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Topic: Roman military history

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	Ancient Roman Military - Crystalinks
		The core of the military history of the Roman Empire is the account of its great land battles, from the conquest of Italy to its final battles against the Huns.
		The Roman words for the military in general were based on the word for one soldier, miles.
		All in all the Roman army consisted of 18 centuries of equites, 82 centuries of the first class (of which 2 centuries were engineers), 20 centuries each of the second, third and fourth classes and 32 centuries of the fifth class (of which 2 centuries were trumpeters).
	www.crystalinks.com /romemilitary.html (5659 words)

	Roman Empire - Military History Wiki
		Roman titles of power were adopted by successor states and other entities with imperial pretensions, including the Frankish kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the first and second Bulgarian empires (see List of Bulgarian monarchs), the Russian/Kiev dynasties (see czars), and the German Empire (see Kaiser).
		The Holy Roman Empire, an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalized for some decades.
		But excluding these states claiming their heritage, the Romans lasted, from the founding of Rome in 753 BC, to the fall in 1461 of the Empire of Trebizond (a successor state and fragment of the Byzantine Empire, which escaped destruction by the Ottomans in 1453), for a total of 2214 years.
	www.militaryhistorywiki.org /index.php?title=Roman_Empire&redirect=no (8402 words)

	Ashton Boone
		This paradigm that prevailed in the Roman mindset seems to stem from conflicts in their early history, involving the sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 BC and a massive defeat by the Samnites at the Caudine Forks in 325 BC.
		Roman military organization was superb after the 200s BC and the Battle of Zama, particularly during the Principate, a feat that is a likely product of their masterful abilities in engineering.
		Roman military thinking after the 200s BC always emphasized rapid and direct contact with the enemy, oftentimes even if the circumstances were unfavorable for a Roman victory.
	amh.freehosting.net /roman.html (1126 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 96.10.5
		This study is one of a growing number that appropriate the mass of papyrological material to write social history and in the process attempt to reposition Egypt as central to the ancient historical enterprise, instead of an aberration from an otherwise homogeneous empire.
		Roman soldiers and ex-soldiers neither form a separate class nor enjoy the greatest wealth, though they do belong to the upper stratum in the village.
		Roman military history is a subject usually neglected for both political and practical reasons: it has been out of fashion since the end of the cold war and military historians tend to write only for themselves in a technical language that borders on the opaque.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1996/96.10.05.html (1305 words)

	The Roman Army
		The Roman legions might have been defeated by Pyrrhus (and only survived due to a near endless resource of fresh troops) but the experience gathered by fighting such an able foe was to prove invaluable for the great contests that lay ahead.
		Henceforth the Roman soldiers would be led by clever men seeking to outmanoeuvre their foe rather than merely being lined up and marched at the enemy.
		Roman society was governed by class and so in effect there was three separate army careers possible, that of the common soldier in the ranks, that of the equestrians and that for those destined for command, the senatorial class.
	www.roman-empire.net /army/army.html (13507 words)

	Narrative History of England
		The Romans abandoned the Antonine Wall, withdrawing south of the better-built, more easily defended barrier of Hadrian, but by the end of the fourth century, the last remaining outposts in Caledonia were abandoned.
		The Roman armies did not have it all their own way in their battles with the native tribesmen, some of whom, in their inter-tribal squabbles, saw them as deliverers, not conquerors.
		The Roman legions began to withdraw from Britain at the end of the fourth century.
	www.britannia.com /history/narromhist.html (1852 words)

	Military history of ancient Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rome was a militarized state whose history was often closely entwined with its military history over the roughly 13 centuries that the Roman state existed.
		The core of the Military history of ancient Rome is the account of its land battles, from the conquest of Italy to its fights against the Huns and invading Germanic tribes.
		All empire, Roman control over the Mediterranean coast meant that there were no non-Roman navies to fight and the marines and sailors of the fleet spent their time policing the mediterranean against the threat of pirates and patrolled the various major rivers in the empire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Military_history_of_the_Roman_Empire (3905 words)

	Rome: History
		Roman history begins in a small village in central Italy; this unassuming village would grow into a small metropolis, conquer and control all of Italy, southern Europe, the Middle East, and Egypt, and find itself, by the start of AD time, the most powerful and largest empire in the world.
		The Romans would look to their empire as the instrument that brought law and justice to the rest of the world; in some sense, the relative peace and stability they brought to the world did support this view.
		Culturally, the Romans had a slight inferiority complex in regards to the Greeks, who had begun their city-states only a few centuries before the rise of the Roman republic.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~dee/ROME/HISTORY.HTM (386 words)

	Yorkshire history
		Roman trade goods found their way into the local Iron-age societies of the Garbrantovces who occupied the southern coastal fringes of the county; the Parisi who occupied much of what is now the East Riding; and the Brigantes, a confederation of smaller tribes, who occupied the bulk of the remainder of the county and beyond.
		The vast majority of Roman fortifications within the county are Flavian, that is to say, they date from the period 69 A.D. to 96 A.D., which encompass the imperial reigns of Vespasian, Titus, and Domitian.
		In conclusion, while this list is as inclusive as history and archaeology currently allow, it cannot be said to be a complete record of Roman military sites in the county, previously unknown sites keep appearing from time to time that will, hopefully, see a continuing interest in the subject from both historical researchers and archaeologists.
	www.yorkshirehistory.com /romans_intro.htm (1080 words)

	Roman
		There was the difference of the construction of the garments for the Greek chiton formed its sleeves from the top of the doubled rectangles, where the tunica and stola opened their sleeves at the sides for armholes.
		There were many different types of togas for different occasions, from the Toga pura, the ordinary dress of citizens, to the Toga trabea, a parti-colored toga with a purple border which would be a king's toga or a augur's toga.
		Paludentum—A purely military mantle, used as the official military mantle of the general in command, or the emperor while in the field.
	www.cwu.edu /~robinsos/ppages/resources/Costume_History/roman.htm (896 words)

	Roman Military History
		Woolliscroft, D.J., The Roman Frontier on the Gask Ridge, Perth and Kinross, The Tayside and Fife Archaeological Committee Monograph 3.
		Military and Political Intelligence in the Roman World from the Second Punic War to the Battle of Adrianople, New York and London: Routledge, 1995.
		Wheeler, Everett, Stratagem and the Vocabulary of Military Trickery, Leiden: Brill, 1988.
	academics.vmi.edu /history_rms/roman.htm (10275 words)

	Roman Offices
		The Roman republic was led by two Consuls who were joint heads of the Roman state and commanders-in-chief of the army.
		In his role as registrar of Rome, he and his staff compiled lists of all Roman citizens, recording their name, age, ancestry, families, wealth as well as which one of the three tribes of Rome they belonged to.
		If the initial purpose of the census, the counting of the people, was to allow for the military strength of Rome to be assessed, then it was naturally the censor, during the time of conscription, were in charge of assigning men, according to their status, to the various types of infantry or cavalry.
	www.roman-empire.net /republic/rep-offices.html (1036 words)

	First Europe Tutorial - Roman Territorial Expansion
		Roman and Carthaginian Territories in the Mediterranean 270 B.C.E. Rome's successful conquest of the Italian peninsula created a strong military ethos and provided the Roman state with considerable manpower.
		The Romans opted for direct rule in the east in part because successful warfare brought vast riches for the state, and honour and power to military leaders.
		Roman Domination of the Mediterranean 86 B.C.E. Rome's success in its territorial expansion can be credited to its military superiority and to its policy of absorbing conquered peoples.
	www.ucalgary.ca /applied_history/tutor/firsteuro/roman.html (1314 words)

	Amazon.com: Roman Warfare: Books: Adrian Goldsworthy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The Romans built, and maintained, perhaps the greatest empire of all time--forged with an unequaled skill in warfare and a willingness to commit savagery in the name of victory.
		Roman Warfare is highly recommended reading for anyone new to Roman military history or history in general.
		Unlike other armies in antiquity, the Roman army evolved to be a formal institution with a distinctive military code, standard equipment, defined ranks and duties, as well as laws and procedures affecting the life and retirement of its soldiers.
	www.amazon.com /Roman-Warfare-Adrian-Goldsworthy/dp/0304362654 (2682 words)

	\| Review \| The History Teacher, 35.3 \| The History Cooperative
		The first chapter begins with the Celtic campaigns of Gaius Marius where the author provides the historic background to the Roman military system, explains that Rome has succeeded in dominating the Mediterranean, and emphasizes the role that landowning soldiers played in maintaining the Republic's military might and moral fabric.
		This is not a straightforward history of the Roman Empire, but rather a highly-focused work that uses Rome's military establishment as a vehicle for historical analysis.
		For persons with some knowledge of Rome who would like to refresh their memory and augment their knowledge of Roman military history, this is a fascinating book.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ht/35.3/br_18.html (695 words)

	BBC - History - Discovering Roman Technology
		When the Roman army invaded Britain in force in the spring of AD 43, they brought with them technology that must have astonished the native Celts.
		The Roman armour was also superior; they had both chain mail, which might have been worn by the auxiliaries, though no one is quite sure, and also heavy armour made of overlapping iron plates that would stop anything short of a ballista bolt.
		On its first trial we were able to shoot eleven bolts a minute, which is almost four times the rate at which an ordinary ballista can be operated.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/romans/tech_01.shtml (334 words)

	Military History Online
		For most casual students of history, the period between the execution of Charles I in 1649 and the restoration of Charles II in 1660 is seen simply as the "Interregnum", an aberration in the normal control and exercise of English life.
		This photographic history chronicles the savage battle that followed as, for four excruciating weeks, the Marines of Task Force X-Ray fought house to house and street by street to retake the city so central to the Vietnamese culture and psyche.
		While the subject has been of interest to soldiers and military historians for over fifty years, and hence would seem to be a likely candidate for reasoned debate, nevertheless it continues to incite strong interest among partisans on both sides.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com (3933 words)

	Roman365 Directory: history
		Below are inspiring quotations, in context and cross-indexed, from the classic History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.
		Website devoted to the ancient history of the Eternal City and its Empire, with a special attention to the naval and maritime aspects.
		Windows On Italy - History: Main Index PREHISTORIC ITALY Men and Culture from the Stone Age to the Iron Age THE EARLY ITALIC TRIBES Introduction Greek and Etruscan Colonization Roman Civilization The Republic Rome and Carthage The Empire MEDIEVAL...
	www.roman365.info /history/index.html (648 words)

	Big Roman Dig - They came, they saw... Being A Roman
		For instance, local deities continued to be worshipped yet combined with Roman gods, one example being the way that Nodens (a British god) and Mars (the Roman god of war) were combined as at the temple of Nodens-Mars at Lydney in Gloucestershire.
		The Roman idyll was held up as a goal for those who wished to be successful, educated and of high status rather like the way that many aspire to the fantasy of the manor house and Mercedes today.
		In Lindsay Allason-Jones' remarkable book, Women in Roman Britain, the author outlines how the Syrian wife of the emperor Septimius Severus came to Britain with her husband on a state visit in the early 3rd century and caught the imagination of British women.
	www.channel4.com /history/microsites/B/bigromandig/camesaw/3_45.jsp (828 words)

	BBC - History - Romans
		A sacrificial Roman blade holds the key to an ancient and bloody conspiracy.
		One of four missions to hone your strategic military skills.
		Enter the fascinating world of Roman beliefs, from emperor worship to the exotic imported cults of the East.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/romans (470 words)

	Military History Online - The Art of Classical Warfare: The Graeco-Roman Mind at War
		Greek and Roman Warfare: Battles, Tactics and Trickery is a uniquely detailed work which explores the tactics and battle strategies of the Graeco-Roman period.
		Greek and Roman Warfare provides an incredibly thorough view of the tactics and strategy of battle in ancient times from all perspectives, making it one of the most complete studies of Graeco-Roman warfare to date.
		He draws on the great historians of the time - Livy, Plutarch, Xenophon and Josephus among them - to illustrate the different elements that an army required to defeat its enemy on the battlefield, be it by force or guile.
	www.militaryhistoryonline.com /review/artofclassicalwarfare.aspx (498 words)

	Military History
		An in-depth analysis of some of history’s great battles with a primary focus on the medieval period through to the 17th century.
		The history and records of the WWII U.S. submarine war in the Pacific.
		Aerodrome covers the history of aviation and aerial combat from the beginnings of powered flight to the dawn of the jet age.
	f.webring.com /hub?ring=militaryhistory (1520 words)

	Military History Podcast
		Military History Podcast is sponsored by Armchair General Magazine and the International Research and Publishing Corporation
		The Knights Templar was a Christian military order founded during the Crusades in order to protect Christian pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land.
		The Templars then disappeared from history, though many groups (such as the Freemasons), have claimed that they are extensions of this famous organization.
	www.militaryhistorypodcast.blogspot.com (735 words)

	Roman History
		In a few more centuries, the Roman Empire`s might reached as far north as Britain, east to Persia and in the south it encompassed the whole of Northern Africa.
		Her final faith, Christianity, was spread like wild-fire through the highly connected system of roads and intermingled cultures of the western world.
		According to the legend, Rome was founded by Romulus on Palatine hill on April 21st 753 B.C. Roman History for the UK Römische Geschichte auf Deutsch
	www.unrv.com /empire/roman-history.php (354 words)

	BUBL LINK: Roman history
		Greek and Roman history, art and archaeology, classical mythology, language, and ancient philosophy are among the topics covered.
		Describes the Roman Forum, the centre of ancient Rome, between 100 BC and 100 AD, with information about history, religion, and daily life, in addition to anecdotes, stories, and biographies.
		Encyclopaedia of rulers of the Roman Empire from Augustus to Constantine XI Palaeologus.
	bubl.ac.uk /link/r/romanhistory.htm (936 words)

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