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Topic: Roman legionaries

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	The Roman Army
		All in all the Roman army consisted of 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters).
		The Roman legions might have been defeated by Pyrrhus (and only survived due to a near endless resource of fresh troops) but the experience gathered by fighting such an able foe was to prove invaluable for the great contests that lay ahead.
		Roman society was governed by class and so in effect there was three separate army careers possible, that of the common soldier in the ranks, that of the equestrians and that for those destined for command, the senatorial class.
	www.roman-empire.net /army/army.html (13507 words)

	Roman legion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In a Roman province with only one legion, the legatus was also the provincial governor and in provinces with multiple legions, each legion had a legatus and the provincial governor had overall command of them all.
		Many legionaries became devotees in the cult of the minor goddess Disciplina, whose virtues of frugality, severity and loyalty were central to their code of conduct and way of life.
		The influence of Roman military and civic culture, as embodied particularly in the heavy infantry legion, gave the Roman military consistent motivation and cohesion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_legion (5152 words)

	Warrior Challenge. Romans. Warrior Profile \| PBS
		During the Roman Republic (509 BC - 44 BC), when the Senate declared war, a red flag would be raised over the capitol of Rome, signaling all landowning men between 17 to 46 years old to report within 30 days for military duty.
		By the time of the Roman Empire (44 BC), the army was a large, organized entity, recruiting career soldiers from all parts of the empire.
		They were also trained to form the famous Roman formation, the testudo, or the tortoise, in which they protected themselves from missiles by layering their shields over the heads and sides in a tightly packed group of men.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/warriorchallenge/romans/profile2.html (916 words)

	Roman army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roman tactics also required the soldier to be able to respond instantly to commands to change the shape of his formation, not simply to fight as a brave individual, as in barbarian armies.
		Roman sword-fighting as talk was in fact fairly restrained and measured - primarily, the sword was to be used to make short stabbing strokes from behind the protection of the scutum with minimal risk of the soldier receiving counter-strokes.
		Roman historian Edward Gibbon estimates in his book The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire that the peak size of the Roman army in the late imperial period was in the order of 375,000 men.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_army (1654 words)

	Roman legion Summary
		Much of Roman history of this era is founded on legends, but it is believed that during the reign of Servius Tullius, all Roman able-bodied, property-owning male citizens were first divided into five classes for military service based on wealth, since soldiers provided their own weapons and equipment.
		The heavy infantry was composed of citizen legionaries that could afford the equipment composed of an iron helmet, shield, armour and short spear (pilum).
		A similarity between today's army recruits and the Roman army that today's army have to stay in their camp for however long they have signed on for, and the Roman army had to stay in camps for the 25 years they had signed up for.
	www.bookrags.com /Roman_legion (7856 words)

	The Roman Army
		The Romans were able to conquer so many different peoples and include them in their Empire because of their army.
		A legionary's main weapon was his javelin, which he used to throw at the enemy.
		The Roman legionaries in Britain did not stay to guard the forts along Hadrian’s Wall.
	museums.ncl.ac.uk /wallnet/wall/army.htm (393 words)

	History of England, Roman Britain
		The Romans abandoned the Antonine Wall, withdrawing south of the better-built, more easily defended barrier of Hadrian, but by the end of the fourth century, the last remaining outposts in Caledonia were abandoned.
		The Roman armies did not have it all their own way in their battles with the native tribesmen, some of whom, in their inter-tribal squabbles, saw them as deliverers, not conquerors.
		The Roman legions began to withdraw from Britain at the end of the fourth century.
	www.britannia.com /history/narromhist.html (1834 words)

	Two Roman Wars
		The fact that we see on the Roman side representatives of their fiercest enemies may mean that Rome was at peace at that time, that the borders of the empire were secure and that the Dacian war had the support of the whole world.
		Seven years later the Romans took their revenge and Arminius was defeated by Julius Caesar, a nephew of Emperor Tiberius, who is generally known as Germanicus, the additional name he was given for his victory.
		On the left side the viewer sees the heads of Roman legionaries carrying bags and moving away from the scene: the first Dacian war was not meant to conquer Dacia, but just to curtail its power, so having achieved their objective the Romans are already leaving the occupied country.
	members.tripod.com /romeartlover/Romanwar.html (1619 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		The secret behind the Roman occupation of Britain lay in their tolerance of other religions and the fact that they allowed the tribal chiefs to remain in power but as "governors" for the Romans.
		The Romans however were less than hospitable and declared all of the Iceni land forfeit and the brutality of the assault on the tribe were brought to a head when the two daughters of Prasutagus were savegely raped and beaten.
		By the time Boudica had gathered the Iceni for war he was leading the main body of the Roman army into Anglesey and was destroying the sanctuary of the druids in an attempt to rid the empire of the evil religions practised by the druids.
	www.camelotintl.com /romans/conquest.html (1047 words)

	Roman military equipment
		Roman reenactors wearing a mixture of 'lorica segmentata', lorica hamata, and Imperial Gallic and Coolus helmets.
		Roman soldiers usually wore their gladii suspended at their right, but all known depictions of centuriones show them to carry their swords at their left and their daggers at the right.
		Various colours of clothing were worn by Roman soldiers with white, red, brown, blue and green all being attested in literary and depictional sources.
	members.tripod.com /Gemina/page3.html (1077 words)

	Roman Armour
		The main armor of a soldier of this time consisted of a “Lorica Segmentata’’ cuirass whose segmented sections and hinged steel pieces riveted to leather straps afforded maneuverability with the added protection of plate steel.
		The protection of the head was also vital, and this was accomplished by the wearing of a Roman troopers Helm, providing the needed protection to the head while still allowing for an unobstructed line of sight important in battle.
		Display strength and honor in your home or business with this museum quality beautifully hand-crafted 18 gauge Roman armour with brass detailing.
	www.knightsedge.com /armor/roman-armour.htm (225 words)

	Roman battles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Roman command and control, the passing of orders, the discipline backed by lengthy training, would give the Roman field commander a lot more options in dealing with opponents, terrain, weather and variable factors.
		But the "new theory" promulgates that the Roman legionary was primarily designed for missile combat - not shock combat as is the ordinarily accepted view of the Roman legionary.
		The Roman Army was flexible and used this flexibility to deal with the variables.
	p200.ezboard.com /fromanarmytalkfrm1.showMessage?topicID=23.topic (3420 words)

	Roman Army Part I
		Josephus notes, the Roman camps were always constructed according to a set pattern, laid out like a city bisected by two streets leading to four gates.
		To lose the legionary eagle in battle was a terrible disgrace, and leaders like Augustus who succeeded in recovering captured legionary eagles capitalized on the propaganda value of the event (for example, Augustus depicted the surrender of the eagle that had been captured by the Parthians on the
		Since the time of Sulla, Roman legions were not allowed to be stationed in Rome or Italy, but in 27 BCE Augustus founded a new, elite organization, the praetorian guard, to serve as a permanent bodyguard for the emperor.
	www.vroma.org /~bmcmanus/romanarmy.html (1317 words)

	KET DL \| Latin 1 \| Mores \| Roman Law & Government
		Children born to Roman legionaries during their military service were NOT citizens.
		it was illegal for legionaries to wed while serving their 20-year tour of duty and, thus, there could be no conubium.
		Since the mothers of legionaries' children generally were not Roman citizens themselves, in the eyes of Roman law the children simply received the status and nationality of the mother.
	www.dl.ket.org /latin1/mores/law/citizenship.htm (364 words)

	The Building of Hadrian's Wall, boundary of the Roman Empire
		The Roman army numbered amongst its ranks highly skilled architects, mason builders, surveyors and carpenters as well as soldiers for whom the wall was an opportunity to express their talents and also be part of what they felt was the greatest civilising force in the west at that time.
		At first 10 Roman Feet wide, and later 8, it began in the east and reached the river Irthing near present day Carlisle, from there it continues west to the Solway Firth but is built of 18" x 12" x 6" regulation turf blocks (460mm x 300mm x 150mm).
		As Hadrian's project evolved, more legionaries were moved up to the wall and large Forts were built which straddled it (see Chesters on the next page).
	www.aboutscotland.com /hadrian/wall.html (313 words)

	Osprey - Roman food and drink
		According to Simon Macdowall in Warrior 9: Late Roman Infantryman 236–565 AD, the daily ration of a legionary in Egypt was three pounds of bread, two pounds of meat, two pints of wine and one eighth of a pint of olive oil.
		It is very likely that most legionaries carried a small personal flask in their kit with their bronze cooking pot and other necessities.
		Roman bread was made from various sorts and qualities of flour, much as today, but did not rise much.
	www.ospreypublishing.com /content2.php/cid=315 (2048 words)

	Nashville Roman Re-enactment Festival and Filming Event (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Suggests were made by Roman Reeaactors who were in attendence to Gary Barbosa, which were the seeds of the PAX AMERICANA.
		Roman Re-enactor Patrick Owen assists in locating the War Memorial Building, which is chosen as a second site for filming.
		Notable was the recital regarding the crucifixion of Christ, the camp set-up, and gladiatorial fighting.
	www.romanreenactment.com /news.htm (580 words)

	Roman Britain 43AD - 400AD - VillageNet History
		The Catuvelliauni were neutral or not anti Roman, until their King died leaving his lands to his two anti-Roman sons Togodumnus and Caratacus.
		The main reason for the Romans to come into this part of Kent and East Sussex, was to obtain the iron which had been exported by the Celts to Europe until the invasion.
		The Romans built bloomeries and furnaces at Sedlescombe, Brede, Robertsbridge, Bodiam and Stonegate, together with a bath house at Beauport near Battle.
	www.villagenet.co.uk /history/0040-romans.html (585 words)

	Amazon.com: Roman Legionary 58 BC-AD 69: Books: Ross Cowan,Angus Mcbride (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Roman Legionary 58BC - AD 69 consists of a short introduction/chronology, a detailed chart of the 28 Augustan legions, and short sections on the organization/size/command of the legion; enlistment; training; length of service; pay; leadership and morale; belief and belonging; decorations and punishments; dress and appearance; equipment; and daily life on campaign.
		One aspect of the Roman soldier that I had not seen emphasized before was the importance of the balteus (belt) and caligae (military boots).
		Second, Roman military doctrine was based upon the timely use of reserves; a century lacked the size to employ a reserve on a significant enough scale to influence a battle, but a cohort could commit two centuries as a reserve.
	www.amazon.com /Roman-Legionary-58-BC-AD-69/dp/1841766003 (2339 words)

	Roman Manchester
		The original garrison was probably populated by legionaries from Spain and Romania, and it must have seemed a very dark, cold and damp outpost at the very edge of the Roman Empire in comparison to the sunny climes of their native lands.
		Over time the purpose of the ruined fortress was lost in obscurity, and "the castle in the field" suffered as did most other ruins, as a useful place for locals to acquire (steal) ready dressed stones to repair their houses and barns.
		The Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century AD left the town open to the ravages of further European and Scandinavian invasions, notably the Saxons, who renamed the township "Manigceastre".
	www.manchester2002-uk.com /history/roman.html (1168 words)

	Etrusia - Roman History - Hadrian's Wall
		The wall was built in stone to the east and, originally, from stacked turf in the west.
		The purpose of the wall was probably to demarcate the boundaries of the Roman empire, to show Hadrian's commitment to maintaining existing borders rather than expanding.
		The military's role was to defend the borders from the "barbarians" to the north.
	romans.etrusia.co.uk /roman_hadrians_wall.php (643 words)

	The Romans - The Roman Army
		They were expected to march up to 20 miles per day in line, wearing all their armour and carrying their food and tents.
		Roman soldiers were trained to fight well and to defend themselves.
		If the enemy shot arrows at them they would use their shields to surround their bodies and protect themselves this was know as 'the turtle'.
	www.historyonthenet.com /Romans/roman_army.htm (213 words)

	Roman Officer Arts and Antiquities - Roman Officer Armor
		Reproduction is from a Roman Legionary Archer Vest Hook Tie of the IV Flavia Felix 2nd to 3rd Century AD.
		This item is of a Roman Legionary miniature Eagle Medal Tag used for a Legionary Canis Pugnax (War Dog) Mascot mounted on a Roman Officer hand crafted ID Tag.
		A 925 Silver Pendant that is 50 mm in Diameter and mounted on the buffed 2nd century reproduction legionary medal is a reproduction of a miniature legionary hob nailed boot heel.
	www.romanofficer.com /roarmor.htm (1117 words)

	Roman chariot races return to Jordan after two thousand years
		Jerash, previously known as the Roman city of Gerasa, is approximately fifty minutes drive to the north from Jordan’s capital Amman and displays some of the finest, most extensive and best preserved remains of the former Empire to be found worldwide, the website says.
		The Roman Army and Chariot Experience (RACE), in co-operation with the Jordan Ministry Of Tourism and the Jordan Tourism Board, say they “are proud to introduce a show that will feature Roman Army warfare techniques, including war machines in action, in addition to seven lap races with Roman chariots.
		A press briefing organized at the hippodrome, in Roman Gerasa, to present the chariot pulled by two horses and two Roman legionaries was on that occasion filmed by an independent British TV producer.
	www.his-forever.com /roman_chariot_races.htm (1569 words)

	Phalanx Vs. Legionaries - Ancient Roman Empire Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		For some that say the Roman legion is more disciplined than the Greek phalanx that is not true.
		I don't care if you have trained Roman legions against militia hoplites if the legions can't get through the spear wall they are practically dead.
		Their were swordsman in between the spearman to insure no one is in between the phalanx.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=3544 (417 words)

	Medieval Armor
		Valiant Arms has many styles of medieval armor from Roman armor to knight armor to complete suits of armour to helmets.
		Suits of armour and Roman half suits of armor along with medieval helms are our specialty.
		Whether your specialty is Roman, Spanish, German, Italian or European in general, we have the armor for you!
	www.valiantarms.com /medieval-armor.htm (279 words)

	New Page 1
		With Legio VI Victrix' providing the Roman legionaries and Queen Mebd's Encampment providing the Barbarians, the "Conquest" team staged several set-piece battles, employing actual pila, steel weapons, darts and arrows (OK, these last items had leather or rubber points, but they still hurt when they hit!).
		Attacking legionaries clear the ranks of haybales, used as simulated enemies for the pila volley.
		Legionaries advance under fire, through a hail of darts and spears.
	www.legionsix.org /Conquest.htm (949 words)

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