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Topic: Roman usurpers

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	Roman Emperor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Discussion of Roman Emperors involves a high degree of historian's editorial discretion, for the Romans themselves did not share the modern understanding of the monarchical concepts of "empire" and "emperor".
		The concept of the Roman Empire was renewed in the West with the coronation of the king of the Franks, Charlemagne, as Roman emperor by the Pope on Christmas Day, 800.
		This line of Roman emperors was actually generally German rather than Roman, but maintained their Romanness as a matter of principle; it lasted until 1806 when Francis II dissolved the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
	www.secaucus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Roman_Emperor (2800 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR usurpers under gallienus
		Usurpers at the Danube Frontier: Ingenuus and Regalianus
		Usurpers in the east: The Macriani and Ballista
		Saturninus, not to be confused with the usurper of the same name under Probus, appears in the Historia Augusta as optimus ducum Gallieni temporis.
	www.roman-emperors.org /galusurp.htm (3042 words)

	Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Discussion of Roman Emperors involves a high degree of historian's editorial discretion, for the Romans themselves did not share the modern understanding of the monarchical concepts of "empire" and "emperor" (note that the Empire had all the political institutions and traditions of the Roman Republic, including the Senate and assemblies).
		The concept of the Roman Empire was renewed in the West with the coronation of the king of the Franks, Karl I as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800.
		This line of Roman emperors was actually generally German rather than Roman, but maintained their Romanness as a matter of principle; it lasted until 1806 when Franz II dissolved the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/r/ro/roman_emperor_1.html (5506 words)

	Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Roman titles of power were adopted by successor states and other entities with imperial pretensions, including the Frankish kingdom, the Holy Roman Empire, the History of Bulgariafirst and second Bulgarian empires(see List of Bulgarian monarchs), the History of RussiaRussian/Kiev dynasties (see tsarczars), and the German Empire (see Kaiser).
		By 610, the Classical Roman Empire had evolved into the Middle Age Byzantine Empire although it was never called this (rather it was called Romania or Basileia Romaion) and the Byzantines continued to consider themselves Roman until their fall in the 15th century.
		The Holy Roman Empire, an attempt to resurrect the Empire in the West, was established in 800 when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Roman Emperor on Christmas Day, though the empire and the imperial office did not become formalised for some decades.
	www.infothis.com /find/Roman_Empire (7331 words)

	Ancient Rome - Coins
		It's easy to see why many Roman coins were often struck off-center so that part of the design was lost off the edge of the coin, or the coin did not have a uniform thickness.
		Roman coins did not have any denomination, per se--there was no numerical value printed on a coin.
		Roman coins were being minted in Greece, Spain, Gaul, Lugdunum, Pergamum, and the East.
	www.crystalinks.com /romecoins.html (2028 words)

	April 11: Third-century Crisis
		In the mid-3rd century, the Persians reconquered Dura-Europos, invaded the eastern Roman empire, and captured the emperor Valerian.
		The Romans admitted this, and in fact used Moors, Parthians, and other "barbarians" as their elite cavalry in the 3rd century.
		However, it is likely that the Romans had not been torn by 50 years of civil wars, they could have defeated the foreign invaders.
	www.luc.edu /faculty/ldossey/thirdcenturycrisis.htm (2235 words)

	Roman Emperor Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		As holding Princeps Senatus, the Emperor declared the opening and closure of each Senate session, declared the Senate's agenda, imposed rules and regulation for the Senate to follow, and met with foreign ambassators in the name of the Senate.
		Pontifex Maximus made the Emperor the chief administrator of religious affairs, granting him the power to conducted all religious ceremonies, consecrated temples, controlled the Roman calendar (adding or removing days as needed), appointed the Vestal Virgins and some Flamens, lead the Collegium Pontificum, and summarized the dogma of the Roman religion.
		This Julio-Claudian dynasty came to an end when the emperor Nero—a great-great-grandson of Augustus through his daughter and of Livia through her son—was deposed in AD Nero was followed by a succession of usurpers throughout 69, commonly called the "Year of the Four Emperors".
	popularityguide.com /encyclopedia/Roman_Emperor (3402 words)

	Roman Emperor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The line of Roman emperors in the East continues unbroken until the fall of Constantinople in 1453 under Constantine XIConstantine XI Palaeologos.
		The concept of the Roman Empire was renewed in the West with the coronation of the king of the Franks, Charlemagne as Roman emperor on ChristmasChristmas Day, 800.
		This line of Roman emperors was actually generally Germanic peoplesGerman rather than Roman, but maintained their Romanness as a matter of principle; it lasted until 1806 when Francis I of AustriaFrancis II dissolved the Empire during the Napoleonic Wars.
	www.infothis.com /find/Roman_Emperor (2832 words)

	Christianity in the Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		They were encouraged by dissatisfaction among the Roman people, religion, or personal greed, but all of them challenged the established authority and paid with their lives.
		Their motives ranged from the deception of the populace by Nero to the hope of returning the former glory of the empire that Decius [3] and Valerian [4]hoped to accomplish by removing the corruption of the Christians [5].
		The usurper saw that he had no choice in the matter and publicly gave up the crown to Constantius, and lived out the rest of his days in Prusa [13].
	www.andrew.cmu.edu /user/kahare/earlyrome.html (3901 words)

	The decline and fall of Rome
		The Roman empire, which had been oppressed and almost destroyed by the soldiers, the tyrants and the barbarians, was saved by a series of great princes, who derived their obscure origin from the martial provinces of Illyricum.
		The revolt of Maximus in Britain, the unavailing attempt of Gratian to suppress this usurper, and the death of the joint emperor of the West in the pursuit of this enterprise, called Theodosius from his campaign against the barbarians to take a part in the strife.
		The luxury of the Romans was more shameless and dissolute and, as the increasing depredations of the barbarians had checked industry and diminished wealth, this profuse luxury must have been the result of that indolent despair which enjoys the present hour and declines the thoughts of futurity.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/Outline_of_Great_Books_Volume_I/declinean_ec.html (2772 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2000.04.16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Cities that had seldom seen a Roman army for generations were captured and sacked even Athens and Antioch -- while Rome itself was hastily provided with the walls it had not needed for four centuries.
		Civil wars were common and in the 260s usurpers in West and East seized control of large areas to create a Gallic empire and an eastern one for over a decade.
		There are seven maps at the front ranging from one of "The Roman Provinces", through five of parts of the empire, to a seventh of "The Administrative Dioceses of Diocletian".
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2000/2000-04-16.html (2668 words)

	ROMAN EMPEROR FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		"Roman Emperor" is the title historians use to refer to rulers of the Roman_Empire, after the epoch conventionally named the Roman_Republic.
		In the discussion of who was the first Roman Emperor one has to understand that at the end of the Roman_Republic there was no new, and certainly not a ''single'', title created with which to indicate the individual who had the supreme power as a monarch.
		Historians customarily assign them the title "Holy Roman Emperor", which has a basis in actual historical usage, and treat their "Holy_Roman_Empire" as a separate institution.
	www.witwib.com /Roman_Emperor (3031 words)

	ANISTORITON: An Essay (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In this case we may suspect that the annona did not undermine the monetarization of the Roman world, since it was just another tax paid to the government either in coin or in goods according to the capacity of the taxpayer.
		The political instability of the third century facilitated the expansion of this phenomenon, so that the Roman State was forced to treat brigands not as mere criminals but as public enemies, suppressed by the army and not by the local police (Mitchell 1993, p.234).
		The Roman Empire was reverting to a condition of anarchy that had not been known since the first century BC.
	www.anistor.co.hol.gr /english/enback/e022.htm (4209 words)

	List of Roman usurpers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The following is an attempted list of usurpers in the Roman Empire.
		For an overview of the problem and consequences of usurpation see Roman usurpers.
		This is a listing of Roman emperors that so became due to their own initiative with neither family ties to the previous nor senatorial appointement.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers (447 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Trajan Decius
		The noted Roman historian, Sir Ronald Syme, has pointed out that Decius is the "palmary specimen of the reluctant usurper," a standard figure throughout the literature of the late Roman Empire.
		Accordingly, during the next engagement, after the Romans, had defeated two Gothic detachments and the Romans were in a swampy area near Abrittus (which is between the Black Sea and the Danube River), Gallus, acting according to a pre-arranged plan, gave a signal to the Goths who surrounded and annihilated the Roman force.
		In addition, it is important to recognize that the Roman state ultimately rested upon religious foundations and the tranquility and prosperity of the Empire depended upon a balance of human and divine forces.
	www.roman-emperors.org /decius.htm (8647 words)

	BBC - History - The Roman Way to Building a Career
		Right from its first involvement in Roman politics, Britain was a dynamic, militarised territory which attracted some of Rome's best and most ambitious men, who were on their way to the pinnacle of achievement.
		During the Republic, the post of Consul was a quasi-military one: the Consuls were the commanders-in-chief of the Roman army, so military experience was of paramount importance to a Roman's political career.
		Military triumphs boosted your career, military service made you eligible for a wide range of profitable postings and for non-citizens, 25 years in the army was a guaranteed way of gaining citizenship for you and your family.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/romans/careers_01.shtml (423 words)

	ROMAN COIN JEWELRY
		The Roman Republic was founded in 509 B.C. and in its earliest times, was ruled by kings and chieftains.
		The technology and strength of the Roman military was the guardian of this great society for some 500 years.
		The half-century from 235 to 284 A.D. is known as the period of the "Barracks Emperors".
	www.johnbmcnamara.com /roman.htm (943 words)

	ORB: Arthur's Britain Bibliography
		The Roman usurpers: Magnus Maximus and Constantine III.
		DA 145.R65 3 Welsby, Derek A. The Roman military defence of the British provinces in its later phases.
		DA 28.1.A84 1982 4 Collingwood, R.C. Roman Britain and the English Settlements.
	www.the-orb.net /bibliographies/arthur.html (2649 words)

	Articles - Western Roman Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Once again the Roman Empire was ruled by a single ruler, but with the death of Constantine in 337, civil war erupted among his three sons, dividing the Empire into three parts.
		In 392 pagan usurpers assassinated Valentinian II and a man named Eugenius was declared emperor until he was defeated in 394 by Theodosius I, who, having ruled both east and west for a year died in 395.
		The instability caused by usurpers throughout the Western Empire helped the barbarians in their conquests, and as the 5th century wore on the barbarians became usurpers themselves.
	gaple.com /articles/Western_Roman_Empire?mySession=3a2d311f71f10944e... (2573 words)

	Probus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Probus Roman Emperor A. Probus was another emperor who was very popular with the soldiers.
		The roads were free of robbers and a traveler could journey in peace from one end of the empire to another with some reasonable assurance that his throat would not be slit and his wealth taken.
		Venting their displeasure at having to do this kind of work, they rebelled and murdered their emperor With the death of Probus, the Roman Empire lost one of the best emperors it was to have during the turbulent Third Century, and one who was a good example for rulers everywhere.
	users2.ev1.net /~legionary/mainevent/coins/Probus.html (723 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR Usurpers under Elgabal
		Historical facts about the usurpers of Elagabalus' power are gleaned from cameo appearances, tiny bits of information scattered in a few ancient literary sources, and from minimal mention in selected modern commentaries that include references to ancient inscriptions and coins.
		They do, however, provide a general picture of the third century and a few details that are specific to the individuals who led rebellions during the reign of Elagabalus.
		He used the Roman military as a means to advance and he, too, became an officer in the eastern provinces.
	www.roman-emperors.org /eusurp.htm (966 words)

	Arthur and the Fall of Rome 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It was the Romans who eventually turned to flee, as the battle swiftly became a massacre.
		Ammianus Marcellinus, a contemporary chronicler, called it the worst disaster since Cannae, the crushing Roman defeat by Hannibal in 216 B.C. The battle of Adrianople was indeed a turning point, the "coming of the end of the world" as Saint Ambrose had predicted.
		In 392, the Roman general Arbogastes, a Frank, strangled to death the western Emperor Valentinian and replaced him with Eugenius.
	www.sangraal.com /library/arthur1.htm (2469 words)

	Limits of Church
		It is only a private 'theological opinion', very late and very controversial, which arose in a period of theological confusion and decadence in a hasty endeavor to dissociate oneself as sharply as possible from Roman theology.
		Roman theology admits and acknowledges that there remains in sects a valid hierarchy and even, in a certain sense, the 'apostolic succession', so that under certain conditions sacraments may be accomplished - and actually are accomplished - among schismatics and even among heretics.
		Recent Roman theology answers that question by the doctrine of the validity of the sacraments ex opere operato.
	www.fatheralexander.org /booklets/english/limits_church.htm (4049 words)

	The end of Roman rule - page 2
		With the withdrawal of both Roman legions, the Picts, Scots and Saxons began a series of devastating attacks on the province.
		Prosper (Tiro) of Aquitaine states in his "Chronicle": "in the fifteenth year of Honorius and Arcadius (409), on account of the languishing state of the Romans, the strength of the Britons was brought to a desperate pass." The Britons took defences into their own hands, expelling the remaining Roman officials.
		John Schofield discusses London under the Romans in From frontier town to stately capital.
	www.postroman.info /endrome2.htm (742 words)

	UNRV History - Roman Empire
		Raetia or also known as Rhaetia in ancient geography was the Roman Province that was bounded on the west by the country of the Helvetii, on the east by Noricum, on the north by Vindelicia and on the south by Cisalpine Gaul has now it's own map of map of Raetia.
		Some historians believe the first Romans to set eyes upon the fabulous fabric were the legions of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Governor of Syria.
		The biography section is being expanded with an addition on the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus.
	www.unrv.com /news_archive-200312.htm (712 words)

	AskWhy! on the Jewish Committal Hearing - Christianity Revealed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Since Jesus was about his Father's business, as he saw it, of relieving the Roman usurpers of their possession of God's Chosen Land and People, it is hardly surprising that many of the Jews who supported him in this venture saw him as innocent of any crime.
		The Romans could not have cared less what Jews did to each other as long as it did not effect themselves or their spies and collaborators, and so they are unlikely to have allowed a concession that might have given a sense of legality to the judicial murder of unpopular collaborators.
		Then, threatened by Annas with crucifixion under Roman justice or the alternative of freedom with a whipping, he succumbed, but still would not vow before God that Jesus was not the king, chosing instead to deny his leader three times according to the formula of an old semitic abjuration.
	www.askwhy.co.uk /christianity/0490Committal.html (7557 words)

	Postumus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		An interesting side trip in a journey through Roman history is presented by the Gallo-Roman Empire that controlled much of Europe from 260 (some say 259) to 273 AD.
		Whether Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus and his successors are considered usurpers against the legitimate Roman Emperor or the saviors of the Roman way of life against German encroachment is a matter of opinion.
		Many lack the SC found on most Roman bronzes but, considering Postumus' status as a usurper, it is more noteworthy that some bronzes do bear this mark of Senatorial authority.
	dougsmith.ancients.info /feac40pos.html (640 words)

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