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	Romanian literature — Infoplease.com
		In 1541 a catechism in Romanian was issued at Sibiu, and from 1560 liturgical works were published in Romanian to meet the needs of the local Calvinist Church.
		In 1860 Latin replaced Cyrillic as the official Romanian alphabet (the church used the Cyrillic until 1890); 1860 thus marks the beginning of modern Romanian literature.
		Romanian literature beyond the nation: Mircea Cartarescu's Europeanism and Cosmopolitanism.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/ent/A0842308.html (568 words)

	Romania - MSN Encarta
		Romanian athletes have won many gold medals in events as varied as boxing, kayaking, and gymnastics.
		Romanian culture is largely derived from Roman influences, with strains of Slavic, Magyar (Hungarian), Greek, and Turkish influences.
		After World War II (1939-1945) through the 1980s, Romania’s literature was dominated by socialist realism—a school of art that was officially sponsored by the communist government, and through which socialist ideals were promoted and advanced.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761559516_4/Romania.html (812 words)

	Romanian literature - Encyclopedia.com
		In 1860 Latin replaced Cyrillic as the official Romanian alphabet (the church used the Cyrillic until 1890); 1860 thus marks the beginning of modern Romanian literature.
		Ionesco and Romanian literature In a parody of contrasts...
		Romanian literature beyond the nation: Mircea Cartarescu's Europeanism and Cosmopolitanism.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Romnilit.html (1381 words)

	Culture - Literature
		It was a period of evolution and breakaway of the structural univers specific to literature from the nonhomogeneous and polychrome area of the earlier written culture.
		Eminescu (for Romanians he is the prototype of the poet and of poetry), who was conversant with the higest philosophical speculations and, at the same time, was a great admirer of folk poetry, gave maximum brilliance to Romanian Romanticism, having radically changed the poetic language by doing away with rhetoric.
		The link of the Romanian literature to the European trends, wich was achieved by the interwar generation, was abruptly cut short by the onset of communism.
	www.ici.ro /romania/en/cultura/literatura.html (1152 words)

	Romanian Club
		Cultures that enjoyed the comfort of a long tradition, as well as cultures that had recently emerged in the aftermath of the collapse of multinational empires discovered the need of examining their identity; inventing various types of otherness was part of this sometimes unpleasant process.
		As a result of three turning-points in its modern history (the unification of the Romanian provinces in 1859, the rapid shift from a quasi-feudal society to a modern monarchy, the Independence War in 1877/78), Romanian culture vacillated between the imitation of foreign models and original manifestations.
		Not only that the French literature of the time seemed insignificant and lacking in educational values as compared to American literature, but the former served only the sexual instinct, the coquettish and superficial ladies and did nothing but pervert the souls, while the latter modeled a healthy moral behavior of the youth.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/romanian/articles/article_america.html (3783 words)

	ebr8 --
		It is different in locality, as both the post-communist (a more apt title for a direct discussion of contemporary literature in Eastern Europe) sphere and the middle eastern, orthodox, and orientalist tendencies separate it via a murky chasm from the intellectual space of the industrial west of the information age.
		For any Romanian reader living in the West, however, the rich Humanitas catalogue is little relief - most serious fiction is spread among small publishing houses, served in small volumes - it is exceedingly difficult to build a representative collection in the West (access) as it is in Romania (cost).
		It is unfortunate that the mysticist element in Romanian writing was suppressed while it may have had a healthy market in the West, although the type of credence in extra-natural forces and human destiny was and remains very much different than the Me-First orgiastic tendencies of a mantra-humming Ginsberg.
	www.altx.com /ebr/ebr8/8popescu.htm (3226 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for romanian
		The name Romanian is usually identified with Daco-Romanian, one of the four major dialects of Balkan Romance.
		The suppression of the Romanian Greek Catholic (Uniate) Church.
		Adoption of Romanian children in the Netherlands: behavior problems and parenting burden of upbringing for adoptive parents.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=romanian (1435 words)

	Romanian literature Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ionesco and Romanian literature In a parody of contrasts...
		Romanian literature beyond the nation: Mircea Cartarescu's Europeanism and Cosmopolitanism.
		Peruvian novelist Mario Vargas Llosa, to arrive Sunday at the "Days and Nights of Literature" event, was to receive the festival's Ovidius prize.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /topic/Romanian_literature.html (84 words)

	Lingua Romana: Volume 1. Issue 1. Spiridon: Bucharest-on-the-Seine
		This led to a Romanian revival of the vernacular and of oral culture, a focus on national history, local color and exoticism, and the rural tradition.
		Paradoxically, Paris, which was considered by Romanian intellectuals as the cradle of romance culture and the symbol of the memory and continuity of Romania's Latin heritage, became among post-1848 exiles the subject of nostalgic literature following the well known “down the rivers of Babylon” model of the Jewish Diaspora.
		In any case, all of these princely Romanian intellectuals were bilingual and bi-cultural, perceiving their mother culture as a dialect and continuation of their adopted one.
	linguaromana.byu.edu /spiridon.html (3050 words)

	Literary History
		Taking into consideration that the deepest roots of the Romanian literature are in the myths, legends and fairy-tales of the folkloric culture, we can say that the Romanian literature was born even before people started to write, being therefore impossible to place in time.
		Realism appears in Romanian literature after the great revolution of 1848, when there is a need in literature to reflect the social and national realities of the time.
		What characterizes the Romanian literature between the end of the 19th century and a few decades of the 20th century is the simultaneity of several different literary movements.
	membres.lycos.fr /rolit/english/rolit.php3 (807 words)

	UCL SSEES: BA Romanian and East European Studies
		Romanian is a Romance language spoken not only in Romania, but also in the Republic of Moldova, and in parts of Yugoslavia and Hungary bordering on Romania.
		The literature courses aim to introduce students with little familiarity with the study of literature to the various genres in Romanian literature.
		Romanian is also available as part of a joint SSEES or UCL Modern Languages degree (UCAS R000) with other European languages (for example, joint honours Romanian and French, Romanian and Spanish, or Romanian and German, et cetera).
	www.ssees.ac.uk /barees.htm (769 words)

	Romanian-Portal.com - Romanian Celebrities
		He was a senator (representing the University of Cluj) in 1922-1926, Rector of the University of Cluj (1929-1930), president of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (1926-1929), Director of the Speleological Institute (1920-1947), and member of various scientific associations.
		The operetta "Crai nou" (New Moon)" - the first Romanian operetta - and many of his choral songs, inspired from the Romanian folklore, and "Balada for violin and piano" (which he composed in 1880, in the course of one week) are the most famous among his works.
		He was member of the Romanian Academy, doctor honoris causa of the universities from Athens and Bratislava, president of the International Diplomatical Academy.
	www.romanian-portal.com /us/eng/about_romania.asp?id=33 (4870 words)

	[No title]
		Whether the language in which the author writes should be the only criterion to decide which literature he or she belongs to, or should this criterion be extended, taking into consideration the space in which the author creates.
		I once met a Romanian writer and told him that I was a poet first and a translator second, a mediator between Macedonian and Romanian culture, post-graduate student and lecturer.
		Romanian students who study Macedonian language are the best proof that small languages will not disappear because there will always be some people who will be interested in learning small languages and cultures, which can give not only one Tolstoi, but even more of them.
	www.pontes.com /magazine/running/dimkovska_e.htm (2066 words)

	moldova
		Romanian literature was taken from the libraries and Romanian history was taken from the curriculum.
		Additionally, the Romanian language that is spoken in Moldova was also Russified by changing the Latin alphabet to the Cyrillic alphabet.
		The Romanian language was removed from the schools and from the republican administration.
	www.jmu.edu /orgs/romanian/moldova1.htm (654 words)

	Cultura
		The Romanians, the sole descendents of the Eastern Romans, were born, like the other Latin peoples, in the first millennium A.D. During the Middle Ages they lived in three distinct but neighbouring principalities Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania.
		Eminescu is to Romanians the prototype of the poet and of poetry.
		The connection of Romanian literature to the European trends, which was achieved by the interwar generation, was abruptly cut short by the onset of communism.
	www.itcnet.ro /folk_festival/culture.htm (6469 words)

	Romania Mission - About Romania
		The manuscripts of religious books, copied by monks in the centres of cultural emulation and ebullience that were the monasteries, circulated in the Romanian Countries between the 14 Th and 16th centuries the museums of the monasteries in Romania preserve most valuable illuminated manuscripts in the Slovanic, Greek and Romanian languages.
		The literary works configuring a first stage in the evolution of the Romanian modern literature belong to a generation of writers in the fifth decade of the last century, during a historical epoch marked by social and political changes determined by the 1848 revolution.
		After December 1989, the main line of the Romanian literature has been represented by the effort to bring before the young generation the names and the works of writers of the Romanian emigration, who had been forbidden during the communist regime.
	missions.itu.int /~romania/about/culture_3.htm (535 words)

	The New Romanian Poets, 04/05/07, David Morley
		The Workshoppers (as they gradually got to be tagged) were just as interested in literature as they were in mathematics, economics, legal systems or anatomy, and the possible uses of these sciences and social sciences in their writing.
		He is by far the most exemplary and extreme specialist in the Romanian language of this young generation: he often proves his mastery of the language in unusually fresh images that feel entirely relaxed and inevitable.
		As previously mentioned, these poets are all alumni of literature departments of different universities and, as such, they have a very strong understanding of poetry as a high calling and a possess a ‘serious’ attitude towards writing and its literary value.
	blogs.warwick.ac.uk /morleyd/entry/the_new_romanian (4638 words)

	AllRefer.com - Romanian literature (Miscellaneous European Literature) - Encyclopedia
		The mainspring of this movement was Ion Eliade (1802–72), known as Radulescu, and its outcome was a dictionary of the Romanian language produced (1871–76) by August Laurianu et al., in which all words of non-Latin origin were eliminated.
		Other outstanding names in drama are Ion Luca Caragiale, a master of the comedy of manners; Ronetti Roman (1853–1908), author of the tragedy Manasse (1900), dealing with the conflict of Jews and Christians in Romania; Victor Eftimiu, who experimented with poetic drama; and Lucian Blaga.
		Along with the exiled writers Mircea Eliade, Eugene Ionesco, and Emil Cioran, the novelist Mihail Sadoveanu and the poets Tudor Arghezi and Mihai Beniuc are the most notable modern Romanian literary figures.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/Romnilit.html (644 words)

	romanian literature
		The Department of Romanian Literature is one of the first of the Faculty of Philology.
		In its current structure, the department covers all disciplines with a literary profile: Romanian literature, comparative literature, literary theory ass well as derived disciplines such as Folklore and Ethnology or Aesthetics.
		Pompiliu Craciunescu) and the studies in modern Romanian literature initiated by Prof.
	www.litere.uvt.ro /romanian_literature.htm (201 words)

	University of Rochester Press Releases
		He has translated Romanian literature, published an annual linguistics bibliography, helped found the Society for Romanian Studies, co-edited a Romanian studies journal, talked to local groups about Romanian culture, and sponsored symposiums at the University, where he is professor of French and romance linguistics.
		Opening speakers are Stefan Stoenescu, a professor of English and Romanian who defected in the late 1980s and is now on leave from the graduate program at Cornell University; and historian Dinu Giurescu, formerly professor at the University of Bucharest and a member of the Romanian academy who'll provide an update of events in Romania.
		Carlton's fascination with the linguistics of the Romanian language grew into a devotion for all things Romanian while he was on a National Defense Foreign Language fellowship at UCLA in 1970.
	www.rochester.edu /pr/News/NewsReleases/general/romanian.html (949 words)

	Words Without Borders -> Links (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Finnish Literature Information Centre promotes the translation of literature, raises awareness of Finnish literature abroad and provides financial support for the translation into other languages of both fiction and non-fiction written in Finnish, Finland-Swedish and Saami.
		The mission of the ICDL is to select, collect, digitize, and organize children's materials in their original languages and to create appropriate technologies for access and use by children three to thirteen years old.
		Literature Across Frontiers is a program of literary exchange and policy debate operating through partnership with European organizations engaged in the international promotion of literature and support for literary translation.
	www.wordswithoutborders.org /links.php (1908 words)

	Robert Elsie, Albanian Literature in Translation
		In addition to the historical and political factors, Albanian is not an easy language to learn, and there are few foreigners who have managed to master it sufficiently to be able to translate literary texts.
		The scarcity of translations of Albanian literature has, thus, nothing to do with a lack of quality in the original (although there are admittedly many works of dubious merit which would be better left untranslated), but simply rather with a lack of literary translators from Albanian into English.
		In this connection, I would like to thank Canadian poet Janice Mathie-Heck (musette@telus.net) of Calgary, Alberta, who has collaborated with me in numerous translations of Albanian literature, for her contribution to the preparation of this collection.
	www.albanianliterature.net (445 words)

	A Brief History - details
		However, in order to further its modernization, Romanian society needed a different kind of academy, after the model of Western Europe’s academies: an institution that would gather the preeminent personalities of the nation’s intellectual life as a group of reflection and action toward the general progress through science and culture.
		In 1879, through a special law, the Romanian Academic Society was promulgated a national institution with the name of Academia Româna - The Romanian Academy, a "moral and independent entity in all of its undertakings of whatever nature." The Academy was encyclopedic because its preoccupations embraced all domains of the arts, letters, and sciences.
		Finally, the Romanian Academy was not conceived by its founders only as a forum of national recognition but as an active center of scientific research and literary and artistic creation.
	www.acad.ro /academia2002/acadeng/pag_brief_d.htm (1522 words)

	The Romanian Literature Museum \| Bucharest \| Romania
		In 1957, the creation of a museum dedicated to literature, with the mission of gathering together, researching and displaying to the public the treasure of the literary manuscripts was the idea of the academician Dumitru Panaitescu Perpessicius.
		This fund was donated by the writers belonging to The Union of Writers with the occasion of the centenary celebration of the Romanian national poet in 1950.
		The creation of a museum dedicated to literature, which should have assumed the mission of gathering together, researching and displaying to the public the treasure of the literary manuscripts was the idea of the academician Dumitru Panaitescu Perpessicius.
	www.museumregister.com /Europe/Romania/Bucharest/Romanian_Literature_Museum/Info.html (349 words)

	The Romanian Cultural Debate of the Summer: Romanian Intellectuals and Their Status Groups
		The main theme of the collections of essays that make the book is how intellectuals had their role in public life, gained prestige and an unquestionable status whose validity was impossible to investigate for fear one would be labeled as anti-intellectual or suspected to have something against a certain public figure.
		Modern Romanian ideologies were imported, adapted and practiced mostly by educated young Romanians who, after completing their studies abroad returned to their homeland.
		Eliade, Constantin Noica, Emil Cioran, the literature of the Romanian diaspora and the memoirs of those who had suffered gruesome persecutions in the fifties and after were now available, in an effort to balance our recent memory and to contribute to social health.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/romanian/articles/TheRomanianCulturalDebateOfTheSummer.html (2984 words)

	Romanian Customs
		Deriving, the Romanian folklore has retained rites and myths, which bring it close to the cradle of the European culture, to the zone of the Eastern Mediterranean.
		Essentially sedentary and strongly aware of their continuity, the Romanian people created during the centuries their own folk culture crystallized in a unitary system, a culture which in its essential elements is fabulous.
		However, the masterpieces of the Romanian anonymous epos are “Miorita”(The Ewe Lamb), a tragically pastoral ballad of a matchless nobleness of feeling and visionary grandeur, expressing death understood as man’s integration in nature.
	www.lrgs.org.uk /page?sp=1260 (854 words)

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