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Topic: Romanian Revolution of 1989

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	Romanian Revolution of 1989 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and protests in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceauşescu.
		While the Romanian Revolution was unfolding, other Central and Eastern European nations were peacefully making the transition to non-communist, multiparty democracy; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to violently overthrow its Communist regime or to execute its leaders.
		In 2005, the Memorial of Rebirth was inaugurated to commemorate the victims of the Revolution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989 (3840 words)

	Revolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A political revolution is the forcible replacement of one set of rulers with another (as happened in France and Russia), while a social revolution is the fundamental change in the social structure of a society, such as the Protestant Reformation or the Renaissance.
		Social and political revolutions are often "institutionalised" when the ideas, slogans, and personalities of the revolution continue to play a prominent role in a country's political culture, long after the revolution's end.
		The Belgian Revolution was a conflict in the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that began with a riot in Brussels in August 1830 and eventually led to the establishment of an independent, Catholic and neutral Belgium
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Revolutions (1093 words)

	Revolution - Voyager, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		English Revolution – (1642-1653) – Commenced as a civil war between Parliament and King, culminating in the execution of Charles I and the establishment of a republican Protectorate.
		French Revolution – (1789) – Regarded as one of the most influential of all Revolutions, frequently associated with the rise of the bourgeoisie and the downfall of the aristocracy.
		German Revolution – (1918) – Overthrow of the Kaiser by a workers' revolution, establishment of the Weimar Republic.
	www.voyager.in /Revolution (1010 words)

	Talk:Romanian Revolution of 1989 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Talk:Romanian Revolution of 1989/Archive 2 contains all of the talk related to a now-resolved dispute.
		There should probably be a mention of monuments to the revolution: the cemetery at Eroii Revoluţiei and the memorial at Piaţa Universitaţii among others in Bucharest; the monument in the Piaţa Mare in Sibiu (and I would presume there must be a more important monument in Timişoara).
		The discussion at Talk:Romanian Revolution of 1989/Archive 1#Terrorists also raises some interesting matters we haven't fully explored in the article; someone may want to write a section on the controversy over who the "terrorists" were (or if there were none at all and it was just a matter of confusion).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Romanian_Revolution_of_1989 (954 words)

	Transitions Online: The Myth Factory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Students of the December 1989 revolution in Romania and the country's transition to democracy have long toiled to form the right questions, much less find definitive answers, to some of the most unyielding puzzles they encounter.
		In The Romanian Revolution of December 1989, Siani-Davies studies popular narratives and focuses on the ways in which the participants themselves recalled and interpreted their revolutionary experiences, frequently doing so in the light of myths and symbols embedded in Romanian history.
		The revolution was, rather, the coming together of a number of elements, two of the most important being the alienation of political elites from the government (and, perforce, identification with the Communist Party and the state) and the economic deprivation that had produced so much common suffering.
	www.tol.cz /look/TOL/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=4&NrIssue=146&NrSection=2&NrArticle=15347 (1081 words)

	EFL Teaching in Romania
		Romanian school children study two FLs, beginning in the 2nd and 5th grade, respectively, and continuing through the 12th grade.
		As a result, Romanian students were typically stronger in grammar than in vocabulary and better at writing than at speaking.
		The former are whole-class discussions of issues that the students are expected to have read about as home assignments, and the latter are small-group activities during which the students have opportunities to practice their skills.
	www.tesolgreece.com /nl/72/7201.html (1051 words)

	The Lift Foundation
		he Romanian Revolution of 1989, culminating in the execution of Communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, brought an end to one of the harshest regimes in Eastern Europe.
		Yet Romanians continue their struggle today to overcome a disastrous and demoralizing social and economic legacy that still counts children and families as its most tragic victims.
		For many Romanian parents, the only alternative to starvation was to abandon their children to state run institutions that were appallingly ill equipped to handle the tens of thousands of youngsters in urgent need of care.
	www.liftfoundation.org /background.cfm (186 words)

	Romanian 'moles' helped French hostage release - World - theage.com.au
		The Romanian newspaper Averea quoted a local secret service agent as saying President Traian Basescu had appealed to an Arab network, cultivated by former communist dictator Nicolae Ceausescu, for help after three Romanian reporters were taken hostage near Baghdad in March.
		As it worked for their release, the source said, Bucharest learnt the three Romanians were being held with Aubenas, who was freed Saturday along with her Iraqi guide after five months in the hands of kidnappers.
		According to Le Monde newspaper, Romanian intelligence services had traced back the kidnapping of the Romanian journalists to a group called the Brigade of Muad bin Jabal and were looking for an Iraqi going by the name "Abu Sahar".
	www.theage.com.au /news/World/Romanian-moles-helped-French-hostage-release/2005/06/15/1118645845414.html (625 words)

	Romania — www.greenwood.com
		Ratesh (Radio Free Europe's Washington correspondent) briefly describes the 1989 revolution, key events in the destruction of the Ceausescu regime, and the efforts of the successor Iliescu leadership to pick up the pieces in the immediate postrevolutionary situation.
		He depicts unique aspects of the Romanian revolution (e.g., the execution of the dictator) as well as the continuing presence of former Communists at the highest levels of government after December 1989 and explores perplexing questions (e.g., whether the revolution was mass-based or elite-led).
		Nestor Ratesh explores the economic, social, and human disaster that led to the uprising, and then chronicles the seven days of the revolution from its inception in the western city of Timisoara to its climax in Bucharest on December 22, 1989, when Ceausescu fled the city.
	www.greenwood.com /catalog/C4145.aspx (627 words)

	[No title]
		FOREIGN FORUM, ROMANIAN CONTEXT It is difficult to pinpoint the exact first mention of “the tourists” and their alleged role in the Revolution, but it appears that although the source of the claim was Romanian, the publication was foreign.
		In the case of the Romanian Revolution, this revisionist falsehood, it must be admitted, is undeniably seductive, popular, and deeply-embedded in the Romanian popular consciousness and the country’s observers abroad.
		What is significant in the case of the Romanian Revolution is that we have not just one, but several “whistleblowers” who worked in the former Securitate, and in two cases served in the USLA, who have admitted that components of the USLA were the hub of the December 1989 “terrorist” actions.
	homepage.mac.com /khallbobo/RichardHall/pubs/checkmate040405.doc (13837 words)

	News from December 21
		He said that at Timisoara there are two symbols which are important for the Romanian Revolution of 1989, that of Sacrifice on the stairs of the Cathedral and the Symbol of Victory which is the Balcony of the Opera of the city.
		ROMANIAN RADIO BROADCASTING CORPORATION also reports that the increase of price is necessary due to supplimentary imports of gas for individual houselholds, schools, hospitals and area heat distribution centers and consumers in the first place.
		The Romanian Parliament Palace hosts the solemn session devoted to the XII - th commemoration of the Revolution of December 1989.
	www.ici.ro /romania/en/stiri/arh2001/e_dec21.html (766 words)

	Book Shop: The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was the most spectacularly violent and remains today the most controversial of all the East European upheavals of that year.
		Based on fieldwork conducted in Romania and drawing heavily on Romanian sources, including television and radio transcripts, official documents, newspaper reports, and interviews, this book is the most thorough study of the Romanian Revolution that has appeared in English or any other major European language.
		In the process the author sheds light on the ways in which history and the conflicting retellings of the 1989 events are put to political use in the transitional societies of Eastern Europe.
	www.tol.cz /look/store/article.tpl?IdLanguage=1&IdPublication=11&NrIssue=1&NrSection=1&NrArticle=13817 (395 words)

	Romanian Revolution of 1989 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		People on the streets of Bucharest The Romanian Revolution of 1989 was a week-long series of riots and protests in late December of 1989 that overthrew the Communist regime of Nicolae Ceau&351;escu.
		While the Romanian Revolution was unfolding, other Eastern European nations were peacefully transitioning to democracy; Romania was the only Eastern Bloc country to violently overthrow its Communist regime.
		See main article Communist Romania As in neighboring countries, by 1989 the bulk of the Romanian populace were dissatisfied with the Communist regime.
	romanian-revolution-of-1989.area51.ipupdater.com (3400 words)

	Bucharest - City of Revolution
		To the Romanians of today, perhaps the most important political leader is Michael the Brave (Mihai Vitezul), the leader of the first unified Romanian state in history.
		His message was not lost when Romanian delegates gathered at Alba Iulia, where he declared the union of the provinces in 1599, on 1 December 1918 to call for the unification of Transylvania, Banat, Crisana and Maramures with the Romanian state.
		Today, Romanians have once again look at the past and wonder if it is time for the unification of the last remaining part of Romanian land not in the motherland - Moldova - which was incorporated by the Soviets in 1940.
	weecheng.com /europe/1995/romania3.htm (937 words)

	Foreign Affairs - Book Review - The Romanian Revolution of December 1989 - Peter Siani-Davies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If revolution, in its purest form, involves the unplanned and unguided explosion of a population that has had it not just with a leader but also with an entire system, then the events of December 1989 in Romania qualify.
		Unlike the "velvet revolutions" that preceded it elsewhere in Eastern Europe, this one was bloody and chaotic, because a self-deluded leader had not lost his nerve in using force.
		The effect is to draw the reader in as if he or she were there, while at the same time soaring above and viewing the overall flow and structure of a revolution.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /20050901fabook84549/peter-siani-davies/the-romanian-revolution-of-december-1989.html?mode=print (174 words)

	IISH - Today in 1989 : 23 December - Romanian Revolution
		The Dutch ambassador in Romania, Coen Stork, in December 1989 collected materials from the dissident movement on the spot and donated these to the IISH.
		The revolution had been kindled half-way December with insurrections led by the Hungarian minorities in Timisoara and Arad.
		In these two towns communist authorities were forced to leave even before the Ceausescu's had fled the capital in a heli and were arrested on 22 December.
	www.iisg.nl /today/en/23-12.php (97 words)

	Central Europe Review - Film: Videograms of a Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The woman then comments on the most important events which are presented in the background rather than the foreground, a reversal from standard presentational style that mirrors the reversals of power at hand.
		This revolution, however, had been necessitated by the abject failure of achieving the utopia prophesied in 1917, as instead there emerged what J. Hoberman has recently called "the Red Atlantis", a legendary land of milk and honey that never in fact existed.
		A news anchor on the renamed Romanian Free Television fulfils his promise and presents images of the Ceausescus’ grotesque corpses.
	www.ce-review.org /99/17/kinoeye17_privett.html (1148 words)

	Ion Iliescu - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Iliescu was the main figure of the period immediately following the Revolution that overthrew Nicolae Ceauşescu in December 1989, as well as the main person to benefit from it, as his leadership was quickly aknowledged within the inner circle of revolutionary leaders.
		According to Romanian political analysts such as Daniel Barbu or Dan Pavel, his election was based almost exclusively on the rural population and disoriented lower class industrial workers, controlled through manipulation from the state-controlled media (Televiziunea Română, the state television, was the only widescale TV channel until 1993).
		He argued that, since he was also a PSD candidate for the 2004-2008 Romanian Senate (the upper chamber of the Parliament), he had the right to campaign for his supporting party, thus increasing the doubt that his actions as President had been marked by a conflict of interest.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Ion_Iliescu (2676 words)

	The December Revolt and the Coup D'Etat - 1989: Romanian Security And Intelligence Organizations
		The Romanian security and intelligence organizations were divided into two distinct groups, the domestic departments of the Securitate and a foreign intelligence service called the Center for External Information (CIE).
		According to incomplete official estimates issued after the revolution, the total number of employees in the State Security Department was 14,259 as of 22 December 1989, including 8,159 officers, 5,105 warrant and noncommissioned officers, and 984 'civilian' personnel.
		The Romanian Minister of Internal Affairs in early December 1989 was Tudor Postelnicu, previously chief of the Securitate.
	www.ceausescu.org /ceausescu_texts/revolution/december_revolt_organizatii.htm (885 words)

	Romania Revolution 1989
		Romanian Revolution 1989 [December 20-31, 1989] Following the indiscriminate killing of protestors by government security forces in Timisoara (Temesvar) (December 20-22), President Ceausescu fled Bucharest as fighting broke out between security forces and the opposition, which was supported by elements of the army.
		Ceausescu was captured (December 23), tried, convicted of genocide and gross abuses of power, and executed with his wife (December 25).
		Police fired on demonstrators at Bucharest (December 21), and armed insurrection began (December 22), which immediately became a nationwide civil war, with the army joining the revolution and quickly defeating government internal security forces.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/romeo/romania1989.htm (289 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The strategic goal of the Romanian Revolution in 1989 was the establishment of democracy, freedom and dignity for the Romanian people, in the manner that it was provided for by the Communiqué of the National Salvation Front Council in the evening of December 22nd, 1989.
		I have supported all the measures that were meant to modernize the Romanian school at all its levels, to provide it with IT equipment, to facilitate its contacts with intellectual and educational environments of the developed European countries and the United States of America.
		One of the major achievements of the Romanian Revolution is guaranteeing the freedom of expression, especially the freedom of the press.
	www.nato.int /romania/speechion27oct.htm (5977 words)

	diploweb.com Geopolitics - Romania: the revolution of december 1989,by Catherine Durandin
		As seen in historical research, the "events" of December 1989 in Romania are interpreted as being affected by a conspiracy, in part directed from abroad.
		In 2002, the "events" of December 1989 in Romania are interpreted as being affected by a conspiracy, in part directed from abroad.
		The Romanian "Gorbachevians" of 1989, who are still in power in 2002, are people who truly believe in the possibility of the reform of the Communist system from the inside.
	www.diploweb.com /english/romania/durandin1.htm (1820 words)

	Anniversary of a Revolution
		This was the watershed of the Revolution - differentiating it from previous demonstartions such as strikes in the Jiu valley and the 1987 roits in Brasov.
		The Romanian embassy in London are being elusive but advise that there are new visa requirements which require a delay of at least 20 days.
		Meanwhile, Securitate troops still loyal to Ceausescu continue to shoot at the demonstrators but the represenatives of the "Revolution" are already speaking from the balcony where Ceausescu had once stood and the television station is taken over and begins to broadcast that Ceausescu has been overturned.
	www.enzia.com /Pages/Rev3.html (1884 words)

	Ceausescu and Chess
		He is notorious today for being the sole communist leader in the midst of the 1989 revolutions to refuse concessions to the reformers.
		Almost 40 years of subordination to an absurd system and inside of a reservation represents long time for a magazine born in 1925, in the middle of chess history at its highest level...This might be akin to a prayer for forgiveness or a prayer for better future.
		On the cover of the new issue of December 1989 there was a chess clock with its left face showing year 1989 and the right one showing year 1990, a year which the old dictator never saw...
	www.romanianchess.org /magazin/ceausescu.html (2070 words)

	10/28/97 - 'Mad Forest' identifies with different people - IDS Online, Theater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		She returns from America after the Revolution with a different perspective, and the second act reveals more about her past.
		The turmoil and confusion the Revolution caused is presented through an injury, a wedding and several surreal scenes.
		Each relates his or her experiences of the Revolution through a series of monologues, from a Securitate member who believes in law and order (graduate student Timothy Hanna) to a girl student who accounts the Revolution in a jubilant manner (sophomore Emily Hoover).
	www.indiana.edu /~ids/archives/1028mad.html (501 words)

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