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Topic: Roman commerce

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	Rome Transportation - Crystalinks
		Expansion of the Roman Empire was both facilitated by and an impetus to the development of an efficient system of roads.
		The major Roman roads were built upon a foundation of carefully laid rock which was constructed from a large ditch dug into the underlying earth.
		Roman civil engineering made it possible for the Romans to travel almost as efficiently by road as by ship, although the Romans usually preferred to travel by sea to towns on the coast, if they were given a choice.
	www.crystalinks.com /rometransportation.html (714 words)

	Roman Empire - Search View - MSN Encarta
		Some Romans complained that the loss of liberty was too great a price to pay for peace, but most recognized that under the so-called liberty of the Roman Republic, a few hundred men had divided the spoils of empire while the workers and the provincials suffered.
		Internal peace revived Roman patriotism and economic prosperity, and Augustus improved the defense of the frontiers and the administration of the provinces.
		Roman freedmen did not encounter the racial prejudice that restricted the political and economic progress of the descendants of American slaves.
	encarta.msn.com /text_1741502785__1/Roman_Empire.html (17692 words)

	Roman commerce - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire.
		Romans were businessmen — the longevity of their empire was due to their commercial trade.
		Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Roman_mercantilism (922 words)

	Roman Empire - Deistpedia, the Deist encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Roman Empire is also used as translation of the expression Imperium Romanum, probably the best known Latin expression where the word "imperium" is used in the meaning of a territory, the "Roman Empire", as that part of the world where Rome ruled.
		Roman titles of power were adopted by successor states and other entities with imperial pretensions, including the Frankish kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the first and second Bulgarian empires, the Russian/Kiev dynasties, and the German Empire.
		The Holy Roman Empire, an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on "Christ" mas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades.
	www.templeofreason.org /test7/Roman_Empire.htm (8335 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Mercury (mythology)
		Mercury in particular was reported as becoming extremely popular among the nations the Roman Empire conquered; Julius Caesar wrote of Mercury being the most popular god in Britain and Gaul, regarded as the inventor of all the arts.
		This is probably because in the Roman syncretism, Mercury was equated with the Celtic god Lugus, and in this aspect was commonly accompanied by the Celtic goddess Rosmerta.
		In Roman mythology, the goddess Furina was the patroness of thieves.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Mercury-%28mythology%29 (3298 words)

	Roman Empire - Military History Wiki
		The Greeks adopted the Roman name in the middle ages and were known as Romans, a trend that survives until today in Greece, a result of their elevated position within the Empire itself.
		Roman titles of power were adopted by successor states and other entities with imperial pretensions, including the Frankish kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the first and second Bulgarian empires (see List of Bulgarian monarchs), the Russian/Kiev dynasties (see czars), and the German Empire (see Kaiser).
		The Holy Roman Empire, an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /index.php?title=Roman_Empire&redirect=no (8402 words)

	Transportation in Ancient Rome (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Roman civil engineering made it possible for the Romans to travel almost as efficiently by road as by ship, although the Romans usually preferred to travel by sea to towns on the coast, if they were given a choice.
		The Romans were in the process themselves of expanding their influence, and it would be only a matter of time before the two expanding empires came into conflict.
		Roman sailors were often very loath to do this, fearing the perils of a voyage to the cold and misty isle of Britain on the edge of the known universe.
	jclcds.tripod.com /transport.html (3303 words)

	Roman Numerals
		The Romans were active in trade and commerce, and from the time of learning to write they needed a way to indicate numbers.
		The big differences between Roman and Arabic numerals (the ones we use today) are that Romans didn't have a symbol for zero, and that numeral placement within a number can sometimes indicate subtraction rather than addition.
		So the Romans moved on to the symbol for 5 - V. Placing I in front of the V — or placing any smaller number in front of any larger number — indicates subtraction.
	www.novaroma.org /via_romana/numbers.html (507 words)

	The Romans in Turkey
		Ephesus (above) in Turkey's Aegean region was the capital of the Roman province of Asia.
		In 129 BC the Roman republic claimed Anatolia as its own, establishing the province of Asia (or Asia Minor), with its capital at Ephesus.
		Roman rule brought increased commerce and prosperity to Anatolia, and provided fertile ground for the spread of a new religion.
	www.turkeytravelplanner.com /TravelDetails/History/Romans.html (308 words)

	Definition of Roman commerce
		Roman commerce was the engine that drove the growth of the Roman Empire.
		Romans were businessmen — the longevity of their empire was due to their commercial trade.
		Whereas in theory members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade, the members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Roman_commerce (979 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Roman commerce was the engine that drove the economy of the late Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire.
		The slaves were themselves also the subject of commercial transactions, and given their high proportion in society (compared to that in Classical Greece), and the reality of runaways, the Roman Servile Wars and minor uprisings, they gave a distinct flavour to Roman commerce.
		The most substantial remains from this commerce are the infrastructure remains of harbours, moles, warehouses and lighthouses at the ports of Civitavecchia, Ostia, Portus, Leptis Magna and Caesarea Maritima etc. At Rome itself Monte Testaccio is a tribute to the scale of this commerce.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Roman_commerce (1885 words)

	Adherents.com
		At mid-century the proportion of Catholics in the country was about 24%; by the 1990s that proportion was 28 or 29%, expanding at about the same pace as Protestants are declining.
		In the short space of 30 years Catholics increased from 22% to 26% of the population, or by 15%.
		Between 1958 and 1960, the number of Roman Catholics increased to 26.1%.
	www.adherents.com /Na/Na_127.html (2473 words)

	Transportation in Ancient Rome
		The Romans were in the process themselves of expanding their influence, and it would be only a matter of time before the two expanding empires came into conflict.
		Roman soldiers rampaged through the streets of a defeated Carthage who refused to surrender even in the face of overwhelming odds.
		Roman sailors were often very loath to do this, fearing the perils of a voyage to the cold and misty isle of Britain on the edge of the known universe.
	cdsjcl.f2g.net /transport.html (3303 words)

	Roman Forum Summary
		The Forum Piscarium was dedicated to the commerce of fish, between the Capitoline hill and the Tiber, in the area of the current Roman Ghetto.
		The Forum Suarium was dedicated to the commerce of pork, near the barracks of the cohortes urbanae in the northern part of the campus Martius.
		The Roman Forum consisted of many things such as the Curia, the meeting place for the Roman Senate, the Comitium Well, or assembly place, the Basilica the meeting place for law courts, social gatherings, and business, and the Rostra, the speaker's platform that was built to serve the young government.
	www.bookrags.com /Roman_Forum (1174 words)

	[No title]
		This city controlled the sea trade in the Adriatic sea and represented an obstacle to the expansion of the Roman commerce in the Mediterranean.
		Since Roman fitter-outs did not have a great experience in shipbuilding, they used a Carthaginian ship, fallen in their hands, as a model for their own vessels.
		Roman ships were also rigged with new devices: the rostrum, used to break through the enemy ship, and the corvus, a drawbridge upon which it was possible for soldiers to fight as on land.
	web.tiscali.it /scina/roman_conquest.htm (1286 words)

	Chapter Foundation Of Constantinople. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by Gibbon
		After Ajax had fallen a sacrifice to his disappointed pride, and to the ingratitude of the Greeks, his sepulchre was erected on the ground where he had defended the navy against the rage of Jove and of Hector; and the citizens of the rising town of Rhæteum celebrated his memory with divine honors.
		Situated in the forty-first degree of latitude, the Imperial city commanded, from her seven hills, the opposite shores of Europe and Asia; the climate was healthy and temperate, the soil fertile, the harbor secure and capacious; and the approach on the side of the continent was of small extent and easy defence.
		The preservation of the eastern provinces may, in some degree, be ascribed to the policy of Constantine, as the barbarians of the Euxine, who in the preceding age had poured their armaments into the heart of the Mediterranean, soon desisted from the exercise of piracy, and despaired of forcing this insurmountable barrier.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25659/3.html (621 words)

	Italian Indian Culture
		Politically, ancient Italy was the headquarters of the Roman empire, a kingdom that spread across Europe and the west-Asian land mass, to border the Indian empire of the time.
		Thanks to the Roman invention of concrete, the construction of the dome was improved and became capable of spanning enormous spaces.
		The Roman penchant to spend time in the baths (thermae) is well known and led to the construction of the largest of them all, the Diocletian, completed in AD 305 which covered an area of 130,000 sq.
	www.lifeinitaly.com /culture/india-italy.asp (1812 words)

	Chapter The Internal Prosperity In The Age Of The Antonines. of History of The Decline And Fall of The Roman Empire by ...
		Under the Roman empire, the labor of an industrious and ingenious people was variously, but incessantly, employed in the service of the rich.
		The provinces would soon have been exhausted of their wealth, if the manufactures and commerce of luxury had not insensibly restored to the industrious subjects the sums which were exacted from them by the arms and authority of Rome.
		The objects of oriental traffic were splendid and trifling; silk, a pound of which was esteemed not inferior in value to a pound of gold; precious stones, among which the pearl claimed the first rank after the diamond; and a variety of aromatics, that were consumed in religious worship and the pomp of funerals.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/1/62/109/25644/11.html (908 words)

	Sino-Roman relations at AllExperts
		The rapid growth of Roman commerce with ancient China likely would not have been possible without two major preceding developments, first by Alexander the Great and the ancient Greeks, and second by the spread of embassies of the Han Dynasty into Central and Western Asia.
		With the expansion of the Roman Empire in the Middle-East during the 2nd century, the Romans gained the capability to develop shipping and trade in the Indian Ocean.
		The first group of people claiming to be an embassy of Romans to China is recorded in 166, sixty years after the expeditions to the west of the Chinese general Ban Chao.
	en.allexperts.com /e/s/si/sino-roman_relations.htm (2322 words)

	Untitled Document
		The artists of the later Roman empire abandoned the subtle and sophisticated realism and idealism of the classical era, what seemed to be one of its most cherished accomplishments, extending back for a thousand year or more, sacrificing all that had been gained from Kritios and Exekias to Praxitiles and Phidias and Philoxenos and Epigonos.
		Roman emperors ruled vast portions of the globe and vast numbers of people, and they did so nearly as much through the brilliant portrayal of their power as through the overwhelming violence of their great armies.
		The Roman empire didn’t end with Constantine, but it was transformed by his conversion to Christianity and his conversion of the state from religion of Roman divinities to that of the new, Christian god.
	www.public.iastate.edu /~tart/fall2003arth280website/lateroman.html (5954 words)

	[No title]
		Trade and commerce brought about great changes in the lifestyles of the people, influenced the way war was waged, and often determined who sat upon the throne of a particular state.
		Commerce spread to the coast of the Gulf of Lyons and the Rhone basin.
		Through Byzantine commerce, which was fed by caravans from Asia and Africa, Europe had access to spices, gems, rare metals, perfumes, sandal-wood, camphor and musk, cotton, raw silk, fine silk and wool fabrics, muslin and carpets.
	www.florilegium.org /files/COMMERCE/Med-Merchants-CA.text (19685 words)

	Roman commerce Details, Meaning Roman commerce Article and Explanation Guide
		In theory, members of the Roman Senate and their families were prohibited from engaging in trade.
		The members of the Equestrian order were involved in businesses, despite their upper class values that laid the emphasis on military pursuits and leisure activities.
		Early on, even before the republic, the Roman Kingdom was engaged in regular commerce using the river Tiber.
	www.e-paranoids.com /r/ro/roman_commerce.html (731 words)

	Johnston's Private Life of the Romans, Ch. 11
		It is impossible to estimate the number of freedmen at any given period of Roman history, but the practice of manumission had grown general enough to cause alarm by the end of the Republic, and Augustus limited it in some degree by legislation.
		As a matter of fact some Romans of the better class rather avoided these shows, unless they were officially connected with them, and many of them devoted the holidays to visiting their country estates.
		After the siesta, which lasted for an hour or more, the Roman was ready for his regular athletic exercise and bath, either in the Campus (§ 317), and the Tiber (§; 317) or in one of the public bathing establishments (§ 365).
	www.forumromanum.org /life/johnston_11.html (5522 words)

	Roman Paris
		Roman Lutetia was laid out at the intersection of the Seine and two parallel Roman roads running north-south.
		The Roman town of Lutetia also had an open-air amphitheater on the Left Bank that could hold 8,000-9,000 spectators, as well as a smaller covered theater for an audience of up to 4,500, and a chariot racing circuit or circus.
		Thus Roman control of northern France effectively ended, although the local general Siagrius nominally upheld Roman rule from Soissons in the Picardie region of northern France, even after the defection of the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus, in 476.
	www.athenapub.com /14roman-paris.htm (1585 words)

	Outlines of Roman History, Chapter 22
		He divided the Roman provinces with Cleopatra, who was called “the queen of kings.” The Roman people were shocked when he desired his disgraceful acts to be confirmed by the senate.
		Cicero was the most learned and prolific writer of the age; his orations, letters, rhetorical and philosophical essays furnish the best models of classic style, and have given him a place among the great prose writers of the world.
		Roman education was patterned in many respects after that of the Greeks; for its general character, see p.
	www.forumromanum.org /history/morey22.html (3976 words)

	Republic and Empire, Ancient Roman Coins - Calgary Coin Gallery
		Denarii were struck for use in areas under Roman control and would remain the principal coin of the Mediterranean world for the next 450 years.
		Prior to that the Romans did not control any area rich in silver, which is why silver coins were not generally issued in earlier periods.
		In 49-48 B.C. the fabric of the Roman Republic was coming apart with a civil war being fought between the Pompeian forces lead by Pompey the Great, and those of his former allies, Julius Caesar.
	www.calgarycoin.com /roman1.htm (1114 words)

	Exploring Chinese History :: Politics :: International Relations :: Relations During Imperial China
		The rapid growth of Roman commerce with ancient China likely would not have been possible without two major preceding developments, first by Alexander the Great and the ancient Greeks, and second by the spread of embassies of the Han Dynasty into Central and Western Asia.
		The Hou Hanshu records that a delegation of Roman envoys arrived in China by this maritime route in 166 CE; this may well have been an exaggeration, by the envoys or the scribe, of a party of Roman merchants.
		With the expansion of the Roman Empire in the Middle-East during the 2nd century, the Romans gained the capability to develop shipping and trade in the Indian Ocean.
	www.ibiblio.org /chinesehistory/contents/03pol/c05s01.html (2535 words)

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