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	Roman villa - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Other villas in the hinterland of Rome are interepreted in light of the agrarian treatises written by the elder Cato, Columella and Varro, both of whom sought to define the suitable lifestyle of conservative Romans, at least in idealistic terms.
		A villa might be quite palatial, such as the imperial villas built on seaside slopes around the Bay of Naples such as at Baiae; others were preserved at Stabiae and Herculaneum by the ashfall from Vesuvius in 79 A.D., which also preserved the Villa of the Papyri and its libraries.
		Villas specializing in the sea-going export of olive oil to Roman legions in Germany were a feature of the southern Iberian province of Hispania Baetica.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_villa (1266 words)

	The Roman House
		A Roman house did not open directly onto the road, but into a small passage way, the vestibulum, the corridor which led from the main door onwards into the atrium was called the fauces.
		The Romans kept the bed standing, as a symbol of the sanctity of marriage (the bride was still placed upon it by the groom as part of the marriage ceremony).
		Though in the case of the Roman house, it was incorporated into the house itself and was usually surrounded by columns supporting the roof.
	www.roman-empire.net /society/soc-house.html (1444 words)

	History of England, Roman Britain
		The great number of prosperous villas that have been excavated in the southeast and southwest testify to the rapidity by which Britain became Romanized, for they functioned as centers of a settled, peaceful and urban life.
		The Romans abandoned the Antonine Wall, withdrawing south of the better-built, more easily defended barrier of Hadrian, but by the end of the fourth century, the last remaining outposts in Caledonia were abandoned.
		The Roman armies did not have it all their own way in their battles with the native tribesmen, some of whom, in their inter-tribal squabbles, saw them as deliverers, not conquerors.
	www.britannia.com /history/narromhist.html (1834 words)

	Tockington Park Roman Villa
		The Story of Tockington villa is one of discovery and neglect.
		According to the excavation reports they are of “an early date in the Roman period” (Maclean, 1887-8, 168), although they are almost certainly 4th century, and probably the work of the Corinium group of mosaicists.
		These side boards are regularly found on Roman sites and appear to have been a very profitable sideline for masons in the south west.
	romanbristol.tripod.com /avon/tockington.html (1476 words)

	VILLA REGIS COGIDVBNI
		The Roman villa at Fishbourne was discovered and excavated in the early 1960's.
		The villa was apparently destroyed by fire in the late third century during which lead from the roof of the north wing melted over the surface of the mozaics beneath.
		The Roman Inscriptions of Britain by R.G. Collingwood and R.P. Wright (Oxford 1965).
	www.roman-britain.org /places/fishbourne.htm (911 words)

	Roman Villas in England
		Although villas are not unknown in the north of England, by far the largest number were constructed in the fertile lowlands of the south east, particularly in Kent and Sussex.
		Roman building falls into two major eras; immediately post-conquest most houses and public buildings were built in timber on stone or wooden foundations, and in the 2nd century were rebuilt in stone.
		The golden age of the villa in England was in the 2nd and 3rd centuries.
	www.britainexpress.com /architecture/roman-villas.htm (1013 words)

	AUGUSTUS: IMAGES OF POWER
		The statue of Augustus from Livia's villa at Prima Porta is a marble copy of a bronze statue that celebrates the return in 20 BCE of the military standards captured by the Parthians in 53 after the defeat of Crassus at Carrhae.
		The Roman receiving the standard may represent Romulus or Tiberius, Livia's son and the commander of the Roman expedition in 20 BCE.
		To the right and left of the central figures are women representing conquered Roman provinces, perhaps Gaul (with a boar and a trumpet in the form of a dragon) on the viewer's right and Spain on the left (this figure may also represent client tribes in Germany and the east).
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /users/morford/augimage.html (1563 words)

	Villa Romana del Casale, Piazza Armerina [Introduction - part 1 of 8] (Photo Archive) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Villa Roman del Casale was constructed on the remains of an older villa in the first quarter of the fourth century, probably as the centre of a huge latifundium covering the entire surrounding area.
		The size of the villa and the amount and quality of the artwork indicate that the villa was the main centre of such a latifundium, whose owner was probably a member of senatorial class if not of the imperial family itself, i.e., the absolute upper class of the Roman Empire.
		The villa was a single-story building, centred around the peristyle, around which almost all the main public and private rooms were organised.
	sights.seindal.dk /sight/456_Villa_Romana_del_Casale.html (1335 words)

	The State Hermitage Museum: Collection Highlights
		The unusually varied collection of Roman art spans the period from the late period of the Republic (1st century BC) to the late Empire (4th century AD), but most important is the collection of sculptural portraits.
		Including men, women and children, emperors, famous Roman statesmen, and private individuals, they enable us to trace the evolution of Roman portraiture from the creation of a faithful and accurate reproduction of the sitter's appearance to the depiction of the individual's inner world.
		Roman official art, which affirmed the idea of the Eternal City by showing the Emperor as a god or triumphant commander - can be judged by the statue of the Emperor Augustus as Jupiter (1st century BC) and the portrait of Lucius Verus.
	www.hermitagemuseum.org /html_En/03/hm3_1_3.html (227 words)

	ROMAN VILLAS IN BRITAIN
		Roman villa owners could continually ‘upgrade’ if they had the resources, or downgrade when they ran short or changed their minds.
		Roman flint walls were normally held in a frame made up of tile and brick, or with pieces of dressed stone imported from elsewhere.
		At the Clanville (Hants) villa, a milestone seems to have been removed from the road three miles (5 km) away and brought to the villa where it was tooled ready for building work.
	www.romanbritain.freeserve.co.uk /villa.htm (5760 words)

	Herculaneum
		The Villa of the Papyri was initially thought to contain unreadable charred scrolls, fused into solid lumps when it was originally excavated in the 18th Century.
		To my mind the fact that the villa was owned by a relative of Julius Caesar gives rise to several tantalising possibilities.
		I believe that the area immediately beyond the bridge is where the Villa of the Papyri is in the process of being excavated, to the West of Herculaneum.
	www.roman-empire.net /articles/article-011.html (1765 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Early Roman Christian Cemeteries
		Justin the philosopher, Apollonius the Roman senator, Moses a famous priest of the time of St. Cornelius, and many other celebrities of the early Roman Church, who were, in all likelihood, buried in some of the many Roman cemeteries.
		Generosa was a Roman lady who buried on her property the bodies of the martyrs Simplicius, Faustinus, and Beatrix, transferred later (683) to St. Bibiana, in the city.
		This famous Roman matron and her seven sons were put to death for the Christian Faith, under Marcus Aurelius.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03510a.htm (7528 words)

	Roman Villa In Sicily
		The Villa Roman del Casale was constructed on the remains of an older villa in the first quarter...
		Roman mosaic of a Villa at Orbe in Switzerland
		Villa Romana in SicilyAlkman, Greek poet, 2 ADPrinceton University, mosaicsMadaba Archaeological ParkRoman mosaics in...
	www.italy-holiday-villas-accommodation.co.uk /9/villas406.html (757 words)

	Learn more about Roman in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The adjective Roman means pertaining or related to Rome.
		Roman hills -- Seven hills of ancient Rome
		Roman is a family of typographic fonts, the most famous and common of which is Times New Roman.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /r/ro/roman.html (134 words)

	Barcombe Roman Villa - 2002 Update [Archaeology South East]
		This material appears to have accumulated from the 1st century through to the final abandonment of the main villa building, and it was only towards the end of the excavation this year that we managed to remove all of this overburden and establish that there is a roundhouse below it.
		There is very little evidence for the structure of the villa above the wall footings, but finds in a few of the rooms and the corridor suggest that these areas may have had a flooring of plain red tesserae.
		It also suggests that at the time the villa walls were robbed they may have stood to a height that meant that plaster was still adhering to them.
	www.archaeologyse.co.uk /barcombe.html (2408 words)

	Camelot Village: Britain's Heritage and History
		Although Roman homes had surprisingly little furniture, the floors could be richly decorated with patterned marble, or sometimes mosaics.
		In some of the villas there are recesses in the walls, which may have been chimneys.
		Still, the Roman system of water supply was not equalled by any other system until the 19th century.
	www.camelotintl.com /romans/villas.html (1026 words)

	The Roman Villa at Woodcester in the Cotswolds and the celebrated Orpheus Pavement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Certainly the beauty of the surrounding area is a factor; the villa is sheltered in the valley and there would have been a plentiful supply of stone and wood for building.
		Like the Romans they shared a reverence for nature and natural forces such as springs and, only a few hundred yards away from the villa, was the spring line which provided water for the villa.
		In the latter half of the fourth century the villa was partially destroyed by fire probably by the Pict or Saxon invaders who had overwhelmed the island.
	www.grahamthomas.com /history4.html (4075 words)

	BBC - History - Romans
		There are many views of the Roman way of life - from those of women, to those of the citizens of Pompeii.
		The Roman Empire set up and spread many of the structures on which the civilisation of modern Europe depends.
		Melvyn Bragg discusses the decline of the Roman Empire and the legacy of the Romans in Britain.
	www.bbc.co.uk /history/ancient/romans (446 words)

	Roman Villa Restaurant & Bar (History) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The third restaurant, Villa VIII, was opened in Colorado Springs in the early 1970's by Robert Romitti.
		For decades, the restaurants enjoyed success until the early nineteen-eighties when the Palmer Lake Roman Villa and Villa VIII closed their doors - leaving only the Colorado Springs Roman Villa location to carry on the family tradition.
		Although larger in size, and offering a wider menu selection than the original Roman Villa, we still strive to carry on the family tradition; serving family recipes made from scratch, and making our guests feel at home in a warm and comfortable atmosphere.
	www.romanvilla.com /history.shtml (327 words)

	Butser Roman villa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The reconstruction at Butser was based on the plan of the Sparsholt Roman villa excavated by David Johnston in the 1960s, and described by him in CA 12.
		This is a typical Roman villa, known as a 'winged corridor' villa: the villa was a row of rooms, but the essential features are the projected wings at either end, and a corridor running along the front
		Note that these are the normal Roman type, hanging in a diamond pattern, by a single nail through a hole in one corner.
	www.archaeology.co.uk /ca/issues/ca188/butser/butser.htm (505 words)

	icWales - 1811 clue finds Roman villa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler uncovered a small Roman fort near Amble-ston in 1921 and a Roman villa was discovered at Amroth, on the border with Carmarthen-shire, in the early 1950s.
		The discovery could change our understanding of the Roman presence in Wales and certainly suggests that their influence over this remote part of Wales was much greater than once thought.
		Dr Merrony, who specialises in the history of the Roman provinces of the eastern Mediterranean, set out earlier this year to discover whether there was any truth in his boyhood reading.
	icwales.icnetwork.co.uk /0100news/0600uk/page.cfm?objectid=12799274&method=full&siteid=50082 (874 words)

	Chariot Racing
		Juvenal has put his finger on two of the most important aspects of Roman chariot races—their immense popularity and the pleasure they gave the Roman people, and the political role they played during the empire in diverting energies that might otherwise have gone into rioting and other forms of popular unrest.
		Although most Roman charioteers (called aurigae or agitatores) began their careers as slaves, those who were successful soon accumulated enough money to buy their freedom.
		Roman racing chariots were designed to be as small and lightweight as possible.
	vroma.org /%7Ebmcmanus/circus.html (1832 words)

	BBC NEWS \| England \| Kent \| Plaque marks work on Roman villa
		It is part of a new exhibition on the villa which includes photographs, records and anecdotes from people who answered an appeal for contributions.
		The villa was built in AD 100 and was excavated between 1949 and 1961.
		The villa was discovered in the late 1930s but the start of the Second World War prevented any serious investigations beginning until years later.
	news.bbc.co.uk /go/click/rss/1.0/-/1/hi/england/kent/3662544.stm (238 words)

	HALES ROMAN VILLA
		The villa is situated just five miles north-east of the partly-known Roman road running between Pennocrucium (Stretton, Water Eaton, South Staffordshire) in the south-east and Mediolanum (Whitchurch, Shropshire) to the north-west (Margary#19).
		There are two known Roman buildings; Site A was uncovered by Pape in 1928 and was identified as part of a corridor villa, aligned NNW-SSE, and possibly dating from the late first century.
		The original structure was built out of the local red sandstone, and has been tentatively dated to the second century, and at a later date (as yet unknown) the original building underwent several alterations to its superstructure and its function appears to have changed.
	www.roman-britain.org /places/hales.htm (977 words)

	Hadrian's Villa, Tivoli [Introduction - part 1 of 7] (Photo Archive)
		Hadrian's Villa (Villa Hadriana) is a large Roman villa built by the emperor Hadrian in the early second century CE.
		Tivoli, and hence the villa, was easily reached from Rome by land via the Via Tiburtina and by boat on the Aniene, which was navigable at the time.
		The hill on which the villa stood was surrounded by two small streams, and the hills behind Tivoli provided water for four of the aqueducts that supplied Rome.
	sights.seindal.dk /sight/901_Hadrians_Villa.html (1531 words)

	Etruscan Tombs
		Many scholars hypothesize the existence of a powerful aristocratic class, and craftsmen, merchants, and seamen would have formed a middle class; it was probably at this time that the Etruscans began to maintain the elegant slaves for which they were famous.
		In the second half of the 4th century BCE, the tombs became of the hypogeal type and reproduce the shapes of the dwellings.
		The most well-known of these hypogea is the François tomb, famous for its paintings (now at Villa Albani in Rome) portraying, as well as the deceased, episodes from Greek mythology together with characters from Etruscan myths and history.
	www.mysteriousetruscans.com /tombs.html (1216 words)

	Brading Roman Villa - A unique collection of mosaics on the Isle of Wight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The villa at Brading is a fine example from Roman times and is one of ten such sites open to the public in the British Isles.
		The villa and its mosaics were rediscovered by Captain John Thorp, a former soldier in the British Army in India, in 1880.
		Brading Roman Villa has been open to the public for over one hundred years with little more than a metal roof covering the site's 4th Century mosaics.
	www.wightindex.com /brading_roman_villa/brading_roman_villa.asp (496 words)

	Rockbourne Roman Villa - about the site
		Rockbourne Roman Villa is located near Fordingbridge in a picturesque and peaceful part of Hampshire close to the New Forest.
		The villa once stood in the centre of a large farming estate, and is the largest known Roman villa in the area.
		Today you can walk around the remains of the villa and visit the site museum which displays many of the fascinating objects found on the site and shows what life was like for the Roman Britons who lived here over 1600 years ago.
	www.hants.gov.uk /museum/rockbourne/reception.html (221 words)

	Horace's Villa: Table of Contents
		Quintus Horatius Flaccus ("Horace" in English) lived from 65 to 8 B.C. and was Rome's leading poet of lyric and satiric poetry in the Golden Age of Roman literature under the Emperor Augustus.
		His villa near Licenza, Italy (35 miles northeast of Rome) is the only house of a Roman writer of the Augustan Age that can be identified and visited today.
		As such, it is a precious part of our heritage and repays study--especially since Horace wrote so much about the place he called "the fulfillment of all my hopes and prayers." For the poems, be sure to visit our Poetry section in the Study Center.
	www.humnet.ucla.edu /horaces-villa/Contents.html (327 words)

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