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	Theater - Printer-friendly - MSN Encarta
		The audience for theater differs from the reader of a novel or the viewer of a painting in that it assembles as a group at a given time and place to share in the performance with the actors and all the surrounding elements of light, sound, music, costumes, and scenery.
		Theater in India may have originated as early as the 3rd century bc and was influenced by the Hindu religion, the caste system, and literature in Sanskrit, the ancient language of India.
		In the permanent stone theaters, the stage house and the auditorium formed a single architectural unit, and the orchestra was a half circle between the stage and auditorium.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761553217___0/Theater.html (9690 words)

	theater. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Theater in ancient Greece developed from the ceremonial worship of the god Dionysus (in which the death and rebirth of the god were celebrated) and was communal in nature.
		Richard Wagner, in his opera theater at Bayreuth, attempted further to isolate the audience by means of a gap of darkness between a double proscenium arch.
		Concurrently, antirealistic expressionist and symbolic movements in theater were developing, such as Vsevolod Meyerhold’s constructivism, the “theater of cruelty” of Antonin Artaud, and the “epic theater” of Bertolt Brecht.
	www.bartleby.com /65/th/theater.html (1522 words)

	Roman Theaters - Crystaliks
		The Roman theatre was shaped with a half circle or orchestra space in front of the stage.
		As a result, the whole structure was more integrated and entrances/exits could be built into the cave, as is done in large theaters and sports arenas today.
		In the Roman theatre the orchestra is a place to sit, instead of a performing area as the Greeks had used it.
	www.crystalinks.com /rometheaters.html (1085 words)

	History of theatre at AllExperts
		Theater in South-East Asia was mostly influenced by Indian theater.
		The theater of ancient Rome was heavily influenced by the Greek tradition, and as with many other literary genres Roman dramatists tended to adapt and translate from the Greek.
		Theater was reborn as liturgical dramasâ"written in Latin and dealing with Bible storiesâ"which would be performed by priests or church members.
	en.allexperts.com /e/h/hi/history_of_theatre.htm (3277 words)

	Herod's Theater in Jerusalem - A Wooden Structure By Joseph Patrich
		The structure of the stage houses in the occasional theaters could be monumental, including columns and marble revetments, wall mosaics, and paintings, but these too were temporary structures that were dismantled at the end of the festivals.
		This Roman architectural reality indicates that in the period under discussion, the time of Herod, the construction of a stone theater was the exception, needing an explicit indication.
		The transformation evident in the structure of the Herodian theaters during the period of ca.
	www.bibleinterp.com /articles/Patrich-Herods_Theater.htm (1308 words)

	Zippori - Sepphoris in the Roman Period (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It is difficult to summarize the urban structure of the acropolis at the end of the Hellenistic and the begining of the Roman period because important parts of it have not yet been exposed.
		The remains of a structure consisting of a group of elongated basements, possibly the foundations of a large building were found south of this bathhouse.
		The city's theater was apparently built on the steep northern slope at the time when the new development to the east of the hill was underway.
	archaeology.huji.ac.il /zippori/RomanSeph.htm (3065 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Titus
		Titus was born on 30 December A.D. 39 in Rome, one of three children of Vespasian, Roman emperor (A.D. 69-79), and Domitilla I, daughter of a treasury clerk.
		Beset by violent factional strife and internal discord, Jerusalem was a stubborn obstacle to the Roman pacification of Judaea.
		In a final desecration to the Temple, sacrifice was made to the Roman standards in the Temple court.
	www.roman-emperors.org /titus.htm (3007 words)

	Johnston's Private Life of the Romans, Ch. 9
		In the Roman theater the orchestra was not used for the chorus (there was seldom a chorus in a Roman play); the orchestra in a Roman theater was therefore reduced in size until it became an exact semicircle.
		The general appearance of these theaters, the type of many erected later throughout the Roman world, may be gathered from Figure 205, the plan of a theater on lines laid down by Vitruvius (§ 187).
		Galleries seem to have crowned the seats, as in the theaters (§ 327), and balconies for the emperors were built in conspicuous places, but we are not able, from the ruins, to fix precisely their positions.
	www.forumromanum.org /life/johnston_9.html (15158 words)

	Stanford Digital Forma Urbis Romae Project Glossary
		The seating area for spectators in a Roman circus, theater, or amphitheater that is closest to the stage or the arena.
		The seating area for spectators in a Roman circus, theater, or amphitheater that lies between the areas closest to and furthest away from the stage or the arena.
		In Roman law courts, the judges sat on tribunals placed at one end of the building; in military camps, they were platforms from which the generals administered justice; and in a Roman theatre, tribunals were elevated seats above the entrances, usually appropriated by the praetor, the emperor, or the person who paid for the spectacle.
	formaurbis.stanford.edu /docs/FURglossary.html (1571 words)

	Heather's Roman Theatre Web Site
		The Romans were remarkable in their ability to adapt the unique elements they found in other cultures and assimilate them into their culture.
		These new diversions became so popular that the Romans turned to then to appease their gods when a plague ravaged their city in 364 B.C. Roman drama became extremely popular and was eventually incorporated into the majority of other entertainments.
		Roman tragedy was generally an unsuccessful attempt to reproduce tragic works in the Greek style.
	www.geocities.com /classic_theatre (2269 words)

	ROMANIZATION
		Roman army on the frontier; the impact on Romanization was profound in the border areas, and the numbers were in any case not high for soldiers appear to have retired to communities that were already thoroughly Romanized.
		Romans had little sense of cultural superiority and had a long history of extending citizenship; admittedly part of a self-reinforcing national myth.
		Roman troops stations outside Judaea, at Caesarea, under a procurator serving the governor of Syria.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~klio/re/10-romaniz.htm (1235 words)

	KET Distance Learning - Latin 3 Mores - Mores Activities - Roman & Greek Theater
		Events at the theater were usually associated with the various festivals during which games of all sorts were held.
		The upper classes promoted the idea that frequent attendance at spectacles would produce moral decay but the more generally acceptance for their resistance to building more theaters was the fear of civil disturbances and the loss of their power should the common folk be allowed to gather often.
		This was either raised from the floor as in the Greek theaters or drawn from the two sides.
	www.dl.ket.org /latin2/mores/activities/theater.htm (2097 words)

	H102_29 Life in the Roman Empire
		Roman sources paint his wife Livia in a very bad light for attempting to secure the throne for her son, Tiberius Claudius Nero, by a previous marriage, possibly by poisoning family rivals more directly in line for the throne.
		Roman army generals were selected for command directly by the emperor and worked on his behalf.
		Roman women were experiencing greater personal and sexual autonomy; they were working publicly as lawyers, doctors, philosophers, rhetoricians, and teachers.
	web.ics.purdue.edu /~rauhn/Pax_Romana.htm (1864 words)

	Structure of the Greek Theater
		Similarly, the Theater of Dionysus in Athens was situated in the sacred precinct of Dionysus at the foot of the Acropolis.
		Although this theater was built at the end of the fourth century BCE and rebuilt and enlarged in the second century, it does enable us to visualize what the ancient theaters must have been like.
		theater tickets were often stamped with a Greek letter that apparently referred to a specific wedge of seats.
	www.cnr.edu /home/sas/bmcmanus/tragedy_theater.html (1088 words)

	Roman Art and Architecture
		This is an image one of the earliest permanent Roman theaters, constructed in the first century A.D., nearly two centuries after Plautus and Terence wrote.
		The Greek theater is part of the natural landscape, but the Roman structure is imposed on nature.
		The prototype for the Roman theater is Hellenistic, and yet here as in most other respects (recall the changes Plautus made to his Greek texts) the Romans did not simply copy their predecessors.
	www.english.emory.edu /DRAMA/RomanArt.html (564 words)

	AP Art History - Etruscan & Roman Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Stone structures required skilled workers, whereas concrete structures could be built by a large, semiskilled work force directed by one or two trained and experienced supervisors.
		Roman sanctuaries were small urban temples, built in the Etruscan manner (deep porch, wide set of stairs, built with tufa with stucco overlay), and in the midst of congested commercial centers.
		The patrons of the great temples and sanctuaries of the Roman Republic were in almost all-case men from old and distinguished families, member of the senate, and often-victorious generals who used the spoils of war to finance their public works.
	www.mcps.k12.md.us /schools/quinceorchardhs/art/2000-2001/arthistory/rome/republican.html (1213 words)

	THE CORINTHIA IN THE ROMAN PERIOD; The Isthmian Games and the sanctuary of Poseidon
		A.D. of any significant quantity of pottery in the area of the temple and theater is a further indication that the sanctuary did not act as host to major festivals during that period.
		Perhaps more detailed analyses of the Roman deposits excavated by Broneer will alter the picture suggested here, but at present there is no evidence to show that the area around the Temple of Poseidon and the first Palaimonion precinct was the scene of large festive gatherings before the middle of the 1st c.
		The major structure was a heavy concrete podium that Broneer identified as the Roman altar of Poseidon (Figure 4).
	humanities.uchicago.edu /orgs/isthmia/publications/is-roman/is-games.html (5066 words)

	ancient roman entertainment and games
		In Roman times these games could be played at a number of locations much as one would today: at the public baths, the circus, the tavern or even at the forum.
		It cannot be said that the Romans actually invented any of the more common games but they certainly adopted them with a vengeance, so much so that laws had to be made in order to restrict them.
		The pieces used by the Romans were called "Calculi" or "Latrunculi" stemming from the old Latin word "Latrus" which meant "servant" or "soldier".
	www.mariamilani.com /ancient_rome/ancient_roman_games_entertainment.htm (1473 words)

	Performing Arts
		The first Greek theater in Athens was a large simple circle called the "orchestra" (the dancing place).
		The Roman's capital did not have a permanent theater until about 55 B.C. They didn't build their theaters into hillsides like the Greeks, but instead built a standing structure that they covered with awnings.
		New forms of theater were created for these working people such as Vaudeville (acts like song-and-dance routines), Burlesque (dramatic works that make a subject appear ridiculous), and the melodrama (the exaggeration of charters in conflict-heroine/hero vs. the villain).
	myschoolonline.com /page/0,1871,5267-128638-4-34825,00.html (1031 words)

	Greek and Roman Theatre
		Note the orchestra (as altered by Romans), the remains of the theatron and the footings of the skene.
		To the left is the ground plan of a typical Roman Theatre as published by William Smith in A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1875).
		Although the theatre was an open air structure, it was architectually enclosed or unified.
	www.northern.edu /wild/th100/CHAPT10.HTM (3139 words)

	The Roman Theatre (Odeum) in Alexandria
		Besides the theatre at Kom el-Dikka, there are also Roman baths and a whole residential quarter dating from the Ptolemaic through the Medieval Period.
		Near the theatre one may find cisterns, a gymnasium and ancient Roman streets, along with a large villa dating to the reign of Hadrian that is now called the "Villa of the Birds", do to the magnificent mosaic floor in the main room depicting various species of birds.
		At one time, the structure was almost certainly covered over by a roof supported by huge columns, mostly to protect the people from the heat and rain.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/romantheatre.htm (1644 words)

	Rome: Engineering an Empire
		This man almost single handedly doubled the size of the Roman Empire, he was one of the greatest military and political leaders the world has ever known and now he was murdered by those closest to him.
		Once a country was firmly under Roman rule you needed a way to convey their wealth to your coffers and to govern.
		This structure saw the deaths of thousands of men and animals, all for the hedonistic pleasure of the Roman citizen.
	www.hometheaterinfo.com /rome_engineering_an_empire.htm (1214 words)

	Archaeology Wordsmith
		The Romans derived their ideas from the classic Greek theater and stadium and the model was widely copied throughout the Roman empire.
		In ancient Greece, where theatre began in the 5th century BC, the theatres of the classical period were constructed between two hills (essentially D-shaped) so that the audience sat in a tiered semicircular arrangement facing the orchestra circle, in which most of the action took place.
		Greek theater consisted of two main elements: the orchestra, a space for acting and dancing which was usually circular; and the auditorium, a spectators' area, which was probably no more than a hillside or slope originally.
	www.reference-wordsmith.com /cgi-bin/lookup.cgi?category=&where=headword&terms=theater (390 words)

	: : Abila Archaeological Project : :
		Schumacher had first suggested that this area was the location of a Roman theater in 1888, and he reported that he had seen a few seats.
		The staff geologist agreed that that area probably was a theater because the shape and angle of the hillside was not natural.
		Later the Byzantines closed the theater and constructed a church on the same spot using the stones of the former theater.
	www.abila.org /html/areab.html (575 words)

	Discovery Channel :: News :: Ancient Roman Rest Stop Discovered
		The building complex indicates that citizens of the Roman Empire traveled in relative comfort, according to press releases from the Press Office for the City of Neuss, Germany.
		Technology obviously has changed since the Roman era, but the basic needs of a traveler to stop, rest, refuel and grab a tasty bite to eat were the same then as they are now.
		An old proverb says that "every road leads to Rome." That was a strategy that Roman authorities intentionally used to deter provinces from organizing and conducting their business on a more local level.
	dsc.discovery.com /news/briefs/20041129/romanreststop.html (736 words)

	Greek Theater
		Early Greek theaters were probably little more than open areas in city centers or next to hillsides where the audience, standing or sitting, could watch and listen to the chorus singing about the exploits of a god or hero.
		From the late 6th century BC to the 4th and 3rd centuries BC there was a gradual evolution towards more elaborate theater structures, but the basic layout of the Greek theater remained the same.
		During the 5th century, the stage of the theater of Dionysus in Athens was probably raised only two or three steps above the level of the orchestra, and was perhaps 25 feet wide and 10 feet deep.
	academic.reed.edu /humanities/110Tech/Theater.html (3005 words)

	Teatro Marcello/Theater of Marcellus
		The theater was formally dedicated in 13 BC in memory of Marcellus, the son of Augustus' sister Octavia.
		The theater had the usual shallow stage with an enormous stone scaena (from which comes the modern theatrical term "scenery") rising behind it to at least the height of the top of the cavea.
		In Roman and Greek theaters, there was a great curtain that angled from the top of the scaena toward the front of the stage.
	www.mmdtkw.org /VTheatMarc.html (1525 words)

	Roman Theater
		Although the Romans thoroughly enjoyed the Latin versions of Greek drama that were performed in Rome, the authorities were concerned that the Roman people might be corrupted by Greek influences.
		The Roman theater, although similar in form to the Greek theater, developed a magnificence and splendor in keeping with Rome's imperial status.
		Note that in modern theaters the seating area on the floor of the theater is called the 'orchestra'.
	depthome.brooklyn.cuny.edu /classics/dunkle/comedy/romnthtr.htm (423 words)

	Detail Page
		Theater was one of the Romans' favorite public and private pastimes.
		With its freestanding semi-circular structure, tiered seating, orchestra, and stage it was used for the performance of plays, pantomimes, and mimes.
		It is possible that the theater once had a roof that served as an odeon for musical performances.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=corb023 (147 words)

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