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Topic: Romanization of Russian

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Romanization of Ukrainian

	Romanization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		If the romanization attempts to transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language.
		Such romanizations follow the principle of phonological transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds (phonemes) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language.
		Romanization of Chinese, in particular, has proved a very difficult problem, although the issue is further complicated by political considerations.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Romanization (1822 words)

	Romanization of Russian/Harmonization - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The origin of most modern given Russian names lies in Calendar of Saints that mentions various names from Biblical sources, translated/transcribed/transliterated and adopted from Greek, Latin and Hebrew, on a daily basis.
		Most Russians did not have any other name than given name; they were usually known as Pashka, son of Ivashka; the ka suffix meant the low social status.
		Russian middle names are patronymics (son of) which were originally used as families.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transliteration_of_Russian_into_English/Harmonization (1054 words)

	Romanization
		Romanization, also known as transliteration, is the process of using the Roman alphabet to spell foreign words as close to their actual pronunciation as possible.
		PINYIN uses a modified Roman alphabet to phonetically spell the proper pronunciation of Chinese characters.
		The variety of romanization techniques used to transliterate Mongolian caused such confusion that a loose standard was adopted in 1987.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Ket/Romanization.htm (749 words)

	Middle East Open Encyclopedia: Cyrillic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The plan of the alphabet is derived from the early Cyrillic alphabet, itself a derivative of the Glagolitic alphabet, a ninth century uncial cursive usually credited to two brothers from Thessaloniki, Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius.
		In the absence of Roman and Italic traditions, Cyrillic type fonts are properly classified as upright (Russian: pryamoi shrift) and cursive (kursivnyi).
		Unlike the Roman alphabet, which is usually adapted to different languages by using additions to existing letters such as accents, umlauts, tildes and cedillas, the Cyrillic alphabet is usually adapted by the creation of entirely new letter shapes.
	www.baghdadmuseum.org /ref?title=Cyrillic (3150 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Romanization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A table comparing romanizations using DIN 31635, ISO 233, ISO/R 233, UN, ALA-LC, and Encyclopaedia of Islam systems is available here: [8].
		Romanization (or, more strictly, Roman letters) in Japanese is called "rōmaji".
		Despite the existence of a native Latin alphabet, Belarusian names are usually transcribed similarly to the Russian language.
	fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Romanization (1544 words)

	Romanization of Russian - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There exist many possible systems for transliterating the Cyrillic alphabet of the Russian language to English or the Latin alphabet.
		It is also essential for the input of Russian text into computer by users who either do not have the keyboard or word processor set up for input of Cyrillic, or else they are not capable of typing rapidly on the distinct Cyrillic keyboard.
		GOST 16876-71 (1983) (Russian: ГОСТ, an abbreviation of ГОсуда́рственный СТанда́рт, GOsudarstvenny STandart) is a transliteration system devised by the Main Administration of Geodesy and Cartography of the former Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Transliteration_of_Russian_into_English (621 words)

	Kiev - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		From 1362, the area with what was left of the city, became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and from 1569 a part of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as a capital of Kijów Voivodship, transferred by then to the Polish crown.
		This name was established on the basis of Russian orthography and pronunciation [ˈkijef], during a time when Kiev was a city in a governorate of the Russian Empire.
		The spelling Kyiv, romanized version of the Ukrainian name for the city [ˈkɪjiw], has been used in English-language publications of the Ukrainian diaspora and in some academic publications concerning Ukraine during much of the twentieth century.
	www.vacilando.org /_cliextra/baghdadmuseumorg/includepage.php?title=Kyiv&action=edit (2660 words)

	www.rsl.ru - Russian State Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		However, Russian cataloguers apply the standard in connection with international projects or in multilingual databases, whereas cataloguers in English-speaking countries use it for the purpose of creating a bibliographic entry.
		Before the collapse of the USSR, Russian was used as the common official language, and national bibliographies created in the former Soviet republics were included into the Knizhnaya Letopis’ in Russian transcription (in earlier editions) or translated into Russian (generally, parallel title pages in Russian were provided).
		This practice is against the Russian and international rules prescribing the use of the language and script of the national cataloguing agency and, what is more important, familiar to the users who are natives of this country.
	www.rsl.ru /eng/e_new1_712.htm (2426 words)

	Wikinfo \| McCune-Reischauer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		McCune-Reischauer is one of the two most widely used Korean language romanization systems, along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which replaced McCune-Reischauer as the official romanization system in South Korea in 2000.
		It was used as the official romanization system in South Korea from 1984 to 2000.
		A third system—the Yale romanization system, which is a one-to-one transliteration system—exists, but is only used in academic literature, especially in linguistics.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=McCune-Reischauer (605 words)

	Winds of Change.NET: Thoughts on Beslan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While Russian troops routinely die by the dozens inside Chechnya, these attacks utilized the same tactics that were first harnessed in the June 22 raid by hundreds of Chechen and Ingush jihadis into the Ingush capital Nazran as well as the nearby cities of Karabulak and Sleptsovsk.
		Russian authorities are well aware of this and this is why they are trying to organize formations of the local residents in the area who could resist us effectively.
		I should hasten to add that this is a theory first advanced by Russians, on the basis of two things: the "Ryazan incident", in which Russian special forces were found placing a bomb in a building, and the presence of hexogen, a Russian military explosive, in the residue of the bombs that went off.
	windsofchange.net /archives/005468.php (16741 words)

	Russian Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Current issues of these Russian language publications are available in Periodicals and Newspapers Reading Area.
		Students researching topics in Russian studies will need to identify journal articles and conference papers using indexes and databases.
		Russian Department, Foreign Languages and Literature, Southern Methodist University.
	www.smu.edu /cul/ue/guides/russianstudies.html (520 words)

	Amazon.ca: 501 Russian Verbs: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The 501 most commonly used Russian verbs are listed in table form, one verb per page, and conjugated in all tenses, identified by English infinitive forms.
		Spanish, which I know better than Russian, has 22 commonly used verbs that are irregular in the present indicative tense, and the same 18 are also irregular in the present subjunctive.
		It lists Russian alphabetical order in the front, which is helpful for newbies like myself, and also has an index in the back where you can look up the English verb.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0764113496 (988 words)

	Russia Subjects
		(Russians call this the October Revolution because Russia still observed the Julian calendar at the time.) Many of the peripheral territories of the empire became independent or were conquered and alienated from Russia by peace settlements.
		The Russian names in context may be inflected, as in Soyuz Sovyetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), where S.S.R. is in the genitive plural.
		As a result, the northern part of East Prussia became Kaliningrad region of the Russian S.F.S.R. The Soviet Union recovered territory lost in the Russo-Polish War, annexing it to the republics of Byelorussia, Lithuania, and Ukraine.
	www.statoids.com /uru.html (4331 words)

	Russian & Slavic Studies > Encyclopedias, Dictionaries, Handbooks, & Guides - UA Library
		An alphabetically arranged handbook containing articles on Russian authors, scholars, critics, and literary movements.
		A collection of fairly substantial articles/chapters on the major periods of Russian literature by top scholars in the field.
		The canonical guide to Russian literary pronunciation and stress patterns.
	www.library.arizona.edu /search/subjects/russian (575 words)

	Language Log: Quiz #3 Answer
		The presence of russian names (there is one more later on) in an obviously non-russian context suggests a language present in a territory of the former Soviet Union, probably written in cyrillic.
		One is again a russian name ending in -ova (the female singer), followed by a mysterious [uonna rustamxon].
		We note the presence of an additional character, not part of the russian cyrillic: һ, for the voiceless glottal fricative (which makes the UN romanization for Russian awkward to use).
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/001674.html (862 words)

	RLG Focus, 12/00: Original Scripts Debut in Eureka
		Romanization rules for Arabic and Hebrew scripts require supplying vowels that do not exist in the original script and may be inconsistently applied.
		Relying only on romanization undercuts the shared heritage of China, Japan, and Korea, since names and works are written with the same set of ideographs although the pronunciations differ greatly.
		If "romanization only" is your default, Eureka displays the Show Original Scripts button at the top of the screen the first time you retrieve one or more records that include Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Hebrew, Japanese, or Korean script.
	www.rlg.org /legacy/r-focus/i47eureka.html (1072 words)

	Chinese Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Personal names were romanized according to individual wishes, however, and place-names followed the nonsystematic spellings of the Chinese Post Office.
		Since 1958 another phonetic romanization known as Pinyin (spelling) has had official standing in the People's Republic of China, where it is used for telegrams and in primary education.
		Replacement of the traditional characters by Pinyin has been advocated but is unlikely to be carried through completely because of the threat it poses to literature and historical documentation in the classical language.
	www.connect.net /ron/chineselanguage.html (1875 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Transliteration of Russian into English
		The United Nations-recommended romanization system (1987), based on GOST.
		Note that the transliteration to other languages can be different (for instance: Russian "Воронин" = English "Voronin" = French "Voronine", Горбачёв = Gorbachev = Gorbatchev, etc.).
		Summary of romanization systems for Russian (PDF) by Thomas T. Pederson.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Transliteration_of_Russian_into_English (325 words)

	LINGUIST List 12.2760: Informal Romanized Orthographies
		People who use romanization include non-linguists, as well as linguists (who have their own more or less standardized orthographies, e.g.
		Sometimes a previously used Romanization standard becomes unusable because it is not easily typeable (e.g.
		for 'soft sign' in Russian, which is assigned to the X key on the ASCII keyboard) b) Visual similarity as well as or instead of sound (e.g.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/12/12-2760.html (663 words)

	Far Outliers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Having invaded the Russian steppes alongside the Mongols in the thirteenth century, the Tatars were seen by medieval Russian chroniclers as the epitome of Oriental barbarism.
		The Russian presidents, both Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin, have repeatedly affirmed that Russia respects the territorial integrity of its neighbors.
		The Russian factor is indisputable, and officials in Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Moldova frequently point to Russia as the key source of support for the unrecognized states.
	faroutliers.blogspot.com /2004_11_01_faroutliers_archive.html (14966 words)

	Roy's Russian Language Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		REESWeb : Russian and East European Studies Internet Resources Software Resources Search for "fonts" (without quotes) to find resources for locating fonts and other computer software for various computer platforms.
		The Web CAN speak Russian There are two major Cyrillic encoding schemes supported by this server.
		A source of conferences for linguists, translators, interpreters, teachers of languages, those interested in natural language processing, and any others interested in the spoken and written languages of the world.
	www.royfc.com /ru_lingo_fonts.html (289 words)

	Russian, Eastern Europe and Central Asian Studies: A Guide to Library Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Russian, Eastern Europe and Central Asian Studies: A Guide to Library Resources for REECA Graduate Students and Visiting Scholars
		It holds one of the world's most comprehensive research collections in the humanities and social sciences, and it is a key resource for graduate study in history and literature.
		Russian Academy of Sciences Bibliographies: this database covers material in the humanities and social sciences published in the Commonwealth of Independent States, in Eastern European countries, and elsewhere, including periodicals, books, and manuscripts.
	hcl.harvard.edu /research/guides/russian (2116 words)

	Roy O < Classes < Guides < Resources < Library < DePauw University (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Russian Literature in the Age of Pushkin and Gogol: Prose
		Russian Literature in the Age of Pushkin and Gogol: Drama
		Use the indexes in the backs of the books to see if the subject you are interested in finding is covered in the book at all.
	www.depauw.edu /library/resources/guides/classes/M_L227-Belyavski-Frank.htm (497 words)

	GlyphGate Admin site manual (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Input characters using Yale Romanization, which is based on phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script.
		Pinyin is a widely used Mandarin romanization system, based on phonetic notation and transliteration to roman script.
		For Russian, the characters are mapped as if your keyboard was in fact a russian one.
	www.glyphgate.com /glyphgate/Keyboards.html?glyphgate=raw (635 words)

	CSUH Catalog 2004-2005: Modern Languages (Undergraduate)
		The self-paced series in Elementary Russian, divided into eleven mini-courses, allows students to complete one year of Elementary Russian at their individual paces.
		The self-paced series in Intermediate Russian, divided into twelve mini-courses, allows students to complete one year of Intermediate Russian at their individual paces.
		The Russian language is the basis for the variable subject matter of this course.
	www.csuhayward.edu /ecat/20042005/u-mll.html (5324 words)

	KNAB romanization systems
		Column 3 indicates cases when there are own romanization systems in use for Estonian.
		UN -- systems recommended for application as the single international romanization system at the United Nations Conferences on the Standardization of Geographical Names; mostly these systems are based on national romanization systems.
		In many instances the romanization systems used are reversible, and there is no need for additional measures.
	www.eki.ee /knab/kblatyl2.htm (480 words)

	Jordan: Writings
		For the on-line version (the third edition) the Romanization system used to represent Chinese words has been changed from Gwoyeu Romatzyh to the now universal Pinyin, and the number of photographs has been roughly doubled.
		An appendix includes a translation (from the Russian) of two sworn-brotherhood oaths used in the late XIXth century as local law codes in the Sino-Russian border area.
		It is accompanied by the original text in traditional and simplified characters and romanization.
	weber.ucsd.edu /~dkjordan/writings.html (1505 words)

	Data: Cadurci to Dutch - The Ethnohistory Project
		Became Roman Province in 25 BC after the fall of Carthage proper in 146 BC.
		Inferred by exodus of Roman army & colonists, necessary to permit (114- 11) and (114-33).
		By 28 BC completely lost their independence (to Romans) and became mixed and assimilated with succeeding populations.
	life.bio.sunysb.edu /ee/msr/Ethno/gendate3.html (9021 words)

	Diacritics, Ligatures, & Non-Roman Alphabets
		Use ALA romanization rules, not the International system.
		Arabic is transliterated according to ALA romanization rules.
		Hebrew is transliterated according to ALA romanization rules and approximates modern Israeli pronunciation.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~bakerref/Help/diacritics.shtml (208 words)

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