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Topic: Roman culture

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	Roman provinces
		The frontiers of the Roman Empire were protected by mighty fortifications.
		Architectural monuments are visible testimony to the Roman presence in all of Rome's provinces.
		Following the decline of the western Roman Empire in 476, it was not until the end of the 8th century that the Franconian Emperor Charlemagne, also known as the "Father of Europe", united many of the former Roman provinces once again into a major empire.
	www.hdg.de /eurovisionen/html_eng/ku2_1.html (94 words)

	Ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Roman legend, Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC by twin descendants As the city was bereft of women, legend says that the Latins invited the Sabines to a festival and stole their unmarried maidens, leading to the integration of the Latins and the Sabines.
		The Roman legion was one of the strongest aspects of the Roman army.
		The Roman triumph was a civic ceremony and religious rite held to publicly honor a military commander.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ancient_Rome (5999 words)

	Culture of ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term refers to the culture of the Roman Republic, later the Roman Empire, which, at peak, covered an area from Cumbria and Morocco to the Euphrates.
		During the Imperial period, staple food of the lower class Romans (plebeians) was vegetable porridge and bread, and occasionally fish, meat, olives and fruits.
		With the fall of the Roman Republic and the reign of the emperors which created the Roman Empire in 31 BC the Roman emperors were considered to be gods incarnate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_culture (3962 words)

	Culture of Ancient Rome: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The roman empire is the term conventionally used to describe the roman state in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of caesar augustus....
		The roman senate (lat., senatus) was a deliberative body which was important in the government of both the roman republic and the roman empire....
		In music history, the roman school was a group of composers of predominantly church music, in rome, during the 16th and 17th century17th centuries, therefore...
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/cu/culture_of_ancient_rome.htm (10098 words)

	UNRV History - Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Throughout the classical world the Empire of the Romans was littered with enduring monuments to their gods and military leaders, even the ruins of which still possess the capacity to awe their observers.
		Practically even before a child of Roman parents was conceived, during the period of the Republic his or her name was already prescribed by a rigid system of personal identification.
		Of the tria nomina, the three-part name borne by most freeborn male Roman citizens, the Roman praenomen came first and was the only one of the three names that offered parents some choice in naming their son.
	www.unrv.com (778 words)

	Ancient Roman Culture - Crystalinks
		One Roman writer said that the imperial government kept the Romans contented by "bread and circuses." Other societies have relied on the same strategy, but never to the same degree.
		The Romans built huge waterways called aqueducts to bring water to the cities and imported large jugs of wine and oil from Spain, Gaul, and Africa to fulfill the necessities of the Roman table.
		The games were important occasions during which the Roman people could see the emperor, and he could show his respect for them by following their desire to spare a gladiator.
	www.crystalinks.com /romeculture.html (1290 words)

	Ancient Roman Culture
		History: The Ancient Romans acquired many of their cultural habits from the Ancient Greeks.The Greeks inspired the Romans from everyday customs and laws to architectural designs and style.The Ancient Romans were first governed by what is called the Twelve Tables.
		Most Roman men and women tried to visit the baths at least once a day.The baths had hot and cold pools, towels, slaves to wait on you, steam rooms, saunas, exercise rooms, and even hair cutting salons.
		Roman houses were built around a courtyard that was open to the elements.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/cultural/oldworld/europe/ancient_roman_culture.html (591 words)

	Rome: History
		Roman history begins in a small village in central Italy; this unassuming village would grow into a small metropolis, conquer and control all of Italy, southern Europe, the Middle East, and Egypt, and find itself, by the start of AD time, the most powerful and largest empire in the world.
		The Romans would look to their empire as the instrument that brought law and justice to the rest of the world; in some sense, the relative peace and stability they brought to the world did support this view.
		Culturally, the Romans had a slight inferiority complex in regards to the Greeks, who had begun their city-states only a few centuries before the rise of the Roman republic.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ROME/HISTORY.HTM (386 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.02.26
		Hingley stresses the Roman elite's exclusivity; Roman culture was the prerogative of the educated wealthy, who silenced and demeaned those without a sufficiently high level of cultural attainment.
		In regard to a subject as contentious and politically charged as Roman imperialism, it is foolish to deny the influence of modern politics on scholarly assessments.
		He claims that "Mommsen's and Haverfield's theories of Romanization were part of a broader image of progress that was common to many people during the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; ideas that were derived from the evolutionary and diffusionist theories that formed a fundamental part of modernist thought" (p.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2006/2006-02-26.html (1483 words)

	Roman Triumph
		Impressive in its splendour and symbolic character, the ceremony of triumph was a congenital part of Roman culture.
		The Roman triumph ceremony must have been imbued in the conscience of the Romans because the triumphal processions continued long after the last "classical" one.
		The more genuine imitation of the Roman triumph was undertaken during the Italian Renaissance when Cola di Rienza, a friend of Petrarch's, managed to lead the procession rather similar to the ancient ones.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~mvbelous/triumph.html (765 words)

	Scholia Reviews 15 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In this extended essay Hingley, author of the acclaimed Roman Officers and English Gentlemen (London 2000), deals with the question whether the term `globalization' is more appropriate than the older `Romanization' for describing the extensive cultural changes that occurred, especially in material culture, in the Roman empire in the early Imperial period.
		He is not entirely dismissive of the approaches of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholars on the nature of Roman provincial culture and the question of Romanization, but again the positive aspects of their contribution need to be spelt out more clearly.
		The first approach to an understanding of Romanization would be a detailed study of the effect of the admission of non-Romans to citizenship.
	www.classics.und.ac.za /reviews/06-13hin.htm (1144 words)

	Roman Rule
		A last attempt to restore the former glory of the Hasmonean dynasty was made by Mattathias Antigonus, whose defeat and death brought Hasmonean rule to an end (40 BCE), and the Land became a province of the Roman Empire.
		In 37 BCE, Herod, a son-in-law of Hyrcanus II, was appointed King of Judea by the Romans.
		Superior Roman forces led by Titus were finally victorious, razing Jerusalem to the ground (70 CE) and defeating the last Jewish outpost at Masada (73 CE).
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/Romans.html (475 words)

	Roman Art
		Roman art is generally defined as much more than the art of the city of Rome; rather, it is the art of Roman civilization from Romulus to the Emperor Constantine, and covers a period of more than 1,000 years.
		The Romans also developed the use of the arch, the vault and the dome, and discovered concrete, which all allowed for a much grander architecture, its culmination being found in religious buildings such as the Pantheon in Rome and the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.
		Wherever the Roman Empire extended, it took its arts and architecture, and its mosaic, theatres, temples and statuary may be found from Hadrian's Wall in the north of England to Leptis Magna in North Africa, and from Constantinople in the east to Emerita Augusta in Spain in the west.
	www.artchive.com /artchive/R/roman.html (680 words)

	backtext (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Pax Romana or "Roman Peace" was a necessity in the furtherance of the Gospel of Jesus Christ.
		The Romans found out early on that they did not have much of an appetite for kings and their abuses of power, even if the king was a wise and benevolent ruler.
		Romans were fed up with the civil war and how it tore up their country and were ready to put their faith in one man. Augustus had faith in himself that he could end the strife and he set the tone of the Roman Empire.
	courses.indwes.edu /bil102/backtext.htm (14715 words)

	Roman Material Culture
		As a study, [material culture]...is based on the obvious premise that the existence of a man-made object is concrete evidence of presence of a human mind operating at the time of fabrication.
		The common assumption underlying material culture research is that objects made or modified by humans, consciously or unconsciously, directly or indirectly, reflect the belief patterns of individuals who made, commissioned, purchased, or used them, and, by extension, the belief patterns of the larger society of which they are a part" (Schlereth 3).
		An example of this type of analysis can be seen in my lecture on Roman Houses ("My So-Called Roman Life") when I argued that the mythological scenes seen on the walls of the House of the Tragic Poet were indicative of the imperial (but not republican) period.
	academic.reed.edu /humanities/110Tech/MaterialCulture.html (1294 words)

	Quintilian and Roman Art
		If the audience knows its culture and its history, then, they may become co-creators of the "text" of the orations: they fill in their own lacunae in their "reading" of the speech.
		In XI.ii.17-22, he describes the order of a Roman house--one may form a memory pattern on the where specific rooms in a typical house in Pompeii are situated, such as the "vestibulum, atrium, impluvium, and surrounding chambers" (Leach 76).
		Quintilian may be disgusted with the culture of his Roman nation under the reign of Domitian, but he knows that Roman men are capable of greatness, as evidenced from Rome's past.
	www.msu.edu /user/lewisbr4/980/Romanart.html (2104 words)

	Culture in Roman Asia Minor, Second Century C.E.: Art and Architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The resulting culture can be seen in large as well as small examples of art, in buildings as well as objects.
		In fact, Roman emperors (notably Hadrian) were eager and willing to spend great sums of money to support that culture, a fact that led to competition among the cities for imperial favour and funds.
		Roman forms of fresco-painting were introduced, and buildings for which there was no Greek precedent (such as baths) were built in imitation of Roman styles.
	www.wabash.edu /AsiaMinor/culture/art7arch.html (230 words)

	Amazon.com: Anthropology and Roman Culture : Kinship, Time, Images of the Soul (Ancient Society and History): Books: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In Anthropology and Roman Culture, Maurizio Bettini employs the methods of structural anthropology to examine a series of social, ethical, and religious issues characteristic of Roman culture in the classical period.
		He discusses the complex Roman spatial conception of time (in which the future, for instance, could be said to lie "behind" as well as "ahead" of us), applying his findings in an analysis of Roman literature and culture.
		And he examines the cultural symbolism of the bee, the butterfly, and the bat, all of which served to represent the survival of the human soul after death.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0801841046?v=glance (651 words)

	Culture in Roman Asia Minor: Elite Recreation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		During the second century, recreation was an important aspect of Roman athletics, especially for the elite.
		The Roman World became obsessed with such competitions and events, and an economic and military decline ensued.
		Tacitus, the author of the Annals, addressed the situation in Rome in 109 A.D., stating that Rome had become infiltrated with the ways of the Greeks, and many Roman citizens would rather train to compete in a boxing match than to prepare for war.
	www.wabash.edu /asiaminor/culture/athl_elrec.html (241 words)

	Amazon.ca: Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity and Power in the Roman Empire: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Being 'roman' meant different things to different people at different times - there was not an uniform view, in fact 'roman' culture was a mass of varying forces and tensions pulling people in different directions at the same time.
		He was a Greek and Roman citizen, a Roman Consul and Greek Archon and the dispossed ruler of a small kindom in Asia.
		The Romans were obsessed with identity and status and took every opportunity to express it on inscriptions, funerary monuments and artworld.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0415212855 (686 words)

	The Roman Empire
		Roman culture evolved through that time, from a small collection of villages on seven hills and the earliest kings, to the Republic, to the Empire, and this great culture is still with us.
		The Roman culture and military which created and held this all together is a fascinating study of organization, arts, economics, discipline, technology and thinking.
		Roman reenacting is very popular in Europe and now in the United States, with new groups appearing regularly.
	www.reenactor.net /Ancient/roman/roman_main.html (547 words)

	EAWC: Ancient Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		To their credit, the Romans recognized the richness of Greek art and architecture, and they sought to emulate the Greek masters -- and the Greek styles and themes -- in their own art.
		To a large degree, it was the Romans who brought Greek (and Hellenistic) culture to world attention.
		Romans patronized Greek artists and artisans in the glorification of a vast world of their own, Roman creation.
	eawc.evansville.edu /ropage.htm (325 words)

	Dr. J's On-Line Survey of Audio-Visual Resources for Classics: Roman Civ: General (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Using 3D re-creations of the Colosseum and Pompeii, focuses on culture, institutions, family structure, role of the army, military structure and tactics, the Christianization of Rome and the legacy of Roman Law.
		Chronicles the emergence of the Roman Empire as the first technological society and the spread of the Iron Age into Europe.
		Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Vol 1 by Edward Gibbon.
	lilt.ilstu.edu /drjclassics2/Files/romangeneral.shtm (3266 words)

	Greek & Roman – World Culture Confounds the Jews
		Not only did he retain the favour of a succession of Roman monarchs but he also successfully assuaged the hostility of the priests by rebuilding the Temple, a massive construction project not equalled in the city for more than a thousand years.
		Stoicism, ironically, was to influence both the Roman intelligentsia and the emerging Christians it held in contempt.
		The stoic philosopher Seneca became tutor to the young Nero and a century later, the emperor Marcus Aurelius was himself a Stoic philosopher.
	www.jesusneverexisted.com /roman-greek.htm (3472 words)

	Detroit Institute of Arts : Permanent Collection - Ancient Art - Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Romans inherited much from the Etruscans, but they also borrowed many ideas from the Greeks.
		Sculpture was used to decorate public and private buildings and much of Roman art was made as official propaganda to glorify the ruler, proclaim victories, or to make pious references to the state and its governance.
		The highly organized and well-integrated political structure of the Roman Empire made it possible for citizens in even the most distant provinces to enjoy a level of material comfort and sophistication close to that of Rome itself.
	www.dia.org /collections/ancient/rome/rome.html (165 words)

	Link to Ancient Rome
		Roman Chronology: 343-265 B.C. An excellent and detailed chrnology of the early-mid Republic.
		Resource on northern Britain in the 4th century A.D. Roman Legionary Forces in Sicily During the Second Punic War: The Number of Legions Stationed on the Island from 214 to 210 B.C. Article in AHB.
		Roman Rulers includes lists of all the kings, ordinary consuls, consular tribunes, dictators, and emperors to ever rule in ancient Rome, spanning the years 753 B.C. (consuls through A.D. The traditional system of Latin nomenclature is used throughout.
	www.ghg.net /shetler/rome (619 words)

	Syllabus
		This course is meant to help you un derstand the history and culture of ancient Rome, but also appreciate how that history and culture extend into our own day and age.
		In order to understand Roman culture, we will look at Rome’s religion, economy, military, class-structure, language, literature, and education.
		We will also look at the roles of va rious peoples within Roman culture: the wealthy, the poor, slaves, freedmen, women, children, non-Romans, politicians and gladiators.
	www.indiana.edu /~class2/tramsby/c102/1999.htm (615 words)

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