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	Ruthenia - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Ruthenia is a name applied to parts of Eastern Europe which were populated by Eastern Slavic peoples, as well as to various states that existed in this territory in the past.
		By the end of the 12th century, the word Ruthenia was used, among the alternative spelling Ruscia and Russia, in Latin papal documents to denote the lands formerly dominated by Kiev.
		The territories of Halych-Volynia in the south fell under Roman Catholic Lithuanian and Polish influence, and therefore were usually denoted by the Latin Ruthenia, because the Pope preferred this spelling.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Ruthenia (1112 words)

	Ruthenia - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After 1918 the term Ruthenia was applied only to the easternmost province of Czechoslovakia, which was also known as Carpathian Ukraine, or by its Czech name, Podkarpatská Rus [Sub-Carpathian Russia]; for the history of this area from 1918, see Transcarpathian Region.
		The Ruthenian Uniate Church of the Byzantine (see Roman Catholic Church) thus included the majority of the Ruthenians in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, while the Greek Orthodox Church was fully restored (17th cent.) in the Russian part of the Ukraine.
		In 1989 the Uniate Church broke with the Russian Orthodox Church and reestablished its ties with Rome.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-ruthenia.html (376 words)

	AllRefer.com - Roman Catholic Church (Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Branches, Schisms, And Heresies) - ...
		Roman Catholic Church, Roman Catholic And Orthodox Churches: Branches, Schisms, And Heresies
		"Roman Catholic" is a 19th-century British coinage and merely serves to distinguish that church from other churches that are "Catholic" (see catholic church).
		Roman Catholics may be simply defined as Christians in communion with the pope.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RomanCat.html (238 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Ruthenians
		The term was applied to Ukraine in the Middle Ages when the princes of Halych briefly assumed the title kings of Ruthenia.
		Roman Catholic Church Christian church headed by the pope, the bishop of Rome (see papacy and Peter, Saint).
		Roman Catholic is a 19th-century British coinage and merely serves to distinguish that church from other churches that are Catholic (see
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Ruthenians (272 words)

	Central Europe
		The struggle between the aristocracy and the plebeians died with the Roman empire, and was not resurrected until the 18th century.
		Roman aristocrats were probably responsible for mistreatment of the Goths, who revolted in anger.
		Mstislav the Bold of Halych (Ruthenia) and Mstislav III of Kiev met him and were defeated at the Battle of the Kalka River, where Mstislav III fell.
	www.du.edu /~etuttle/misc/europe.htm (23125 words)

	H-Net Review: Peter Pastor on Hungary and the Victor Powers, 1945-1950
		Roman's conclusion may be considered radical when contrasted with the once-popular Hugh Seton-Watson interpretation, written in 1965, that Stalin had the same blueprint for the takeover of the various states of Eastern Europe.
		For Roman, however, the task of the Hungarian Communist Party was "not to be the vanguard of sovietization, but merely to act as a break on the impulse for a western orientation" (p.
		Roman claims that, according to a 1953 statement of Molotov, Stalin was angry with Rakosi because he joined the delegation (p.
	www.h-net.msu.edu /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=10574849536217 (1545 words)

	Roman Vishniac
		Photographer Roman Vishniac was born in August 1897 near St Petersburg, Russia and was brought up in Moscow.
		In the years before World War II, Roman Vishniac travelled across Eastern Europe with his camera and captured images of Jewish life, which turned out to be one of the final records of many communities.
		Between 1936 and 1939 Vishniac travelled through the Jewish settlements of the Carpathian Ruthenia, Slovakia and Poland before they were torn asunder by the Nazis.
	www.biogs.com /famous/vishniac.html (180 words)

	Paradox Interactive Forums - Encyclopedia wAARspite : The Roman Empire
		It was clear at the turn of the 15th century, that the Roman Empire was crumbling amidst fierce Ottoman aggression.
		The Roman Emperors had succumbed to political menuevering at first with the Ottomans in the latter 14th century, then with the mongolian leader Timerlane just before his death in 1405 to curb the Ottoman threat.
		Ramileous was a pretender to the throne and Johns brother Constantine XI led revolts in the Balkans against Ramileous for the throne.
	www.europa-universalis.com /forum/printthread.php?t=35601 (5868 words)

	Roman Empire (Byzantine World) - Alternative History - A Wikia wiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Roman Empire for the most part consists of OTL Greece, Turkey, Egypt and Israel.
		The Roman Empire was founded from within the ancient Roman Republic, the Republic itself has its humble beginnings in the year 450 B.C. In the first century B.C. Julius Caesar began his military career and went on to face the Carthigians in a great war, and he was crowned as emperor of the Roman State.
		However the citizens of the Empire, though inheriting the Empire from pagan predecessors considers the true founding of the modern Empire to be when Emperor Constantine the Great converted to the Christian Religion and moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium and renamed the city Constantinople.
	althistory.wikia.com /wiki/Roman_Empire_(Byzantine_World) (663 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ruthenian Rite
		A final ablution is introduced, and the holy vessels remain on the altar until the Mass is finished, instead of being carried to the side altar (prothesis) as in the Byzantine Rite.
		The absence of the deacon or deacons in the Ruthenian Mass will be particularly noticed, for that is the rule except in cases of cathedral Masses or pontifical Masses, corresponding to the usages of the Roman solemn high Mass, and then the deacon is usually a priest who reverts to his former order.
		The clergy among the Ruthenians usually follow the Roman rule and are shaven, unlike the general rule among the Greek clergy of other countries, whether Catholic or Orthodox.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13277a.htm (1135 words)

	text (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The analysis begins with the Romans, a “constitutional” people in that their common identity was based on the observation of law and the allegiance of different groups of people brought together by history.
		Although they recognized the heterogeneous complexity of their own society, “Roman imperialists found it easier to deal with others as though they were homogeneous ethnic peoples than to acknowledge that the ‘other’ could be as complex and fluid as the Romans themselves” (57).
		The decline of the Roman Empire brought political incentives for the Romans to shift the meaning of what it meant to be Roman, perhaps most notably incorporating and elevating Christianity—a reason for persecution under Diocletian—as a key element of Romanness under Constantine.
	gsa.rutgers.edu:16080 /~render/articles/hate.html (3179 words)

	The History of Belarus Belarusian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1250 or 1251 he was baptized as Roman Catholic and signed peace with the Livonian (of Swordbrothers) Order.
		He promised to be christened together with the other Lithuanian pagans as Roman Catholic and to unite Poland and Lithuania as one state.
		Vitovt was proclaimed as the grand duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia (Samogitia was occupated by the Crusaders), while Jagello became the supreme duke of Lithuania and Ruthenia.
	www.albaruthenia.by.ru /belhist/lithuania.htm (1026 words)

	Amazon.com: A Vanished World: Books: Roman Vishniac,Elie Wiesel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Roman Vishniac's A Vanished World is an extraordinary record of the lives of German and Eastern European Jews in the years immediately preceding the Holocaust.
		Roman Vishniac, secretly, in some cases, shot thousands of pictures of the Jewish population of Eastern Europe, shortly before they were swallowed up by the Holocaust.
		Roman Vishniac's stunning fl and white photographs of the destroyed Jewish communities of Eastern Europe will surely enter your heart, as they have mine.
	www.amazon.com /Vanished-World-Roman-Vishniac/dp/0374520232 (1521 words)

	Mother Appartions
		It remained at the royal palace in Ruthenia until an invasion occurred in the eleventh century.
		Ruthenia was saved as a result of this intervention.
		In the fourteenth century, it was transferred to the Mount of Light (Jasna Gora) in Poland in response to a request made in a dream of Prince Ladislaus of Opola.
	www.arulnathan.com /apparition2.htm (2478 words)

	Eastern Rite Catholic Churches Encyclopedia Article @ Preached.net (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Latin Church share "equal dignity, so that none of them is superior to the others as regards rite and they enjoy the same rights and are under the same obligations, also in respect of preaching the Gospel to the whole world (cf.
		By the term Roman Catholic, some mean Latin-Rite Catholic, and by Roman Catholic Church the Latin or Western Catholic Church.
		Humani generis the term "Roman Catholic Church" has been used to refer to the whole Church in communion with the see of Rome.
	www.preached.net /encyclopedia/Eastern_Rite_Catholic_Churches (4253 words)

	HalGal: Ruthenia and Ruthenians
		Roman Catholic Church Records of the Central State Historical Archives of Ukraine, city of L'viv (Lwów)
		These terms Ruthenia and Ruthenians are often used during the times of the Austrian Empire (and in modern writings about the Austrian Empire) to mean Ukraine and Ukrainians found in the empire (in its province of Galicia, what is today western Ukraine).
		You'll often see the terms Ruthenia and Ruthenians to mean what we now know as Ukraine and Ukrainians in popular genealogical resources such as Naturalization Papers, Immigration records, Passenger Lists, and Census returns.
	www.halgal.com /ruthenian.html (738 words)

	Footnotes to History- P to R
		In September, Padania's Sunshine Government (so-called because of its opposition to Roman "shadow government") provided Rome with an ultimatum to negotiate a "Treaty of Separation" before Padania unilaterally seceded.
		Roman Republic- During the revolutions of 1848, popular demonstrations forced Pope Pius IX to grant a constitution and allow the formation of an elected Assembly.
		In February of 1849, the Roman Assembly formally declared the Papal States the Roman Republic.
	www.buckyogi.com /footnotes/natpr.htm (4449 words)

	Ruthenia
		Preface: The history of "Ruthenia" is interesting, as well as a bit confusing. This lens will muddle through this confusion, hoping to shed some light on the facts.
		Referring to the yellow highlighted areas in the picture, you see that Ruthenia's territory spanned the trail of the Carpathian Mountains.
		Ruthenian woman from the former Kingdom of Ruthenia.
	www.squidoo.com /ruthenia (808 words)

	Halychyna! Galicia! Gacsorszag! Galizien! Galicja! - Homeland Page with its history, maps and links!
		During that period western christianity (in Roman Catholic form) was partly rooted there from the west, what is witnessed by ruins of some Roman style churches of pre-Orthodox christianization (988) period as in village Bishche and Transcarpathia especially.
		Shortly Volyn was united by the sons of Roman in 1227.
		Roman's son prince Danylo (Daniel / Danilo / Daniil) took Galician throne in 1238.
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/97/Roman_Zakharii/galicia.htm (3810 words)

	Ruthenia:
		The article is based on the correspondence between Remizov and Sologub which is being prepared for publication.
		Inspite of the fact that "Roman myth" about Briusov had already been thoroughly worked out, Tsvetaeva made her own version of it.
		As the analysis shows, "Roman myth" is not only a theoretical motif.
	www.ruthenia.ru /document/395905.html (772 words)

	Czechoslovakia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It consisted of the present-day territories of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and (until 1939) Carpatho-Ukraine (Ruthenia).
		It was the most industrialized part of the former Austria-Hungary, was a democratic republic throughout the pre-World War II period, but was characterized by ethnic problems.
		After World War II, the pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, the Germans were expelled from the country and Ruthenia was occupied by (officially "given to") the Soviet Union.
	czechoslovakia.iqnaut.net (1560 words)

	Other Roman Of - Find it on Coins-n-More.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Julius Caesar This was the noblest Roman of them all Julius Caesar Shakespeare Quotes: This was the noblest Roman of them all.
		Roman aqueduct of Nikopolis Aqueduct constructed after the foundation of Nikopolis by Octavianus Augustus for the water supply of the new city.
		Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies The Roman Society is the leading organisation in the UK for those interested in the study of Rome and the Roman Empire.
	www.coins-n-more.com /other/of-roman/a20e532.html (425 words)

	Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		For many centuries, the term "Empire" in the West applied exclusively to states which considered themselves to be successors to the Roman Empire, such as the Byzantine Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, or, later, the Russian Empire ruled from the "Third Rome" (Moscow).
		The actual political concept predates the Romans by several hundred years: empires began to appear soon after the first cities made the necessary administrative structures possible.
		The Holy Roman Empire, itself in a sense a re-constitution of the Roman Empire, underwent many transformations in its long history, fissuring extensively, experimenting with federalism and re-constituting itself as the Austrian Empire - vastly different in nature and in territory.
	empire.iqnaut.net (1542 words)

	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		After the Counter-Reformation, when the Roman Catholic Church regained power in Poland, the szlachta became almost exclusively Roman Catholic, despite the fact that Roman Catholicism was not a majority religion (the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches counted approximately 40% of the population each, While the remaining 20% were Jews and members of various Protestant churches).
		Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth A Duchy of Ruthenia was planned at various times, particularly during the 1648 Cossack insurrection against Polish rule in Ukraine.
		The proposed Duchy of Ruthenia was intended to be a full member of the Commonwealth, which would thereupon become a tripartite Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian Commonwealth, but the plan was never implemented.
	polish-lithuanian-commonwealth.iqnaut.net (4431 words)

	Ukraine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the seventh century the territory of the modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to as Great Bulgaria) who had their capital in the city of Phanagoria.
		In the mid-fourteenth century it was subjugated by Casimir IV of Poland while the heartland of Rus', including Kiev, fell under the Gediminids of Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		In the centuries following the Mongol invasion much of Ukraine was controlled by Lithuania (from the fourteenth century on) and since the Union of Lublin (1569) by Poland as seen at this outline of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as of 1619.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ukraine (6438 words)

	The Adventures of Chester: Interview with Alan Furst
		There is an excellent map at the beginning of Furst's novel "Kingdom of Shadows" that shows the actual borders of the Sudetenland (and how the mountains in that region formed a natural defense for Czechoslovakia), The First Vienna Award (returned to Hungary in November 1938) and Ruthenia which was occupied by Hungary in March 1939.
		I had looked for maps of Ruthenia on the web and did not find any as good as this one.
		The capitol Uzhorod is the seat of one of the Uniate Catholic churches that cause such friction between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
	www.theadventuresofchester.com /archives/2006/08/interview_with.html (872 words)

	History of Galicia and Volhynia second half of 13th century. Historical notes about medieval political history of ...
		Volhynia after the death of king Daniel (Danylo, son of Roman) until the end of 13th centuries have not been studied completely in fact.
		Above: Polish Roman Catholic church in ancient Luboml (in modern Volynska oblast of Western Ukraine) from 14th century.
		Galati is today in Romania) was the place of collecting taxes for Galician duke from the local, Hungarian, Ruthenian and Czech goods brought to the lowlands of Danube.
	www.personal.ceu.hu /students/97/Roman_Zakharii/gal.htm (3613 words)

	PGSA - Books
		Polish Parish Records of the Roman Catholic Church: Their use and understanding in Genealogical Research (New Edition)
		The PGSA has expanded and updated one of the first and most widely praised references for Polish genealogical research.
		Roman Catholic Parishes in the Polish People's Republic in 1984
	www.pgsa.org /Books/books.htm (940 words)

	WikiMiki.net - 1993 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It consisted of the present-day territories of the Czech Republic, Slovakia and (until 1939/29 June 1945) the Carpathian Ruthenia (Carpatho-Ukraine).
		After World War II, pre-war Czechoslovakia was reestablished, all Germans were expelled from the country and Ruthenia was occupied by (and ultimately ceded to) the Soviet Union.
		The majority of Slovak citizens (68.9 percent) practice Roman Catholicism; the second-largest group are people without confession (12.96 percent).
	1993.en.wikimiki.net (7881 words)

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