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Topic: Roman Funerals and Burial

	Funeral - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A burial service, conducted at the side of the grave, tomb, mausoleum or crematorium, at which the body of the decedent is buried or cremated at the conclusion.
		The primitive Greeks were buried in places prepared for that purpose in their own houses; but later they established burial grounds in desert islands, and outside the walls of towns, by that means securing them from disturbance, and themselves from the liability of catching infection from those who had died of contagious disorders.
		Another way of avoiding some of the rituals and costs of a traditional funeral is for the decedent to donate some or all of her or his body to a medical school or similar institution for the purpose of instruction in anatomy, or for similar purposes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Funerals (4857 words)

	ROMAN FUNERALS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Central to the Romans very detailed view of the Afterlife was the belief that the spirits of the dead were taken across the mythological river Styx to the Underworld, where the spirit was judged whether it was to find its place in heaven, Elysium, or hell, Tartarus.
		Funerals were typically held at night to prevent large public gatherings and discourage crowds and excessive mourning.
		There were annual celebrations of the burial day of the dead at the end of March and the festivals of violets and roses (Violaria, Rosaria), at the end of May when violets and roses were distributed among the relatives and laid on the graves or piled over the urns..
	www.fortunecity.com /athena/exercise/2492/ROMANFUNERALS (1238 words)

	Johnston's Private Life of the Romans, Ch. 14
		Burial was the way of disposing of the dead practiced most anciently by the Romans, and, even after cremation came into very general use, it was ceremonially necessary that some small part of the remains, usually the bone of a finger, should be buried in the earth.
		The well-to-do made their burial places as conspicuous as their means would permit, with the hope that the inscriptions upon the monuments would keep alive the names and virtues of the dead, and with the idea, perhaps, that the dead still had some part in the busy life around them.
		In this case the funeral couch was placed before the rōstra, the men in the masks took their places on curule chairs (§ 225) around it, the general crowd was massed in a semicircle behind, and a son or other near relative delivered the address.
	www.forumromanum.org /life/johnston_14.html (4633 words)

	Roman Society (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Romans generally saw the difference between the slave and the freeman as a difference in status, not as a matter of any racial or cultural superiority and inferiority.
		Roman ingenuity of solving problems of all sorts was not only to apply itself to engineering and architecture, but also to the mundane matter of clothing.
		Roman festivals and games emerged from their once humble agricultural origins to celebrations of empire and the shows which were held on most of them became the stuff of legends, the gladiatorial combats in particular and of course, so too, the chariot races.
	www.roman-empire.net /society/society.html (11521 words)

	Death: Glossary
		The fist burial is called a primary burial, and the second is called secondary and in some cases may involve additional ritual.
		A vehicle for the transportation of corpses from funeral to burial.
		Roman goddess of death who is one of a set of gods similar to the Greek fates called the Parcae.
	library.thinkquest.org /16665/glossary.htm (4812 words)

	ODYSSEY/Rome/Death&Burial
		Funerary rituals and practices played a central role in Roman life because remembering and honoring the deceased members of their family was important to the Romans.
		The Romans practiced two forms of burial: cremation (burning the body) and inhumation (burying the body intact.) In cremation, the ashes of the deceased were placed in urns, like this example from the Carlos Museum.
		Burials were placed outside the city walls along the roads leading into the city, probably to keep disease from spreading.
	carlos.emory.edu /ODYSSEY/ROME/d&b.html (207 words)

	Funerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Poppaea was buried in the Mausoleum of Augustus.
		Her body was not cremated in the Roman fashion, but was stuffed with spices and embalmed in the manner of foreign potentates.
		At the state funeral, Nero mounted the platform to praise her looks, her parenthood of an infant now deified, and her other lucky assets which could be interpreted as virtues.
	www.lamp.ac.uk /~noy/death2.htm (2593 words)

	Cremation in a Roman Port Town
		Social status was an important factor in the Roman funeral.
		Roman funerals were typically held at night to prevent large public gatherings and discourage crowds and excessive mourning which, in the case of major political figures, could lead to serious unrest.
		Because the Romans believed that a proper burial was essential for passage to the afterlife, there was much concern on this score.
	www.umich.edu /~kelseydb/Exhibits/Death_on_Display/Cremation_Group/funeral.html (575 words)

	Catholic Funerals - Funeral Planning 101
		Funeral Arrangement - Atlantis Society Often, loved ones have requested their ashes be scattered over the sea in the event of their death.
		Burial At Sea Funeral Arrangements Burial at sea funeral arrangements offered to funeral homes and the public.
		The Catholic Church has many traditions concerning funerals and funeral preparation, though some of these traditions are in transition or in dispute.
	www.funeralplanning101.com /arrangement-planning/catholic-funerals.aspx (456 words)

	Arlington National Cemetery:: Visitor_Information
		Though Kennedy is buried at Arlington, at the time of his death, many believed that he would be buried in Brookline, Mass.
		Kennedy concerning the burial was to model her husband's funeral after ceremonies rendered for Abraham Lincoln.
		Kennedy during the funeral, the Eternal Flame burns from the center of a five-foot circular flat-granite stone at the head of the grave.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.org /visitor_information/JFK.html (1650 words)

	Detail Page
		During funerals of prominent men in the republic and early empire, part of the procession consisted of members of the deceased's family dressed as his ancestors and wearing masks of the ancestors (imagines.) These representatives of the ancestors rode in chariots and were a prominent part of the funeral procession.
		In contrast, lower-class funerals took place soon after death, and the corpse was taken from the city by the shortest route with a less elaborate procession of mourners or none at all.
		After the funeral, the house had to be purified, with the heir sweeping out the pollution with a special sort of broom to rid it of the ghost of the deceased.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=RREL0531 (497 words)

	USCCB - (Liturgy) - Cremation and Burial at Sea
		Recent events have brought to the fore questions regarding the practice of the cremation of a body and burial at sea.
		The rites for burial of the cremated remains of a body may be found in the appendix to the Order of Christian Funerals.
		This appendix recommends that when cremation is chosen, the body be cremated after the Funeral, thus allowing for the presence of the body at the Funeral Mass.
	www.usccb.org /liturgy/cremation.shtml (443 words)

	Grade 6 Rome Project: Death and Funerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Most of the Romans believed that the spirits of the dead were rowed across a mythological river called the Styx, to the underworld.
		Funerals were held to prepare the spirit for this journey.
		At the funeral, the corpse was laid on a portable bed called the litter, and eight men carried this bed to the forum.
	www.internet-at-work.com /hos_mcgrane/rome/eg_rome_4.html (318 words)

	Funeral Consumers Assoc. (FCA) of Tampa Bay
		The percentage of cremations in the United States is rapidly rising each year because of the considerable expense of traditional funerals, the diminishing space available for cemeteries, and increasing environmental concerns.
		Although visitation and a funeral service with a body present may be held before cremation, memorial society members have found it more helpful to have a memorial service without the body present.
		Earth burial can be in a cemetery, either in a regular grave or in a special urn garden.
	www.funerals.org /tampabay/mstb-37.htm (870 words)

	Tombs and Funerals
		The ashes were gathered and buried in a container which could be anything from a cloth bag to a marble chest.
		At the Forum, a member of the family gave a speech in praise of the deceased (a laudatio funebris or funeral oration) whose bier was propped into an upright position.
		Polybius thought the Roman funeral was one of the most fundamental ways that Romans educated their children (RCiv, v.I, #182, p.
	abacus.bates.edu /~mimber/Rciv/tombs.htm (839 words)

	Royalty.nu - Royal History - Empire of the Franks - Merovingian Dynasty
		At that time the Franks were allies of Rome, and Merovech is said to have fought with the Romans against Attila the Hun.
		According to The History of the Franks by sixth century writer Gregory of Tours, Merovech's son Childeric I "was excessively wanton, and being king of the Franks he began to dishonor their daughters." For this bad behavior, Childeric's subjects drove him out of his kingdom.
		Funerals and burial sites were important means for establishing or extending power over rival families and monasteries.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Frankish.html (2037 words)

	Burial - Chapel Homily
		Early Christians could not be buried with the Roman citizens because their religion wasn't recognized as legitimate.
		At a Roman Fort at Brougham, 20 miles south of the western end of Hadrian's Wall archaeologists found the cremated remains of two highly honored Cavalry officers of the Roman Legion.
		Cremation ceased to be the primary means of burial with the advent of Christianity as the predominant religion in Rome.
	orderofcenturions.org /documents/burial.html (636 words)

	CNN.com - 10 IRA men reburied 80 years on - October 14, 2001
		The 10 men's coffins, draped in green, white and orange Irish tricolour flags, were taken from the prison in a fleet of hearses and through the centre of Dublin en route to Glasnevin cemetery, the site of the graves of most of Ireland's heroes.
		The new funerals have been criticised on both sides of the Irish border, principally because of its timing.
		Kevin Barry, a nephew of the man whose name is remembered in a still-popular ballad, said he was "delighted" his uncle's remains were being transferred from the prison.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/WORLD/europe/10/12/ireland.funerals (619 words)

	Funerals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Then let my funeral procession not wind its way with many masks, nor let there be a trumpet, a vain lament for my fate; nor let a bed be prepared for me with a pillow of ivory, nor let my body lie on a bier embroidered with gold of Attalus.
		But to me, in fact, that form of burial [inhumation] seems to have been the oldest which, according to Xenophon, Cyrus used: for the body is returned to the earth, and located and placed as if it is being sheltered by its mother’s covering.
		Bodies handed over for perpetual burial cannot be transferred, according to the edict of the Divine Severus, where it is ordered that bodies should not be detained or harassed or prohibited from being moved across the territories of towns.
	www.lamp.ac.uk /~noy/Ma4.htm (2569 words)

	HS 4307 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Roman concept of the afterlife is the subject of this lecture.
		Roman funerals covered the events that occurred between the moment of death to the post-burial ceremonies.
		The key course book is Toynbee’s Death and Burial in the Roman World and students should consider buying their own copy (£16.50 from Blackwell’s).
	www.cf.ac.uk /hisar/modules/HS4307/private/hs4307.html (1567 words)

	Death Dictionary
		burial vault- These are more expensive versions of grave liners, made of copper or steel instead of concrete.
		funeral director -Person responsible for burial or cremation and often the embalming, as well as aiding in the funeral ceremony.
		hearse -A vehicle for the transportation of corpses from funeral to burial.
	www.geocities.com /zero_skater04/deaddictionary.html (5499 words)

	Denmark
		As of March, 12 religious organizations were recognized by royal decree, including: The Roman Catholic, Methodist, Baptist, and Russian Orthodox churches as well as Judaism, and 92 were approved, including several Islamic groups, members of Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists, Sikhs, Buddhists, Christian Orthodox, Hindu, Baha'i, and Hara Krishna.
		A number of Christian cemeteries all around the country have set aside special sections for Muslim burials; however, conditions in these did not meet all of the Islamic religious requirements.
		The Muslim community also attempted to identify a site and funding for the construction of a mosque in the country at the end of the period covered by this report.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35451.htm (2132 words)

	Egyptian Tomb Candles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		These sacred burial chambers give us a fascinating glimpse into the history of a great civilization, and usually pose as many questions as they answer about everyday life and death in ancient Egypt.
		He presided over funerals and burial ceremonies, then lead the deceased into the underworld.
		Horus (bottom right) was the god of the sky and heavens and is usually portrayed as a hawk-headed being or as a full hawk or falcon.
	www.ancient-empires.com /comsoonegtom.html (211 words)

	OCA - Q & A - Burial Customs
		After the priest blessed and annointed the body, he folded up the paper prayer and put it in the deceased's left hand.
		The paper band on the forehead signifies a crown of glory or victory; just as a runner in the ancient Olympics received a crown of victory for completing the race successfully, so too the departed are crowned in victory for completing life's ourse.
		The prayer written on the piece of paper you observed in the casket is knownas the "Prayer of Absolution." The priest reads this prayer at theend of the funeral service, during which he proclaims that the sins of the departedare forgiven.
	www.oca.org /QA.asp?ID=176&SID=3 (240 words)

	The Illinois Latin Contest
		Roman Life: the family, "patria potestas," marriage, position of woman, funerals and burial places, family and public worship, customs in eating and drinking, travel, transportation, lodging
		Roman Life and Customs: The Roman name, dependents, slaves and clients, books and correspondence, town life, Roman time and the calendar, police and fire protection, letter writing.
		Imperavit (the soldiers of the tenth legion) ut Roman redirent.
	department.monm.edu /classics/icc/illinoislatincontest.htm (4016 words)

	Rome: General Resources
		The Roman roads in the Mediterranean region and Europe.
		An introduction to Roman ceramics by the University of Louvain, Belgium.
		"The Roman institution of marriage has been lauded as being the first purely humanistic law of marriage, one that is based on the idea of marriage being a free and freely dissolvable union of two equal partners for life.
	intranet.dalton.org /groups/rome/RGen.html (6836 words)

	Cremation Explained
		Although visitation and a funeral service with a body present may be held before cremation, many have found it more helpful to have a memorial service without the body present.
		Remains should be processed by the crematory to reduce all fragments to fine particles.
		However, if there is no memorial society (or Funeral Consumers Alliance) in your area, you may find some of the direct cremation firms considerably less expensive than their competition.
	www.funerals.org /faq/crematn.htm (895 words)

	Carmilla, by Le Fanu
		It was that of a pretty young girl, whom I had often seen, the daughter of one of the rangers of the forest.
		funeral is over, I hope, and her hymn sung; and our ears shan't be tortured with that discord and jargon.
		How can I get up.just now and lock my door?' She was lying with her tiny hands buried in her rich wavy hair, under her cheek, her little head upon the pillow, and her glittering eyes followed me wherever I moved, with a kind of shy smile that I could not decipher.
	www.english.upenn.edu /~nauerbac/crml.html (21322 words)

	Cremation in a Roman Port Town (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This photograph depicts an ancient Roman columbarium, a type of burial stucture.
		Collegia members (provided they were in good standing) were guaranteed a niche in a columbarium.
		The Romans believed that a proper burial was essential for passage to the afterlife.
	www.umich.edu /~kelseydb/Exhibits/Death_on_Display/Cremation_Group/columbarium.html (137 words)

	Chevra Kadisha News June 2002
		Arman tells the story of his Rabbi who, while doing Shmira, was the only clergy person on site when a Roman Catholic family of a young fire fighter claimed the body of their son and asked for words of comfort.
		She writes: "I see that the garment used in Jewish burials, called tachrichim, or shrouds, cost $100 when they show as a line-item in some burial plans on some Jewish Funeral websites.
		Chevra Kadisha News is written for everyone with an interest in Jewish funeral, burial and mourning practices, especially participants in Chevra Kadisha groups, and anyone working with issues around Jewish funerals, Jewish cemeteries, synagogue and community funeral practices and bereavement committees.
	www.jewish-funerals.org /ck_news6-02.htm (1062 words)

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