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	Lingua Romana: Volume 1. Issue 1. Spiridon: Bucharest-on-the-Seine
		On a political level, France's revolution of 1848 was perceived in Bucharest as the beginning of a mythical construction of an imaginary France, a Jerusalem of liberty and eternal revolution.
		This led to a Romanian revival of the vernacular and of oral culture, a focus on national history, local color and exoticism, and the rural tradition.
		Paradoxically, Paris, which was considered by Romanian intellectuals as the cradle of romance culture and the symbol of the memory and continuity of Romania's Latin heritage, became among post-1848 exiles the subject of nostalgic literature following the well known “down the rivers of Babylon” model of the Jewish Diaspora.
	linguaromana.byu.edu /spiridon.html (3050 words)

	History of Romanians
		Owing to their position, the Romanians south of the Danube were the first to be mentioned in historical sources (the 10th century), under the name of vlahi or blahi (Wallachians); this name shows they were speakers of a Romance language and that the non-Roman peoples around them recognised this fact.
		A Romanian army, under the personal command of Prince Carol I, crossed the Danube and participated in the siege of Pleven; the result was the surrender of the Ottoman army led by Osman Pasha (December 10, 1877).
		At that time the National Romanian Party in Transylvania played an important role in asserting the Romanian national identity; the party was reorganized in 1881 and it became the standard bearer in the struggle to achieve recognition of equal rights of the Romanian nation and it the resistance against the denationalization projects.
	www.roembus.org /english/romanian_links/history_of_romanians.htm (5696 words)

	Communist Romania - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although Romanian forces fought heroically under Soviet command, driving through Northern Transylvania into Hungary proper, and on into Czechoslovakia, Austria and Germany, the Soviets still treated Romania as conquered territory, under the pretext that Romanian authorities were unable to ensure order in the newly-liberated territories, and clashes between Romanian and Hungarian nationalists erupted.
		Justinian Marina, the new chosen Patriarch of the Romanian Orthodox Church, with the help of the Communist government disbanded the Romanian Greek-Catholic Uniate Church and other churches, seizing property and declaring the churches to have been "merged" with the Orthodox Church.
		By 1989, according to CNSAS (the Council for Studies of the Archives of the Former Securitate), one in three Romanians was an informant for the Securitate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Communist_Romania (5246 words)

	RADOR: News from Romania, 97-12-22
		The Romanian head of state together with the speaker of the Senate Petre Roman, the speaker of the Chamber of Deputies Ion Diaconescu and other senior officials laid flower wreaths in various locations where significant events took place during the 1989 uprising.
		The general trend is that Romanians' confidence in political parties somehow decreased but on the other hand they hope for economic recovery of the country and greater living standards.
		Thus, 62% of the Romanians believe that their general status was better as regards family life compared with the one in 1996 but things were worse as regards the purchasing power.
	www.hri.org /news/balkans/rador/1997/97-12-22.rador.html (1012 words)

	Romanian Revolution of 1989 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and fighting in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu.
		The total number of deaths in the Romanian Revolution was 1,104, of which 162 were in the protests that led to the overthrow of Nicolae Ceauşescu (16-22 December 1989) and 942 in the fighting that occurred after the seizure of power by the new political structure National Salvation Front (FSN).
		In 2005, the Memorial of Rebirth was inaugurated to commemorate the victims of the Revolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989 (4300 words)

	document1077 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This scene captures one of the characteristics of this revolution, that is, the revolution was in fact a planned coup d'etat by people inside the communist party and the army, and not the people's victory of overthrowing the dictatorship and stepping towards democracy.
		In the case of the Romanian revolution, an author of a play pretended not to be the author, and actors who played in this play played many different roles, switching them all the time.
		During the revolution, at the Romanian TV station, there was a director who was directing the revolutionary live program.
	www.midnightuniv.org /midnight2544/0009999851.html (3935 words)

	Central Europe Review - Film: Videograms of a Revolution
		The woman then comments on the most important events which are presented in the background rather than the foreground, a reversal from standard presentational style that mirrors the reversals of power at hand.
		This revolution, however, had been necessitated by the abject failure of achieving the utopia prophesied in 1917, as instead there emerged what J. Hoberman has recently called "the Red Atlantis", a legendary land of milk and honey that never in fact existed.
		A news anchor on the renamed Romanian Free Television fulfils his promise and presents images of the Ceausescus’ grotesque corpses.
	www.ce-review.org /99/17/kinoeye17_privett.html (1148 words)

	Bucharest - City of Revolution
		To the Romanians of today, perhaps the most important political leader is Michael the Brave (Mihai Vitezul), the leader of the first unified Romanian state in history.
		His message was not lost when Romanian delegates gathered at Alba Iulia, where he declared the union of the provinces in 1599, on 1 December 1918 to call for the unification of Transylvania, Banat, Crisana and Maramures with the Romanian state.
		Today, Romanians have once again look at the past and wonder if it is time for the unification of the last remaining part of Romanian land not in the motherland - Moldova - which was incorporated by the Soviets in 1940.
	weecheng.com /europe/1995/romania3.htm (937 words)

	The second Romanian revolution will be televised: the TV show Dallas helped overthrow Ceausescu. Now gangsta rap and ...
		Romanians of newly acquired means could come here and see their small-screen dreams come to life, ride polo ponies, even fire off a gun or two.
		By the summer of 2004, the polo field was choked with three-foot weeds, the swimming pool was drained, and the paddleboats lay rusting in the sun next to a stagnant bilge-water creek.
		It takes about 60 seconds to realize that this mid-'90s symbol of Romanian capitalism has, in the early 21st century, become as archaic and communist as the system Romanians are desperately, and at long last successfully, trying to leave behind.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1568/is_5_37/ai_n15998648 (704 words)

	Romanian Americans
		Eighty percent of the population nominally belong to the Romanian Orthodox Church, and approximately ten percent are Catholics of the Byzantine Rite.
		Romanians have always held the family in high esteem and are generally opposed to divorce.
		Romanian American Catholics vehemently opposed the suppression of their church in Romania beginning in 1948, when bishops and priests were arrested and murdered, and church property was confiscated.
	www.everyculture.com /multi/Pa-Sp/Romanian-Americans.html (8733 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Romania's bloody revolution
		Ten years ago, the idyll of the peaceful revolutions against communism across eastern Europe was rudely broken, as Romania suddenly descended into anarchy and bloodshed.
		On 22 December 1989, Romania's communist leader Nicolae Ceausescu was overthrown in a violent revolution and fled from the capital, Bucharest.
		The Romanian revolution was the last, and the bloodiest, in the whole region.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/europe/574200.stm (916 words)

	Day-by-Day History of the Romanian Revolution
		It is believed that some of the army began to switch over to the side of the demonstrators on this day, although that is unconfirmed.
		Uncertainty and terror still prevailed in the streets, although it is known that the Ceausescus were tried and shot in a very speedy trial.
		Ceausescu was described as unapologetic and refused to recognize the decision of the courts.
	www.ceausescu.org /ceausescu_texts/revolution/revolt_daybyday.htm (626 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		FOREIGN FORUM, ROMANIAN CONTEXT It is difficult to pinpoint the exact first mention of “the tourists” and their alleged role in the Revolution, but it appears that although the source of the claim was Romanian, the publication was foreign.
		In the case of the Romanian Revolution, this revisionist falsehood, it must be admitted, is undeniably seductive, popular, and deeply-embedded in the Romanian popular consciousness and the country’s observers abroad.
		What is significant in the case of the Romanian Revolution is that we have not just one, but several “whistleblowers” who worked in the former Securitate, and in two cases served in the USLA, who have admitted that components of the USLA were the hub of the December 1989 “terrorist” actions.
	homepage.mac.com /khallbobo/RichardHall/pubs/checkmate040405.doc (13837 words)

	January 2000: Romania: Ten Years After the Revolution
		With the onset of the 10th anniversary of the Romanian revolution that overthrew the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaucescu, the social crisis caused by the attempts of successive governments since December 1989 to restore capitalism seemed to be reaching a new peak.
		The power of the revolution and the aspirations it aroused explains why the anger of the population is so explosive.
		He says that a third of those wounded in the revolution died later in poverty or were driven to suicide.
	www.socialistaction.org /news/200001/romania.html (1330 words)

	Romania — www.greenwood.com
		Ratesh (Radio Free Europe's Washington correspondent) briefly describes the 1989 revolution, key events in the destruction of the Ceausescu regime, and the efforts of the successor Iliescu leadership to pick up the pieces in the immediate postrevolutionary situation.
		He depicts unique aspects of the Romanian revolution (e.g., the execution of the dictator) as well as the continuing presence of former Communists at the highest levels of government after December 1989 and explores perplexing questions (e.g., whether the revolution was mass-based or elite-led).
		Based on the author's personal investigation and interviews, extensive screening of the Romanian and international press, and critical examination of sources and interpretations, it offers a full and objective analysis of a complex, often puzzling series of events.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/B4144.aspx?print=1?print=1 (632 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The strategic goal of the Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the establishment of democracy, freedom and dignity for the Romanian people, in the manner that it was provided for by the Communiqué of the National Salvation Front Council in the evening of December 22nd, 1989.
		I have supported all the measures that were meant to modernize the Romanian school at all its levels, to provide it with IT equipment, to facilitate its contacts with intellectual and educational environments of the developed European countries and the United States of America.
		One of the major achievements of the Romanian Revolution is guaranteeing the freedom of expression, especially the freedom of the press.
	www.nato.int /romania/speechion27oct.htm (5977 words)

	The Romanian Jewish Community
		1848 - Manifesto of the Romanian Revolution in Moldavia stipulates gradual emancipation of the Israelites.
		Though with an anti-Jewish bias, it is the first survey of the country's Jews by a Romanian historian.
		Those that stay behind go through a deep social and economic restructuring and are gradually integrated in the new social and economic structures of Romanian society.
	www.romanianjewish.org /en/mosteniri_ale_culturii_iudaice_03_13.html (1892 words)

	The Romanian Revolution Of December 1989 - PowerBookSearch! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was the most spectacularly violent and remains today the most controversial of all the East European upheavals of that year.
		Based on fieldwork conducted in Romania and drawing heavily on Romanian sources, including television and radio transcripts, official documents, newspaper reports, and interviews, this book is the most thorough study of the Romanian Revolution that has appeared in English or any other major European language.
		In the process the author sheds light on the ways in which history and the conflicting retellings of the 1989 events are put to political use in the transitional societies of Eastern Europe.
	www.powerbooksearch.com /booksearch0801442451.html (470 words)

	Romania: A Difficult Road to Restoration
		There is even a theory that the revolution of December 22 was a "coup" by a section of the bureaucracy, which had organised the National Salvation Front in advance with the idea of removing Ceausescu from the top, but were taken by surprise by the revolution.
		But the "theory" that the Romanian revolution was "only a coup d'etat" is merely a reflection of the contempt in which the counter-revolutionary intellectuals hold the workers.
		The struggle between revolution and counter-revolution may well be complicated and protracted, because of the weakness of the subjective factor.
	www.marxist.com /Europe/romania90.html (6332 words)

	IISH - Today in 1989 : 23 December - Romanian Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Dutch ambassador in Romania, Coen Stork, in December 1989 collected materials from the dissident movement on the spot and donated these to the IISH.
		The revolution had been kindled half-way December with insurrections led by the Hungarian minorities in Timisoara and Arad.
		In these two towns communist authorities were forced to leave even before the Ceausescu's had fled the capital in a heli and were arrested on 22 December.
	www.iisg.nl /today/en/23-12.php (97 words)

	The Romanian Revolution Page
		By December 20, 1989, a popular uprising had succeeded in toppling the Communist regime in the western Romanian city of Timisoara.
		In the second of his features on the Romanian revolution, RFE/RL correspondent Jeremy Bransten picks up the story in Bucharest.
		Perhaps the Romanian leader still felt loved by the people, or else he was confident in his ability to manipulate the rally.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~bm39/INFO652/Project/romanian_revolution.htm (1889 words)

	Romania Revolution 1989
		Romanian Revolution 1989 [December 20-31, 1989] Following the indiscriminate killing of protestors by government security forces in Timisoara (Temesvar) (December 20-22), President Ceausescu fled Bucharest as fighting broke out between security forces and the opposition, which was supported by elements of the army.
		Ceausescu was captured (December 23), tried, convicted of genocide and gross abuses of power, and executed with his wife (December 25).
		Police fired on demonstrators at Bucharest (December 21), and armed insurrection began (December 22), which immediately became a nationwide civil war, with the army joining the revolution and quickly defeating government internal security forces.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/romeo/romania1989.htm (289 words)

	CTC - Mad Forest- Spring 1997
		It camputres their experiences in the revolution as well as the aftermath of political confusion that the people of Romania have endured and continue to endure today.
		The characters in the second act are entirely separate from those in the first and third; these people tell the blow-by-blow story of the revolution as they experiences it; their lines were taken from interviews of actual Romanians on the streets of Bucharest.
		Nonetheless, only a reciatl of the events of the revolution would, like a new broadcast, leave out much of the personal effects of "before" and "after" that can best be shown in the lives of families we meet in Acts I and III.
	www.calvin.edu /academic/cas/ctc/1997/mfor.htm (722 words)

	BBC News \| EUROPE \| Tenth anniversary of Romanian revolution commemorated
		People in Romania have been marking the tenth anniversary of the beginning of the revolution which overthrew the former Communist President, Nicolae Ceausescu.
		In the town of Timisoara -- where the uprising broke out -- speakers demanded tougher action against those who were involved in the killing of about one thousand people ten years ago, but still held official posts.
		The former Romanian king, Michael, was among visitors to the city, but correspondents say the event was rather low-key.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/europe/568239.stm (135 words)

	The Romanian Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		He placed thirty of his relatives in positions of power within Romania and built a personal fortune estimated in the millions of dollars.
		It was, however, the Securitate's repression which triggered the revolution.
		By December 25 the revolution was all over.
	www.phoenixcommand.com /hell4.htm (608 words)

	Romanian Revolution in Bucharest
		December 21, 1989 marked the beginning of the popular uprising in Bucharest, later known as the Romanian Revolution.
		Today, 15 years after the events, Romanians still have unanswered questions such as who shot them during the Revolution, how the parallel coup d'etat could happen, and how could we let happen it.
		A Romanian equivalent of the KGB, or of the Stasi, it had several sections and wings, including the Secret Service with several divisions, Ceausescu' "fl suits", a foreign intelligence wing, but also a regular army wing that was taking conscripts.
	mepopa.com /rev.htm (1169 words)

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