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Topic: Romanization (Japanese)

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	Romanization - Overview/Summary
		Romanization - Overview/Summary is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but is not readable without prior study.
	www.experiencefestival.com /romanization_-_overviewsummary (507 words)

	Romanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but is not readable without prior study.
		Such romanizations follow the principle of phonological transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds (phonemes) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romanization (1581 words)

	Rōmaji - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Japanese may be written in rōmaji for many reasons: street signs for visiting foreigners; transcription of personal, company, or place names to be used in another language context; dictionaries and textbooks for learners of the language; or even simply for typographic emphasis.
		Several Japanese texts were published entirely in rōmaji during this period, but failed to catch on because of the large number of homophones in Japanese, which are pronounced similarly but written in different characters.
		In addition, Japanese words and names that have established English spellings, such as kudzu and jiu jitsu, are sometimes written as they are in English, without regard for the rules of romanization.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romaji (1425 words)

	Japanese mythology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Japanese mythology is an extremely complex religion and system of beliefs.
		One notable result of Japanese mythology is that it explains the origin of the Imperial family, and assigned them godhood until the end of World War II.
		The Japanese anime Blue Seed is a follow-up to this legend, while the fighting game series King of Fighters also dealt with the Orochi deity.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Japanese_mythology (2997 words)

	Yale Romanization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The four Romanizations, however, are unrelated in the sense that the same letter from one Romanization may not represent the same sound in another.
		Rather than try to teach recruits to interpret the linguistically accurate but somewhat counter-intuitive standard Romanization of the time, the Wade-Giles system, a new system was invented that utilized the decoding skills that recruits would already know from having learned to read English.
		Thus, a letter in Hangul (the Korean alphabet) is always represented by the same roman letter, regardless of the Hangul letter's pronunciation in context.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Yale_Romanization (800 words)

	Introduction to Literacy and Script Reform in Occupation Japan: Reading Between the Lines
		Both Western and Japanese writers have repeatedly singled out Mori's proposal for ridicule, citing it as an egregious instance of how Meiji-period Japanese could make fools of themselves in a frenzied rushed to absorb all things Western while failing to appreciate the strengths and accomplishments of their own culture (Taylor 1983, 215-16; Sakakura 1985, 65-70).
		The truth is that literacy for most Japanese, up to at least 1950, was a "restricted literacy" (Neustupný 1984, 118) that compromised their ability to participate fully and freely in politics and the economy.
		Japanese government and business had been working on plans for script reform for decades, even during the war; what the Japanese eventually did was nothing more than what they had been on the verge of doing anyway.
	www.pinyin.info /readings/texts/unger2_introduction.html (6484 words)

	Yale East Asia Library: Japanese Romanization Guide
		Knowledge of a Japanese romanization system is crucial when searching Japanese script materials in library catalogs in North America.
		The basic Japanese romanization system used in North America is the Modified Hepburn System.
		Romanization Table to convert the pronunciation of scripts into Roman characters.
	www.library.yale.edu /eastasian/romanization_jp.html (615 words)

	Romaji biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Rōmaji (ローマ字 "Roman characters"), sometimes misspelled as Rōmanji, is a Japanese term for the Latin alphabet.
		Several Japanese texts were published entirely in rōmaji during this period, but failed to catch on because of the large number of homonyms in Japanese, which are pronounced similarly but written in different characters.
		Since the Japanese consonant /r/ has a sound (IPA ɽ) that is somewhat between an English "r" and an "l" (and to some listeners sounds somewhat like an American "d"), this is unsurprising.
	romaji.biography.ms (1299 words)

	Hepburn
		The Hepburn romanization system (Japanese: ヘボン式 Hebon-shiki) was devised by Reverend James Curtis Hepburn to transcribe the sounds of the Japanese language into the Roman alphabet for his Japanese–English dictionary, published in 1867.
		In particular, a September 21, 1937 cabinet ordnance proclaimed an alternative system now commonly known as Kunrei to be Japan's official romanization for all purposes, but this was overturned by the SCAP during the Occupation of Japan.
		Where syllables constructed systematically according to the Japanese syllabary contain the "unstable" consonant for the modern spoken language, the orthography is changed to something that, as an English speaker would pronounce it, better matches the real sound, for example し is written shi not *si.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/he/hepburn.html (747 words)

	A personal note on Romanization of Japanese words
		The Japanese language was phonetically analyzed, and each phoneme was represented by a letter or a couple of letters.
		In this case, the sequence of Roman letters are just transliteration of the expected sequence of kana (in Gendai Kanazukai), and it does not follow any of Japanese Romanization standards.
		Japanese has many occurences of sounds spelled "ei" in kana, and their usual pronunciation is long "e", but both Hebon-siki and Kunrei-siki spell them "ei".
	web.sfc.keio.ac.jp /~masudako/memo_en/romanize.html (1788 words)

	Review: Japanese: The Spoken Language Part 1 by Jorden and Noda
		Compared to Japanese, which has borrowed so heavily from its neighbors that it has become unwieldy and full of inconsistencies and exceptions (rather like English), Chinese is a model of simplicity and elegance.
		In Japanese, Kanji characters are polyvalent, that is, they may be pronounced in any number of different ways when they occur in different words.
		The reason for this difference is that, for Japanese, the characters are primarily a shorthand way of writing, whereas in Chinese, the characters comprise the lexical roots of the word.
	brneurosci.org /reviews/japanese.html (1092 words)

	Romanization
		Romanization, also known as transliteration, is the process of using the Roman alphabet to spell foreign words as close to their actual pronunciation as possible.
		Chinese attempts to romanize the language began in the early 16th century and eventually yielded over 50 different systems.
		The variety of romanization techniques used to transliterate Mongolian caused such confusion that a loose standard was adopted in 1987.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/Romanization.htm (749 words)

	Romanization biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A Romanization or Latinization is a system for representing a word or language with the Latin alphabet, where the original word or language used a writing system other than the Roman alphabet.
		For example, when the Japanese character hatsuon precedes a syllable beginning with "m", it is pronounced as "m"; when it ends a word, it is a nasalized sound made in the back of the mouth.
		In antiquity, Romanization or Latinization was also the imposition of Roman culture and language.
	romanization.biography.ms (826 words)

	Re: tachi-ai [romanization of Japanese]
		It is very useful to know the "division" of Japanese compound words, both as a clue as to the meaning of the word (based on the kanji for each part), but also as an indication of the pronunciation.
		First of all, English is obviously not a phonetic language, whereas Japanese is almost perfectly phonetic (extremely predictable way of reading sounds from or writing sounds as hiragana, katakana and even romaji).
		Japanese native speakers and non-native students of Japanese know the phonetic alphabet behind the romaji, whereas non-speakers try to map the romanized version to their own native languages' phonemes.
	www.banzuke.com /97-3/msg00453.html (351 words)

	Romanization Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Romanization means transcribing a language into Roman letters -- as in the English alphabet.
		Kunrei-shiki is also sanctioned by the Japanese Ministry of Education (monbusho 文部省) and is mostly used within Japanese schools.
		Nihongo Web uses very little romanization, but when it does, words will be rendered just as they are written in kana.
	www.ccet.ua.edu /nihongoweb/romanization_system.htm (413 words)

	Pronouns
		But as far as Japanese is concerned, you don't have to learn pronouns first, because there is no grammatical difference between pronouns and common nouns in Japanese.
		Japanese is grammatically far less sensitive to the difference between male and female than European languages in the sense that it has no gender based on sex, but Japanese people invented the word for she to make translating European books easier when they started the modernization of Japan.
		Japanese is written vertically from top to bottom, so the upper name means the family name and the lower name means the given name.
	www.geocities.com /takasugishinji/japanese/pronoun.html (746 words)

	Romanization, phonemes, and morae
		Japanese people use kana and kanji to write Japanese, and they aren't always able to write Romanized Japanese.
		Vowels in Romanized Japanese are based on Latin (Spanish) pronunciation, while consonants are mainly based on English pronunciation.
		However, writing it as "si" is better to understand how native Japanese speakers treat it because native Japanese speakers categorize it as a syllable with "s" like "sa" and consider it to be different from syllables with "sh" such as "sha".
	www.sf.airnet.ne.jp /~ts/japanese/phoneme.html (1122 words)

	wiki:romanization [DokuWiki]
		Someone who speaks the original language should be generally able to recognize the original word in the romanized form.
		The function for romanization in DokuWiki is very simple and may not always produce perfect results.
		When upgrading from previous versions that did not yet have the “romanize” function, you will encounter a completely ‘unreadable’ directory structure.
	wiki.splitbrain.org /wiki:romanization (140 words)

	Total Quality Japanese: The Romaji (Roomaji) Conundrum
		Unfortunately, by forcing non-native speakers of Japanese with no intentions of learning the language to abide by a system intended for those who have some command of Japanese, the government gave the impression of intolerant language management that would have dire consequences later on.
		Manufacturers of Japanese word processors, needing certain extra features to popularize the use of their products, decided to make it possible even for the most inept consumers to be able to write in Japanese using Latin letters.
		Another reason for the "anything goes" philosophy of romanization is that&emdash;strange as it may seem&emdash;many Japanese, perhaps even the majority, use the Roman alphabet (and not kana syllables) to access Japanese-language word processors.
	www.cic.sfu.ca /tqj/GettingRight/romajiconundrum.html (1411 words)

	Note on Diacritics and Romanization of Japanese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Romanization of Japanese, or romaji, is common in Japan.
		The most common form of Romanization in Japan and the English-speaking world is the "Modified Hepburn" system.
		Though the Modified Hepburn system is most common, it is not the official system of Romanization of Japanese in Japan.
	www.momiji.h.kyoto-u.ac.jp /staff/writing/miyako/unit09/diacritics.htm (303 words)

	Daryl's Library - Final Fantasy CDs - Translation notes and general FAQ
		Because Japanese is also an evolving language (no doubt in part to keep up with the strange vagrancies of English ^_~), and because kanji represent concepts rather than sounds, it's difficult to correctly romanize some titles.
		Normally romanized as "he." Romanized as "e" in certain cases, usually to denote a place where someone is going (such as "Mori e ikimashou" instead of "Mori he ikimashou").
		There is no character for either "oh" or "h" alone, so technically, her last name should be romanized as "Ooki." However, on the FF Love Will Grow CD, her name is printed as "Ohki." This was before I had any extensive knowledge of Japanese, so I accepted it.
	www.ffmusic.info /notes.html (3959 words)

	Sensei's Library: Japanese Go Pronunciations
		Japanese is one of the easiest languages in the world to pronounce.
		And Japanese is pronounced almost exactly as written (either in kana, or transliterated Roman characters).
		Every syllable in the Japanese language is either a vowel on its own, a consonant followed by a vowel, or n.
	senseis.xmp.net /?JapaneseGoPronunciations (1624 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Romaji [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Rōmaji (ローマ字 "characters of Rome", frequently misspelled romanji in English), is a Japanese term for the Latin alphabet.
		Typical additions include tone marks to note the Japanese pitch accent and diacritic marks to distinguish phonological changes, eg.
		Since the Japanese consonant /r/ has a sound (IPA ɽ) that is somewhat between an English "r" and an "l" (and to some listeners sounds somewhat like the American sound for the "dd" in "udder"), this is unsurprising.
	encyclozine.com /Romaji (1340 words)

	Romanization
		Kunrei Romanization, which is very similar to phonemes I use here, is also commonly used.
		The words at the beginning of sentences, as well as proper nouns, are written with a capital letter in Romanized Japanese exactly like in English.
		Please remember that in colloquial Japanese, the phoneme /o u/ is pronounced as "oo", and the phoneme /e i/ is often pronounced as "ee" if quickly spoken.
	rec.netfirms.com /japanese/english.html (259 words)

	Other Materials
		The Japanese law collection had its beginnings in the 1930's with gifts to the library of Japanese legal materials, including a substantial donation of books by the Ministry of Justice in Japan.
		Materials on Japanese law are collected in any language, but the primary emphasis is for materials in English and Japanese.
		So when searching for romanized Japanese text, it is a good practice to use the browse function if it is available, and/or try different romanization and word division possibilities.
	lib.law.washington.edu /eald/jlr/jlrintro.htm (804 words)

	University of Wisconsin-Madison \| Memorial Library \| Japanese Electronic Resources Workshop
		NACSIS Webcat is the Japanese equivalent of WorldCat.
		NACSIS Webcat is useful for verifying readings for names/titles, checking journal holdings information, checking the names of Japanese libraries, and verifying bibliographic and holdings information for ILL requests through the Global ILL Framework.
		The Japanese Periodical Index is an index to Japanese language and Western language scholarly journals in the humanities, social sciences, and sciences published in Japan and held in the National Diet Library.
	www.library.wisc.edu /guides/EastAsia/instruction/eresources.html (2962 words)

	Toon Zone Forum - Japanese Romanization or English Translation
		Romanization is trying to put the japanese letters (or sounds) into the roman alphabet (A, B, C, etc.).
		Romanization is VERY inaccurate, and it's only spelled how it sounds, so everyone may spell it different.
		For Romanization, It goes from the Japanese charicters (Whatever kind the name may be), and is translated directly into the roman alphabet relying solely on sound.
	forums.toonzone.net /archive/index.php/t-25170 (3216 words)

	Guillaume Morel :: Chinese, Japanese, Korean
		Japanese, also called nihongo, is the 10th language in the world, with 122 millions locutors, just before French (120 millions).
		The difficulty of learning Japanese comes from the several pronunciations of each kanji: at least, each kanji has a "Chinese" pronunciation ("on-yomi") more or less similar to the real Chinese pronunciation, and a Japanese pronunciation ("kun-yomi") coming from Ancien Japan before Chinese characters were used.
		Japanese prefers to use the Kunrei system which is slightly different from Hepburn on specific sounds: shi/si, ji/zi, chi/ti, tsu/tu, fu/hu.
	www.guillaumemorel.com /en-cjk.htm (731 words)

	Romanization of Japanese: Cabinet Order No.1 (Kunrei system)
		We establish the system for the romanization of Japanese as follows.
		We standardized the romanization of Japanese through Cabinet Order No.3 as of September 21, 1937 and put it into force, but later, several systems of the romanization have again emerged and been simultaneously practiced, which have sufferd us much complication in the official, academic and general records and communications.
		We request all authorities to adapt this system when to transcribe the Japanese into Roman characters, and hope that you will recommend this system to all to be realized the importance of standardization.
	xembho.s59.xrea.com /siryoo/cabinet_order.html (359 words)

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