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Topic: Roman withdrawal from Britain

	Roman departure from Britain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Urban and villa life had grown less intense by the fourth quarter of the fourth century, pottery shards are not present in levels dating past 400, and coins minted past 402 are rare.
		Britain, stripped of all able-bodied men and women due to the adventurer Magnus Maximus's campaigns in Germany and Rome (383–388), called to Rome for help.
		All the men of Britain were sent to London to be trained in the ways of combat to receive vast resources for building war machines and fortifications against attacks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roman_departure_from_Britain (566 words)

	Kingdom of Powys - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kingdom of Powys was a Welsh successor state that emerged during the Dark Ages, after the Roman withdrawal from Britain.
		During the Roman Empire this region was organised into a Roman province, with the capital at Viroconium Cornoviorum (modern Wroxeter), the fourth largest Roman city in Britain.
		Throughout the early Dark Ages, Powys was ruled by the Gwerthernion dynasty, a family claiming descent jointly from the marriage of Vortigern and Princess Sevira, the daughter of Magnus Maximus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys (2037 words)

	ORB -- Sub-Roman Britain: An Introduction
		To say that sub-Roman Britain was simply "Roman Britain in decay" is to overlook both its achievements (monasticism, penitentials) and the continuity with its Roman (Latin education, Mediterranean trade) and Celtic (La Tène jewelry, the bardic tradition) past.
		The situation was made worse by the withdrawal of troops from Britain by Magnus Maximus in 383, Stilicho in 402, and Constantine III in 407, all of which were the results of political and military turmoil on the Continent.
		The Ruin of Britain begins with an "historical" prologue which narrates the foreign and domestic wars plaguing Britain since the departure of the Romans, then turns into an impassioned sermon (a jeremiad in the true sense of the word) denouncing the crimes of current British rulers and the sins of the British clergy.
	the-orb.net /encyclop/early/origins/rom_celt/romessay.html (3626 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		The people who lived in the Roman ruled part of the island were called Britons (by the Romans!).
		Confusion is possible because the name of Britain is applied to the modern United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the citizens of that country are often called Britons.
		After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the fifth century, migrants from the Continen set up their own kingdoms in Britain and conquered much of the south and east of the island.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/muhlberger/britintro.html (890 words)

	Roman Britain
		By 47 AD the Romans were in control of England from the River Humber to the Estuary of the River Severn.
		By the middle of the 3rd century the Roman Empire was in decline.
		Roman towns continued to be inhabited until the mid-5th century.
	www.localhistories.org /roman.html (975 words)

	Roman Britain - Late Roman Britain
		By the early years of the 2nd century they were well into modern Scotland, but the combination of events elsewhere in the Empire and the untimely death of Emperors led to the withdrawal of troops to the line we now know as Hadrian's Wall, stretching nearly 125 kilometres from Newcastle to Carlisle.
		Leadership of the army stationed in Britain served as a springboard for several generals to claim the Emperorship (in one year no less than three claimants to the Imperial throne were put forward by the Legions in Britain).
		This eventually led to the establishment of a string of Roman forts stretching from Norfolk to Hampshire along the "Saxon Shore".
	www.britainexpress.com /History/Late_Roman_Britain.htm (406 words)

	Roman Manchester
		The fort was abandoned in 411 AD, marking the complete withdrawal of Roman troops from Britain, and the township (the vicus) probably fell gradually into disuse.
		Over time the purpose of the ruined fortress was lost in obscurity, and "the castle in the field" suffered as did most other ruins, as a useful place for locals to acquire (steal) ready dressed stones to repair their houses and barns.
		The Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century AD left the town open to the ravages of further European and Scandinavian invasions, notably the Saxons, who renamed the township "Manigceastre".
	www.manchester2002-uk.com /history/roman.html (1168 words)

	Britannia
		For example, the Romans begin the game prepared to invade from Gaul across the English Channel, simulating the Roman invasion of 43 A.D., and later leave the game after the fifth round of play, reflecting the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 4th century.
		Thus, the Romans play first, completing all of the phases of their nation turn, then the Romano-British take their turn, then the Belgae, then the Welsh, and so on.
		Roman legions and cavalry also score kills on a four or better (five for strong targets), rather than a five (or six for strong targets).
	www.fantasyflightgames.com /britannia_about.html (784 words)

	NOVIOMAGVS REGNORVM
		The Roman name for Chichester is first recorded in Ptolemy's Geography produced in the early-second century.
		The last appearance of the Roman name for Chichester occurs in the Ravenna Cosmology of the late-seventh century.
		Roman occupation of the Chichester site began with the construction of a military supply base, perhaps as early as the winter of AD43/44, which was apparently abandoned by the military in 47, after which the site developed as a timber-built town possessing a large statue of Nero.
	www.roman-britain.org /places/noviomagus_regnorum.htm (1187 words)

	Chichester Harbour - Harbour Villages
		The earliest of these must be some of the first Roman workings in Britain and have been interpreted as storehouses of a supply depot serving the military camp.
		The millennium between the coming of the Romans and the coming of the Normans was an age of darkness as far as history is concerned.
		Fishbourne Roman Palace was discovered by accident during the digging of a water mains trench.
	www.conservancy.co.uk /out/harbour_villages.asp?village=Fishbourne (698 words)

	History Channel Search Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		After the Roman withdrawal from Britain in 409, the Picts systematically raided the territories of their southern neighbors.
		A loyal Roman Catholic and the heir presumptive to the English crown, Mary became the central figure of the Counter Reformation in Scotland and (later) in England.
		With the decline of Britain as a world power in the second half of the 20th century, Scottish nationalism again became a significant political force.
	www.historychannel.com /thcsearch/thc_resourcedetail.do?encyc_id=221830#FWNE.fw..sc065100.a30 (5850 words)

	Famous Roman Opponents
		Afranius Syagrius - "King" of the Romans: This Kingdom of Soissons, also called the Kingdom of Syagrius, is inaccurately named; it was neither ruled by a king, or even considered by its citizens as anything other than a separated province of the Western Roman
		The only remaining Roman territory in Gaul was in the northwest, with a small strip connecting it to Italy.
		The Romano-British, after the Roman withdrawal from Britain, may have requested military assistance from Aegidius (see Groans of the Britons).
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~mharrsch/crosswords/Romancommanders.htm (643 words)

	Reeling: the Movie Review Show's review of King Arthur
		The Roman Empire is nearing its end and one of its far flung outposts, the north of England, is being dismantled.
		The stage is set as Arthur and his men head out on their mission to escort the Roman nobleman, his family and slaves to the safety of Hadrian’s Wall, but not before releasing the Roman’s prisoners, including the beautiful Guinevere (Kiera Knightley).
		Arthur obtains freedom for his men from the Romans who are abandoning Britain as an indefensible outpost, then confounds them all by deciding to stay at Hadrian's Wall to battle the Saxons alongside the Woads.
	www.reelingreviews.com /kingarthur.htm (1595 words)

	Vortimer, by Frank D. Reno
		They are expelled from Britain and for a period of five years afterwards, they dared not return, until the death of Vortimer.
		In his history Gildas has just described the Roman withdrawal in Britain and a respite of attacks from the Scotti and Picts; he then writes that the Briton scars are healing over and the island is being flooded with an abundance of goods, creating a growth of luxury.
		An exceptionally large late Roman coin hoard there buried argues that it was in the fourth or fifth century the residence of a powerful ruler.
	www.vortigernstudies.org.uk /artgue/guestfdr2.htm (8775 words)

	EARTHSONGS: The Journal of the Society of Celtic Shamans, Volume 8, Issue 3, Lughnasadh 2004, Copyright (c) 2004
		Twenty to twenty-five percent of the population of the Roman Empire was enslaved and slavery was as essential to the Roman economy as oil is to ours.
		John, I found it very odd for Arthur, in the year 425 AD, to be surprised to hear the Romans intended to withdraw from Britain when the Roman legions' abandonment of the island had begun around 402.
		I also understand that the term Pict was a Roman pejorative applied to the Celtic peoples of the area we now call Scotland and referred to the fact that they painted or tattooed themselves with woad dye.
	www.faeryshaman.org /es83/es83reg1.htm (2825 words)

	The Periphery of Francia: Spain, Britain, Eastern Europe, & Scandinavia
		Wales, in effect the last piece of Roman Britain, was annexed by England as a principality.
		Although Britain was never an "empire," Queen Victoria did assume the imperial title for India, as successor to the Moghuls, in 1876.
		Britain was not quite ready for a Republic, and what might have become one quickly became a kind of military dictatorship, under Oliver Cromwell.
	www.friesian.com /perifran.htm (11163 words)

	Druidism Guide -- Page One
		The Roman author Diogenes placed the Druids together with the ancient world's wisest philosophers, alongside the Magi of Persia, the Chaldeans (the priesthood of the Babylonians) and the Gymnosophists (a Hindu sect which preceded the Yogis).
		Even their name is the word the Romans used for them and not the name they used for themselves.
		The Roman historians are another important source, though they wrote on the Celts from their own points of view.
	www.wildideas.net /cathbad/pagan/dr-guide1.html#1 (4168 words)

	Eburacum PBEM - Background.
		As well as the offical Roman cults and native British religions, mystery cults associated with death and rebirth were popular.
		While the devotion of many to the Imperial Cult may have weakened since the Roman withdrawal from Britain, homage to many of the Roman deities continues by those in the city of Romano-British backgrounds.
		During the time of Roman occupation of Britain, many of the beliefs of the native Celtic peoples were readily assimilated with those of the Romans.
	members.optusnet.com.au /~mkgregory/eburacum/romantemple.html (1890 words)

	World History 400- 500 AD
		The Roman city of Carthage was captured by Vandals, under the command of Genseric.
		At the battle of Aylesford in Kent, England, the Saxons led by Hengst and Horsa defeated the Britons.
		The last Roman emperor of France was defeated by Clovis I, King of the Salian Franks.
	www.multied.com /dates/400ad.html (455 words)

	Channel 4 Television - Time Team Live 2001
		As well as the Angles (who came from the southern part of the Danish peninsula and eventually gave their name to England) and the Saxons (who came from the north German plain to the west), there were also Jutes (from Jutland) and smaller numbers from other Germanic tribes as well.
		The phrase was introduced by historians to describe the period after Roman rule in Britain ended at the beginning of the fifth century AD.
		The biggest and most immediate effect of the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the early fifth century AD was not the arrival of barbarian hordes tearing down the city walls.
	www.channel4.com /history/timeteam/archive/timeteamlive2001/overview.html (910 words)

	St Cuthbert's Website : Celtic Way - Celtic Christian Spirituality
		Following the Roman withdrawal from Britain at the beginning of the 5th century, there were nearly 200 years of separation between the Celtic and Roman churches, when the Celtic church developed its unique style and outlook.
		However, throughout Britain and Ireland, the picture generally was of gradual conformity to the Roman way.
		In Scotland, a combination of religious persecution and the 19th century Highland clearances, caused the Celtic culture to fragment and the oral tradition began to be lost.
	www.st-cuthberts.net /celspty.htm (1122 words)

	FREUMH À TALAMH TIORAM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Upon the Roman withdrawal later in 397 A.D., the Cumbrians again dominated Britain -- and retained that dominion, until slowly driven back by the invading Anglians during the seventh and by the Vikings in the eighth centuries.
		In 61, the Romans destroyed the druidic seminary on Mon(a) or Anglesey.
		Thus Britain, as it were, recovered liberty -- in that one of her own children had become her king and had got the government of the whole World.
	homepage.mac.com /macfhionn/FREUMH/FeallsanachdDiadhaireachd/FNLee/Cumbria.html (20414 words)

	Tameside in Greater Manchester
		Tameside featured on the road which the Romans built from Manchester to Leeds and a branch to the fort at Melandra ran through the northern part of Mossley, within the present Borough.
		After Roman withdrawal from Britain in 410 AD, various petty invasions and squabbles between local warlords took place, and by the 7th century Anglian immigrants had moved into the region and occupied the land.
		By the time of the Norman Conquest of Britain in 1066, town and village names had begun to be formalised and to appear in documents of the time.
	www.manchester2002-uk.com /towns/tameside1.html (838 words)

	THE WIZARDS WORKSHOP
		Merlin, fortunately, was baptized early on in his life, an event which negated the evil in his nature, but left his powers intact.
		Legend then tells us that after the Roman withdrawal from Britain and the usurpation of the throne from the rightful heirs, Vortigern was in flight from the Saxon breakout and went to Snowdonia, in Wales, in hopes of constructing a mountain fortress where he might be safe.
		Merlin may have had his conceptual origin in one of the wild-man-in-the-woods motifs common to the ancient folklore of the British Isles, such as the tale of another seer named Lailoken, who may be the original for Geoffrey's character.
	www.angelfire.com /realm2/dragonreighn/page3.html (702 words)

	ZA@Play
		For Geoffrey of Monmouth, writing his History of the Kings of Britain in the turbulent 12th century, this Arthur is a symbol of native British unity and sovereignty.
		The most plausible speculation is that if there was a historical Arthur he possibly lived around the time of the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century.
		This Roman Arthur seems to be the most attractive of the alternatives to David Franzoni, scriptwriter of the wildly successful Gladiator and now the new King Arthur.
	www.chico.mweb.co.za /art/2004/2004sep/040903-motw.html (778 words)

	Merrie Haskell's King Arthur Site: The Legend
		In the years of upheaval after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD, Britain became an island of small kingdoms.
		Depending on the version of the story, the unification of the petty kings was as easy as forming a Round Table where everyone was equal in the eyes of the King and had a voice in the affairs of the realm, or as difficult as beating the rebellious leaders into submission.
		Arthur is attacked by Romans, by Goths, by Saxons, by Picts, by the French, by the Irish, by Lancelot, by Morgan le Fay, by Mordred, by rebellious subject kings-- you name it, in some version, they are the group that brings about the fall of Camelot.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~merrie/Arthur/story.html (2883 words)

	Movie-List - Reviews - King Arthur
		The story begins with a legend of sorts as we learn about a group of knights from Sarmatia who fought the Romans to a stand-still but eventually were absorbed into their ranks.
		Their leader Artorius (Clive Owen), born of Roman and British lineage, is skeptical about the Roman withdrawal from Britain and that his blessed empire is abandoning his dreams of justice, order and purity of state.
		Artorius is the only true Christian and Roman among his men but in their 15 years together they have become one.
	www.movie-list.com /reviews.php?id=kingarthur (1021 words)

	Kings of Strathclyde
		One of the kingdoms of Scotland that arose at the end of the Roman occupation of Britain was that of Strathclyde.
		It is probably at this turbulent time that the south of Britain is being colonised by Angles and Saxons, commanded by their leader Hengist.
		In 1034, the Kingdom of Strathclyde was formally merged with that of Alba, and Scotland was formally born, albeit at this time without the Western Isles and the Orkneys and Shetland which were still under Norse rule.
	www.templum.freeserve.co.uk /history/strathclyde/localkings.htm (2109 words)

	Game Over Online Magazine - King Arthur (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Conscripted at childhood to serve the Roman Empire, they have to do their duty for freedom for a period of fifteen years.
		Yet he is disgusted by the Roman landowner who abuses his power by equating his word with the word of God.
		And in the end, when the Saxons approach Hadrian’s Wall, Arthur leads his Romanized knights and the Woad locals to defeat this new threat in the name of the British inhabitants — not in the name of the papacy or Rome.
	www.game-over.net /reviews.php?page=features&id=353 (899 words)

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