of dialectics were employed to justify the remote consequences of his opinions, and to supply the discreet silence of the inspired writers.
		In the Greek and Roman mystery religions of the time, the Christos was the Anointing of the Logos, and the Christian was the follower of the Anointed.
	mystic.nazirene.org /SonOfGod.htm (15336 words)

	Adoption - International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
		The contrast between law and faith is first set forth on the field of history, as a contrast between both the pre-Christian and the Christian economies (Galatians 3:23,24), although in another passage he carries the idea of adoption back into the covenant relation of God with Israel (Romans 9:4).
		In Romans 8:12-17 the idea of obligation or debt is coupled with that of liberty.
		Man is thought of as at one time under the authority and power of the flesh (Romans 8:5), but when the Spirit of Christ comes to dwell in him, he is no longer a debtor to the flesh but to the Spirit (Romans 8:12,13), and debt or obligation to the Spirit is itself liberty.
	www.searchgodsword.org /enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T221 (1767 words)

	Glencairn Museum: Classical Collection
		Minerva was the Roman equivalent of the Greek goddess Athena, goddess of war.
		In the new Roman gallery, objects will be arranged to illustrate the diversity of religions that were present in the Roman empire, including traditional Roman religion, early Christianity, and the Roman adoption of Egyptian religion.
		For example, the lamp shown above is from Roman Egypt, and may have been used on the occasion of births, since the image of the frog recalls the Egyptian goddess of birth, Heqet.
	www.glencairnmuseum.org /Classical.html (339 words)

	Our Adoption as God's Children
		The metaphor of adoption seems to be one such adaptation for the sake of effectiveness in communicating the gospel.
		According to Cowen, "huiothesia (adoption) is formed by combining huios (son) and thesis (a placing) and literally means ‘the placing as a son’ or ‘adoption.’ Vine says that huiothesia ‘signifies the place and condition of a son given to one to whom it does not naturally belong." See Cowen, Gerald.
		In surveying Paul’s use of the word "adoption" we are examining his use of the Greek word huiothesia which is translated adoption in some cases and sonship in others depending on the translation being used.
	www.wcg.org /lit/gospel/adoption.htm (4076 words)

	Ukraine Adoption Journal - Bravenet Web Journal
		Roman is a bed wetter so I have to get him home without ticking off any landlords.
		Roman didn't want me to see him cry so he went around to the backside of a column.
		Luda tried to assure her that she has been doing adoptions for 5 years and that it could be done.
	adoptukraine.bravejournal.com (16309 words)

	Quodlibet Online Journal: Coming Home: Adoption in Ephesians and Galatians - by Sarah Julien and Melanie Murray (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Through adoption, Monica Catherine became a permanent member of the Ropser family. This gave her access to much affection, many gifts, appropriate discipline, and a profound sense of belonging. This also gave her parents boundless joy because she took a place in their family that had been waiting just for her.
		Just as Roman law states that only natural sons could be estranged or disowned from a family, so Jesus, God’s natural son, was estranged from him.
		This adoption results in a change of status for us, just like slaves were brought into sonship under Roman law.
	www.quodlibet.net /murray-adoption.shtml (2011 words)

	Adoption
		The Christians on that day fully understood the word adoption as they were living under the Roman empire. Let us see some of the useful points in Roman adoption that truly relates to what Paul was saying.
		In Roman culture the old life of the adopted person was canceled, that means all his debts were canceled as he has a new Father with new responsibilities and privileges.
		Yes, the fullness of the adoption is when we are with him face to face forever.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Academy/4721/Adoption.htm (1711 words)

	ADOPTION. What the Bible says about adoption.
		9:4 - "Israelites, to whom belongs the adoption as sons and the glory and the
		Paternal authority under Roman law was often severe.
		Some allege Roman adoption was rite of manhood for placement as "adult son."
	www.christinyou.net /pages/adoption.html (479 words)

	Early Roman Education - Education RU (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		… Much of the Roman education of children was adopted from the Greeks.
		A Roman Education: Just as it is in much of the world today, the amount and kind of … In the early days of Rome, boys were taught by their parents, …
		… Life of a Roman Male; Education of a Roman Male; Life of a Roman Female … For his early years a Roman boy was raised at home by his mother until he …
	www.education.ru.com /early-roman-education.html (650 words)

	Library.adoption.com Site Map (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Byline: THE WASHINGTON TIMES You eulogized Bill Pierce for making adoption easier for adoptive parents (Bill Pierce, rest in peace, Editorials, Wednesday), but it is also worth point...
		Mormons believe that the sacred ordinance of marriage is God-ordained and is meant to seal together family units, including the parents and all natural and legally adopted children.
		adoption photolisting - photolisting of thousands of children awaiting adoption
	library.adoption.com /Laws-Legal-Issues/Sealed-Adoption-Records-Knowin... (492 words)

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