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	Romanowsky stain
		Romanowsky staining was a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar methods, including Giemsa[?], Wright[?], and Leishman[?] stains, which are used to differentiate cells in pathologic specimens.
		Ehrlich had used mixtures of acidic and basic dyes for this purpose in 1879: in 1891 Romanowksy[?] and Malakowsky[?] independently developed a technique using a mixture of Eosin Y and oxidated Methylene Blue that was also useful for this purpose.
		Because the aqueous dye solutions were unstable, methanol was introduced as a solvent, and Leishman (in 1901) and Wright[?] (in 1902) advocated use of methanol as a fixative prior to staining.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ro/Romanowsky_stain.html (196 words)

	Stabilized solution producing a Romanowsky effect - Patent 4363632
		The improved staining solution of claim 2 wherein the amount of Eosin Y is from 0.078 to 0.088 percent and the amount of Azure B is from 0.043 to 0.047 percent.
		The improved staining solution of claim 2 wherein the ratio of Eosin Y to Azure B is from 2.05:1 to 1.66:1 on a dry weight basis.
		Although Methylene Blue is not an essential component for staining, it is very similar in structure to Azure B and is considered to be a contributing factor in formation of the 1:2 ion pair of Eosin Y:blue component.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4363632.html (1639 words)

	Cytochemistry and histochemistry
		The rationale for this stain for glycogen is unknown.
		The stain fades in time and is therefore not used as frequently as the Mallory connective tissue stain.
		The stain is composed of methylene blue eosinate, azure A eosinate, azure B eosinate, and methylene blue chloride; used for differential staining of blood smears, spleen, and bone marrow cells, for staining protozoan parasites such as Plasmodium spp.
	focosi.immunesig.org /histochemistry.html (12327 words)

	ROMANOWSKY TECHNIQUES © Woods and Ellis 2000
		The 'red' staining of the nuclei of parasitic protozoa is thought to be produced by the azure dye and eosin binding to the basic protein protamine, rather than the nuclear chromatin, to produce an imino base of the azure dye (which is red).
		Numerous modifications of the Romanowsky method have been described, particularly for application to tissue sections and, although the various techniques may produce slight differences in staining, the basic mechanisms and staining effects are the same.
		Stock stains should be stored in tightly capped polyethylene containers, in the dark at 4°C to prolong shelf life, as they are affected by moisture, contact with metals, exposure to light and variation in temperature.
	home.primus.com.au /royellis/ST\ROMTECH.htm (1140 words)

	Stabilized stain composition - Patent 4741898
		The stabilized stain composition of claim 1 wherein the anionic dye component is Eosin Y. The stabilized stain composition of claim 2 wherein the stabilizer is glycine or a glycine acid addition salt.
		The stabilized stain composition of claim 1 wherein the cationic dye component comprises a mixture of Azures A, B, and C. The stabilized stain composition of claim 8 wherein the anionic dye component is Eosin Y and the alcohol solvent is methanol.
		Wright Stain, for example, is an approximately 1:1:1 mixture (by moles) of Methylene Blue, Azure B and Eosin Y. Solubility limits are normally approached as to the total concentration of anionic and cationic dye components.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4741898.html (1781 words)

	Wright's stain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wright's stain is also used in cytogenetics to stain chromosomes on slides for visualization and diagnosis of sydromes and disease.
		It is named for James Homer Wright, who devised the stain, a modification of the Romanowsky stain, in 1902.
		There are related stains known as the buffered Wright stain, the Wright-Giemsa stain, and the buffered Wright-Giemsa stain, and specific instructions depend on the solutions being used, which may include Eosin Y, Azure B, and Methylene Blue (some commercial preparations combine solutions to simplify staining).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wright's_stain (201 words)

	peripheral blood romanowsky stain (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Romanowsky (Wrights, Giemsa or Diff-Quik) stain is used.
		The latter is utilized to stain peripheral blood smears.
		Giemsa stain and the Wright stain, for the examination of the...
	www.all-stain-removal.info /peripheralbloodromanowskystain (442 words)

	Re: Reptile Inclusion Body: A review
		In the late 1800’s Romanowsky was the first worker to combine eosin and methylene blue in the staining of blood.
		The organisms were stained with Giemsa and were considered morphologically identical to Pirhemocyton sp.
		And the staining body, along with the vacuoles, are clearly within the cytoplasm, not on top of it.
	www.azvt.org /vettech/_disc3/0000049f.htm (1544 words)

	Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases: a Cytopathologist's Perspective -- Powers 11 (2): 341 -- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
		A commonly used Romanowsky stain is the DQ stain.
		hooklets stain faintly or not at all by the PAP stain or Romanowsky
		HPV is identified predominantly in Pap smears; the hallmark of HPV infection is the detection of koilocytes.
	cmr.asm.org /cgi/content/full/11/2/341 (6995 words)

	Cellular Stains (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These stains are used to highlight structures within a patient's cells, are made up of acidic (having an affinity for basic substances within a cell, eg.
		The resultant staining is referred to as the "Romanowsky Effect".
		The blood film is air dried and then fixed (to stop metabolic processes, fix the structure of the cell membrane and stop cells from washing off the glass slide).
	www.uq.edu.au /vdu/HDUStains.htm (100 words)

	CytoJournal \| Full text \| Fast drying of Fine Needle Aspiration slides using a hand held fan: impact on turn around ...
		Those stains are collectively characterized by their ease of performance and amenability for performance on site with acceptable quality thus allowing for the immediate interpretation and triage by pathologists.
		The DQ stain is known to be good for highlighting the background matrix material, organisms and the cytoplasmic contents [3].
		However, for optimum nuclear detail, the Papanicolaou stain is superior and some institutions utilize the ultrafast method of this stain in addition to or as a replacement for the DQ stain [6].
	www.cytojournal.com /content/3/1/12 (1875 words)

	Blood Smears (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Romanowsky stains (Diff-Quik and other quick Wright’s stains) are inexpensive, easy to prepare and to use.
		The staining system incorporates a red, acidic dye (usually eosin) that is attracted to the basic parts of a cell, and a dark-blue to purple, basic dye (usually methylene blue) that is attracted to the acid parts of a cell.
		In order to stain a slide with new methylene blue a drop of stain is placed on a coverslip.
	loudoun.nv.cc.va.us /vetonline/vet131/blood_smears.htm (1214 words)

	BBC Biochemical : Products
		Nuclei demonstrate precisely stained nuclear chromatin and Para chromatin, nuclear membranes are distinct, and nucleoli are discrete.
		Rapid•Stain Kit for Hematology is a rapid stain that is used in the Histology and Hematology Laboratories.
		Solution A - Classic Wright's Stain formulation Solution B - Phosphate Buffer Solution C - Finishing Buffer Wright's Stain and its buffers B and C are formulated to produce with excellence the standard Romanowsky colors on air dried blood and tissue imprint preparations.
	bbcus.com /products.html?pc=24 (732 words)

	Mast Cell Disease in Dogs and Cats: An Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		With inadequate fixation, the granules may not stain or may be dissolved with aqueous-based stains such as Diff-Quik, a modified Romanowsky stain.
		However, degranulation of the mast cells in stained blood smears occasionally may make the diagnosis of mast cell neoplasia more difficult because the cells may be mistaken for monocytes (Figs.
		Moderate numbers of mast cells (similar to the cell illustrated here) were present in the stained blood smear of this dog with mast cell leukemia.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/CLERK/Dahm/index.htm (1829 words)

	Understanding Anemia: Chapter 1
		The preeminent figure in the world of biological stains was Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915), the Silesian-born son of affluent Jewish parents and one of the truly great names in the history of biomedical science.
		In 1891, the triacid stain was replaced by the eosin methylene blue stain invented by D. Romanowsky of St. Petersburg, Russia.
		The "Romanowsky stain" was further modified by Richard May of Munich in I902, Gustav Giemsa of Hamburg in 1905, and J. Wright of Boston in 1906.
	web2.airmail.net /uthman/unanemia/unanemia_ch1.html (5555 words)

	Haematology
		Since the time when Romanowsky discovered that a decomposing beaker of aqueous Methylene blue on a window sill produced brilliant results as a component of a blood stain, very little has changed.
		Tinctorial (stain picture) quality can be altered by changes in the final pH of staining reagent, this can be caused by differences in the quality or source of the water used to dilute such stains.
		To maintain the tinctorial qualities of the final stain slides should be rinsed in the same buffer.
	www.gccdiagnostics.com /Haematology.htm (1003 words)

	Permanent stains
		This particular staining method is very useful for staining faecal smears, faecal exudate and duodenal aspirates.
		Use of the modified Ziehl-Neelsen stain for faecal smears has already been established for coccidian protozoa, in particular, oocysts of Cryptosporidium species, but it is also useful to confirm the presence of oocysts of Isospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis.
		Staining with iron haematoxylin is useful to demonstrate the nuclear chromatin pattern and cytoplasmic inclusions of protozoan cysts.
	www.btinternet.com /~ukneqas.parasitologyscheme/Faecal_Scheme/Teaching_Information/Diagnostic_procedures/Permanent_stains/permanent_stains.html (1177 words)

	Captain Harry Sherwood Ranken (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In 1900 Leishman was appointed Assistant Professor of Pathology at the Army Medical School and evolved the modification of Romanowsky's stain known as Leishman's stain.
		He used this to stain the elusive parasites which, at the suggestion of Ronald Ross, became known as Leishmania donovani (Leishman and Charles Donovan discovered the protozoon parasites independently and published their findings within a few weeks of each other).
		The stain is also used to this day to stain the protozoon parasites responsible for malaria.
	www.members.aol.com /jdjandsje3/harry_ranken/RAMC/leishman.htm (318 words)

	A simple and rapid in situ staining method for granulocyte-macrophage colonies in agar culture -- Liang and Ma 6 (1): ...
		A simple and rapid in situ staining method for granulocyte-macrophage colonies in agar culture -- Liang and Ma 6 (1): 25 -- Stem Cells
		A simple and rapid in situ staining method for granulocyte-macrophage colonies in agar culture
		staining of granulocyte-macrophage colonies in agar cultures and for
	stemcells.alphamedpress.org /cgi/content/abstract/6/1/25 (149 words)

	Neurofibromas in NF1: Schwann Cell Origin and Role of Tumor Environment -- Zhu et al. 296 (5569): 920 Data Supplement - ...
		The identity of mast cells was determined by either a modified Romanowsky stain (Wescor) or Giemsa stain (Sigma diagnostics).
		LacZ staining indicates that only a small number of adult DRG neurons (F) and trigeminal neurons (G) have Cre activity, which is confirmed by double-staining with a neuronal marker, anti-NeuN (green)/anti-LacZ (red) (insets).
		Inset, LacZ staining for the adjacent section of (H) and (I).
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/296/5569/920/DC1 (1318 words)

	Equine Keratomycosis: Diagnostic Cytology and Therapy
		Romanowsky staining (Wright and Diff-Quik stains) is usually adequate to demonstrate fungal hyphae in cytologic specimens.
		In some cytologic specimens, there is minimal Romanowsky stain uptake by the fungi.
		Corneal epithelial cells and a mild infiltrate of neutrophils are present.
	www.vet.uga.edu /vpp/CLERK/Lennington (1522 words)

	USCAP - 92nd Annual Meeting
		The Papanicolaou stained preparation emphasized the monotony of cell size.
		The delicate blast like chromatin pattern is noted in the intermediate sized cells.
		The Papanicolaou stained smears demonstrate delicate chromatin pattern.
	www.uscap.org /site~/92nd/speccytoh.htm (884 words)

	Romanowsky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Prodiff, the rapid Romanowsky blood cell differentiation stain set, Romanowsky stain, stain kit.
		Romanowsky stain Romanowsky staining was a prototypical staining technique that was the forerunner of several distinct but similar methods, including.
		Use of Romanowsky type (Diff-3) stain for detecting Helicobacter pylori in smears and tissue sections.
	www.99hosted.com /new-name51784.html (157 words)

	StainsFile - Neutral dyes
		These are derived from the homologues of methylene blue, the azures, and eosins.
		For the Romanowsky type of neutral dye, methanol is the alcohol that has been commonly used.
		Based on the results, and on subsequent trials, adjust the dye concentration, the times, the degree of dilution and the pH of the diluent as necessary to obtain the optimal stain.
	stainsfile.info /StainsFile/dyes/class/neutral.htm (622 words)

	Darkfield Microscope for Lyme ( borrelia ) detection, Fiction and Fact about the Lyme rash erythema migrans rash, ...
		Since Borrelia may be difficult to detect with Romanowsky stains, an alternative method, using acridine orange (AO), was used to screen blood smears.
		Duplicate blood smears of seven patients were examined with the AO technique and Romanowsky stains.
		We concluded that the AO stain is simple, rapid and more sensitive than Romanowsky methods for detecting cases of low-level spirochetemia.
	www.canlyme.com /darkfield_microscope_Lyme.html (1068 words)

	eMedicine - Mastocytosis, Systemic : Article by Koyamangalath Krishnan, MD, FRCP
		Other stains used to identify mast cells are toluidine blue, chloroacetate esterase, aminocaproate esterase, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase.
		Tryptase immunohistochemistry or metachromatic staining (eg, Giemsa, toluidine blue) should be used to confirm the presence of mast cells.
		This is a toluidine blue stain of a bone marrow smear from a patient with marrow involvement by systemic mastocytosis.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic1401.htm (3844 words)

	VET 204 Lecture 3: Introduction to Erythrocytes
		In dogs, sheep and humans, the cell is a biconcave disk, with the center of the cell thinner than the margins.
		The appearance of the cell varies with the stain used.
		If a modified Romanowsky stain (3-step stain) is used, the cell has an overall blue coloration.
	www.medaille.edu /vmacer/204_lec3_rbca.htm (1982 words)

	Harleco Stains Harleco Dye
		For plasma staining and counterstaining in animal histology
		Cytoplasm stain for parasites in tissue and for Masson's Trichrome Stain
		For negative staining of spirochaetes, bacteria and fungi, stains neural tissue
	www.vgdusa.com /Harleco_stains.htm (209 words)

	MLSCI 330: Objectives - Microscopes, Manual Counts, Quality Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		List the components of a true Romanowsky stain, and the components of the Wright's stain, May-Grunwald stain, and the Giemsa stain.
		Explain the staining principle of the Wright's stain and the May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain.
		Describe staining problems that can occur and how to correct for them (pH, staining time, precipitate on the smear).
	brie.medlabscience.med.ualberta.ca /mlsci/330/lo-tut1.html (573 words)

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