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	Romeo class submarine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		North Korea operates several Romeo class submarines, that were both locally assembled with Chinese supplied parts and directly imported from China, and the 4 Chinese imported units are based on the western coast.
		Bulgaria operates one Romeo class submarine, which is the last remaining of several boats that were exported from the former Soviet Union.
		On January 11, 1962, the Soviet Foxtrot class submarine B-37 exploded as the result of a fire which detonated all torpedo warheads in the submarine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Romeo_class_submarine (822 words)

	Equipment Matchups: Submarine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Submarines have historically been the most secretive and controversial of weapon systems, and the most protected when it comes to exports.
		The Chien Lung class was acquired from the Netherlands to augment, and eventually replace, the aging Guppy class submarines.
		It is based on the Romeo class submarine and has been improved over the years with variants capable of launching anti-ship missiles utilizing different release methods.
	www.emeraldesigns.com /matchup/sub.htm (737 words)

	Romeo-class submarine - People's Liberation Army Navy
		In addition, during the process of building the submarines, some major technical problems, such as welding of specialty steels, propeller cavitation erosion, and ship hull structural strengthening were also solved.
		China’s submarine force benefited significantly when the chaos of the Cultural Revolution was replaced by the rigid and total militarization of Chinese society in the early 1970s.
		In the late 1980s, research personnel made improvements in decreasing the submarine noise, the noise level being lowered by 12 decibels from its original level, thus enhancing the submarine concealment capability and increasing the sonar's effective distance.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/china/romeo.htm (720 words)

	70 die in Chinese submarine accident - theage.com.au
		All 70 Chinese crew aboard a conventional submarine were killed in a mystery accident during a training exercise off the country's east coast, state press have reported.
		Many of the diesel-electric submarines from that construction period are now in reserve, US-based research analyst Frank W Moore said in a paper on China's military capabilities published in 2000.
		Submarines of the Song (Type 039) follow-on class are slighter larger than the Ming and incorporate a streamlined hull for better submerged performance.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2003/05/03/1051876892016.html (649 words)

	Ming Type 035 - People's Liberation Army Navy
		Therefore, the guiding direction for the development of the first generation medium-sized conventional-powered submarine was to utilize to the full the experience gained in the copying work and also the improved design as well as the existing technical foundation and make breakthroughs in principal technologies such as underwater cruising speed.
		Due to adopting these measures, with the submarine volumetric displacement not increasing very much in comparison with the improved version of Soviet medium-sized conventional-powered submarine, her underwater propelling power and the battery energy was doubled, thus ensuring the submarine's propulsion characteristics.
		Images acquired of the submarine and some of its sister ships illustrate a mountainous geography near the naval base which would be consistent with the north but inconsistent with information concerning the submarine base at Qingdao.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/world/china/ming.htm (1085 words)

	ROK NAVY NEWS(UPDATE EVERYEVENT)
		Purchase of the Russian submarines is expected to have an adverse impact on the Navy's program to acquire new advanced submarines, code-named SSU.
		Twenty-four Kilo-class submarines are in servince in the Black Sea, the Baltic, the Northern Fleet and in the Pacific.
		A Chinese naval submarine was reported to have almost been captured by South Korean fisherman in neutral waters off the west coast yesterday, the Navy said.
	members.tripod.com /~fidelispark/209-7.htm (3510 words)

	Project 877EKM/636 Kilo Class Diesel-Electric Submarine \| Navy \| SinoDefence.com
		All four Kilo class submarines are deployed in the submarine base of the East Sea Fleet at Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province near the Taiwan Strait.
		With a reserve buoyancy of 32%, the submarines consists of six watertight compartments separated by transverse bulkhead in a pressured double hull, which increases the survivability of the submarine, even with one compartment and adjacent ballast tanks flooded.
		To reduce the submarine’s acoustic signature, the flooding ports are removed from the forebody, and the hull is covered with rubber anti-sonar protection tiles to reduced the risk of detection.
	www.sinodefence.com /navy/sub/kilo.asp (1210 words)

	[No title]
		The submarine was reported to taking part in a training exercise east of the Neichangshan Islands, off the northeast coast of China.
		Commentary: The Chinese Navy, or PLAN (People's Liberation Army Navy) has reported very few submarine accidents in the past, all involving diesel-electric submarines (one of the early Ming-class submarines was reported lost after a fire and a Romeo-class submarine was reported lost in an accident in 1993-94.
		The crew of a Ming-class submarine is normally 55 (9 officers and 46 enlisted).
	www.strategypage.com /militaryforums/69-20235.aspx (706 words)

	China
		Submarines (attack and ballistic missile) are expected to carry.
		China's submarine force is expected improve its offensive anti-surface warfare capability with the deployment of submarine-launched cruise missiles but realize only minor improvements in its ability to conduct antisubmarine warfare.
		Beijing may be planning to build a new class of nuclear -powered ballistic missile submarine (SSBN) and a new class of nuclear-powered attack submarine (SSN).
	www.nti.org /db/china/engdocs/ndafy98.htm (7004 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Israel steps up submarine acquisition
		According to earlier reports in the Jewish and Western press, Israel is engineering its submarines to become capable of launching conventional or nuclear-tipped cruise missiles, which would give the Israel Defense Force a multi-tiered, land-attack capability against an enemy, similar to one developed years ago by the United States and Russia.
		In June, reports surfaced that the Israeli navy was testing a land-attack submarine cruise missile capability off the coast of Sri Lanka.
		The Dolphin class is designed for interdiction, surveillance and special-forces operations and is designed to travel at maximum speeds of 20 knots with a cruising range of 4,500 nautical miles.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=15566 (740 words)

	From Humble Origins China's Submarine Force Comes of Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Soviet-designed “Romeo”-class conventional attack submarines were produced in significant quantities by China between 1965 and the early 1980s, and the PLAN eventually had more than 60 of these boats in service.
		Mao’s recognition of the importance of the developing submarine force was underscored by his January 1956 visit to the Jiangnan shipyard in Shanghai, where the PRC’s very first submarine was being built from a Soviet kit.
		As a result, Russia was prevented from locating submarine broadcast transmitters on the Liaodong peninsula, and China lost a unique opportunity to augment the strength and operational capabilities of the PLAN undersea force.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_21/humble.htm (1368 words)

	Ming Type 035 - People's Liberation Army Navy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Romeo-class submarines were built using Soviet designs based on the German Type-21 U- boat of 1944.
		The first three of this class completed between 1971 and 1979, one of which was later scrapped after a fire.
		The 16th unit of this class was delivered in May 1997, and deployed to the South China Sea in June 1998.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/plan/ming.htm (197 words)

	Romeo-class submarine - People's Liberation Army Navy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		While the Chinese Navy had had more than 110 submarines in service in the mid-1980s, the total number of submarines believed to be in serviceable condition went down from 63 in 1990 to 48 in 1995.
		The PLAN has retired all of its Whiskey class submarines and most its Romeo-class submarines, built using Soviet designs that were based on the German Type-21 U- boat of 1944.
		At least 84 were built between 1960 and 1984, with some three dozen remaining extant by the late 1990s.
	www.fas.org /man/dod-101/sys/ship/row/plan/romeo.htm (120 words)

	Naval Institute Proceedings: China's Subs Lead the Way, by Dr. Lyle Goldstein and Lieutenant Commander Bill Murray, ...
		Finally, Beijing is upgrading the submarine force's weaponry, recruitment, training, and doctrine—all of which suggest that submarines will form the backbone of China's gradual strategic reorientation toward maritime priorities.
		Retired Navy Rear Admiral Michael McDevitt, a close observer of the Chinese Navy, similarly contends that submarines "are an essential ingredient in the...
		Although AIP-equipped diesel submarines cannot match the endurance or speed of nuclear submarines, AIP does permit diesel submarines to remain submerged for weeks at a time without snorkeling.
	www.usni.org /proceedings/Articles03/progoldstein03.htm (820 words)

	History and Deployment of the Whiskey class submarine
		Armament of the new submarine consisted of four torpedo tubes in the bow and two in the stern.
		The remainder of the class was to be retired in favor of more modern submarines or converted to other uses.
		The Whiskey class submarine incorporated many lessons from the previous war that enabled it to survive in the post-war era.
	www.russianwarrior.com /1947vehicle_Whiskeyhist.htm (1416 words)

	NTI: Submarine: Russia Exports
		The most-exported submarine was the Project 613 (NATO name Whiskey) class boat: 61 submarines of this class were exported to eight countries.
		The first exports of Project 877E (Varshavyanka) class submarines were delivered to the Polish and Indian navies in April 1986.
		class mini-submarine to Southeast Asia, South Asia, and the Near East, which appeared at expositions in Indonesia (February 2005) and Singapore (May 2005).[13,14] The Piranya was originally designed for the Soviet Navy; the first of class was laid down in July 1984.
	www.nti.org /db/submarines/russia/export.html (2427 words)

	Submarines for Sale (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Each boat class is designated with a project number so that one can know in which shipyard the submarine was constructed.
		In America we have two Foxtrot submarines- one in Los Angeles, one in Seattle and at least one on the east coast.
		These were replaced by Romeo class boats and the Foxtrots followed, being at their best in the 1950s and 60s.
	adjunct.diodon349.com /submarines/submarines_for_sale.htm (774 words)

	Haze Gray & Underway Photo Feature: Soviet & Russian Navy - Special Purpose Submarines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The 'LIMA' was an experimental diesel-electric submarine whose exact purpose remains unknown.
		The boat was completed in 1979; she was brought to St. Petersburg for overhaul in 1989, but the work was never completed and she was abandoned.
		The modified 'ROMEO', whose existence was first noted in 1991, was fitted with a massive structure atop the bow.
	www.hazegray.org /features/russia/sub-spec.htm (388 words)

	Haze Gray & Underway Photo Feature: Soviet & Russian Navy - Conventional Submarines
		The 'FOXTROT' class, built in 1961-1971, was the last major class of oceangoing diesel-electric submarines in the Soviet navy.
		All subsequent oceangoing Soviet submarine classes were nuclear powered.
		A well-worn 'FOXTROT' in the Mediterranean 30 December 1971.
	www.hazegray.org /features/russia/ss.htm (461 words)

	China to Buy 8 More Russian Submarines
		The deal for additional submarines is part of a $4 billion weapons package that Russia has committed to provide China over the next four to five years.
		The U.S. submarine deal is uncertain, however, because the United States no longer makes or designs diesel-powered subs and two nations that do, Germany and the Netherlands, have refused to allow the United States to use their designs or manufacturers.
		China bought four Kilo-class submarines during the 1990s, two of the export version and two of the more capable Project 636 version produced by Russia for its own navy.
	www.taiwandc.org /wp-2002-09.htm (782 words)

	China's Submarine Forces
		The Song-class submarine is expected to be the first Chinese submarine capable of firing a submerged-launch anti-ship cruise missile.
		This submarine, the largest ever constructed in China, will be a significant improvement over the Xia-class submarine, featuring better quieting, sensor systems, and propulsion.
		The importance of these submarine developments lies in the prospect of China projecting its naval force regionally and deploying nuclear missiles.
	www.wisconsinproject.org /countries/china/subs.html (999 words)

	ArmsControlWonk: Yuan Class Submarine
		Submarines aside (I think that Lux has an excellent point with regard to the relative virtues of nukes and non-nukes), one should remember that the last sighted DIA opinion about the TD-1 missile was a reply to "questions for the record" (QFRs) submitted to the Senate Intelligence Committee, dated 30 June 2003:
		Diesel submarines are not just for littoral operations; they are also quite effective open ocean platforms for operations against enemy SSNs and the sea-lanes of communication.
		I would agree with TLAM Strike that modern diesel submarines with their increasing technology mentioned are more usefull in deep water operations than the diesel boats of old.
	www.armscontrolwonk.com /index.php?id=639 (2458 words)

	Gallery Submarines
		These submarine vacuformed kits came in a form of thin plastic styrene like sheets with the section halves of clear hulls formed and a plan sheet.
		Four of these small 536-ton surface submarines were built in the mid 1960s for the Italian navy.
		ORP Sokol, Polish submarine 1944, Mirage 1:400 Scale - These are photographs of the newest addition to the 1:400th scale Sub Fleet of Bruce Simard.
	www.steelnavy.com /gallery_submarines.htm (2540 words)

	Keyword (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		TOP secret Cold War missions in which Australian submarines spied on Soviet and Chinese warships and bases are set to be revealed as the submariners demand that their service be classified as warlike.
		Twice the amount of funds are being allotted to the construction of nuclear submarines as to shipbuilding.
		French deal stuck; Germans make submarine pitch Saturday July 9 2005 00:00 IST NEW DELHI: With the deal for French Scorpene submarines stuck at the Cabinet level, the Germans are in the country again, pitching hard for their HDW Class 214 submarines to be considered for what will be a Rs 12,000 crore order.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/keyword?k=submarines (5341 words)

	Kim (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There are an estimated ninety submarines, including two strategic submarines (one Xia-class SSBN and one Golf-class SSB), five Han-class nuclear attack boats, one cruise missile submarine, and eighty patrol submarines (of which twenty-seven are in reserve).
		These forces, together with a modern diesel submarine fleet and a very modern if small group of amphibious landing ships, give Japan a strong capability for defending the sea lanes throughout the Northeast Asian area for which it is responsible under its security arrangements with the United States.
		The new submarine project, which will upgrade the existing Type 209-1200 submarines to 1,500-ton boats with air-independent propulsion, might be delayed for several years by economic problems.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/1999/winter/art3-w99.htm (9533 words)

	From Humble Origins China's Submarine Force Comes of Age (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Given that China’s first-generation nuclear submarines were developed against this backdrop, it is hardly surprising that their operational performance was considerably inferior to that of contemporary American or Russian vessels.
		In a broad assault against military education, the Qingdao submarine academy, which had 2,000 students at the time, was closed down in 1969 and did not reopen until 1973.
		During the mid-1970s, Chinese submarines began to venture further afield, penetrating the first island chain (the line from the Philippine Islands, through Taiwan to the Ryukus), and even the second island chain (formed by Indonesia, the Marianas Archipelago, and the main islands of Japan) for the first time.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/cno/n87/usw/issue_21/humble2.htm (2159 words)

	China's Submarine Challenge
		The September 2004 promotion of Admiral Zhang Dingfa, a career submariner, to Chief of Staff of the People’s Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) and a full seat on the Central Military Commission was a clear signal of the primacy of submarine warfare in China’s strategy for the Asia-Pacific region.
		Of the U.S. Pacific Fleet’s 35 submarines (including three nuclear attack submarines based in Guam during 2006), about a dozen are underway at sea on operational duties at any one time.
		EB laid off nearly 200 submarine engineers and machinists in early February—and EB is the only shipbuilder in the nation that maintains submarine designers.
	www.heritage.org /Research/AsiaandthePacific/wm1001.cfm (1460 words)

	Dutch Submarines: The export submarine Moray
		In Apr 2000 it is reported that According to the newest rumours the submarine deal between the Dutch RDM shipyard and Egypt is off.
		Both submarines will be built at the Ingalls facility in Pascagoula, Mississippi, with delivery anticipated between five and seven years after contract signature.
		The submarines are designed by the Dutch RDM but will be built in the United States so that Egypt can pay for them in U.S. military aid.
	www.dutchsubmarines.com /export/export_moray.htm (2532 words)

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