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Topic: Rongerik Atoll

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Ratak Chain

Bikini Island

Marshall Islands

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Enewetak Atoll

Operation Castle

Operation Crossroads

Nuclear testing

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1956

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May 21

1 E5 m

July

	Bikini Island History
		Bikini Atoll is one of the 29 atolls and five islands that compose the Marshall Islands.
		These atolls of the Marshall's are scattered over 357,000 square miles of a lonely part of the world located north of the equator in the Pacific Ocean.
		The islands of Rongerik Atoll were uninhabited because, traditionally, the Marshallese people considered them to be unlivable due to their size (Rongerik is 1/6 the size of Bikini Atoll) and because they had an inadequate water and food supply.
	members.tripod.com /bikini_atoll (3761 words)

	Ailinginae Atoll (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Ailinginae Atoll is one of thirty-three municipalities in the Marshall Islands (along with Rongelap Atoll and Rongerik Atoll, the two other atolls of this group).
		The closest landmass to Ailinganae Atoll is Rongelap Atoll.
		Ailinginae Atoll is on the left, Rongelap Atoll is nearby in the center, and Rongerik Atoll is on the right.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /rongelap/heritage/ailinginae_info.htm (774 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		The most important atolls and islands form two groups: the Ratak Chain and the Ralik Chain (meaning "sunrise" and "sunset" chains).
		Life on the outer atolls is generally still fairly traditional, and the nutrition of the rural population, being grown and caught, is superior that of most of the urban residents, who rely considerably on white rice.
		Not being among the 179 member countries of the ILO, Marshall Islands is among the handful of countries not obliged to abide by the core labour standards (elimination of forced labour, child labour and discrimination, and respect for freedom of association and right to collective bargaining) as required of ILO members.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Marshall_Islands (1174 words)

	Bikini Atoll - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bikini Atoll (also known as Pikinni Atoll) is an uninhabited 6.0-square-kilometer atoll in one of the Micronesian Islands in the Pacific Ocean at 11°30′N 165°25′E.
		Preceding the nuclear tests, the indigenous population was relocated to Rongerik Atoll.
		In the episode "Dying for Pie", a bomb disguised as a pie violently explodes on impact with the Squidward character.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bikini_Atoll (703 words)

	[No title]
		Bikini Atoll is located in the northwestern Marshall Islands and was used by the Government of the United States as a testing site for nuclear weapons from 1946 to 1958.
		The Bikinians have not had use of their atoll since March 7, 1946, and this loss of use will continue on into the future until the necessary remediation takes place to restore full use and habitability.
		The period of relocation to Rongerik Atoll from 1946 to 1947 was the most severe with the Bikini community suffering from starvation.
	www.nuclearclaimstribunal.com /biksum.htm (757 words)

	Bikini Atoll
		March 1946: Bikinians are moved from their home Atoll to Rongerik Atoll, so that the government can begin work on Operation Crossroads (this is the name of the atomic weapons tests.
		Spring 1954: The Bravo test is performed on a reef in the northwestern Bikini Atoll, despite repeated warnings from weather stations.
		The Rongerik, Utirik, Ujelang, and Likiep Atolls are all declared off-limits.
	home1.gte.net /lisaiman/connections/bikini.htm (990 words)

	The Tybee Bomb---Is it a real danger or is the Tybee Island Nuclear Bomb a figment of our government's imagination?
		The atoll became a test site for what would turn out to be a total of 23 atomic and hydrogen bomb tests to gauge the effects the blasts would have on warships and to maintain America's nuclear superiority.
		The Bikinians were moved to Rongerik Atoll, which had a much smaller food supply, and within weeks they faced starvation.
		The people of Bikini Atoll want the U.S government to fulfill a promise it made more than half a century ago -- to restore their homeland to the way it was prior to nuclear testing.
	www.tybeetyme.com /tb/bikini_atoll.htm (1065 words)

	[No title]
		Bikini Atoll is a low-lying coral atoll in the northwestern Marshall Islands approximately 400 miles from the capitol, Majuro, and has a geographical bearing at latitude 11 degrees 35 minutes north, longitude 165 degrees 25 minutes east.
		Thus, although a portion of the atoll was damaged through the destruction of the vaporized islands, the atoll as a whole is the relevant unit for characterization of the loss.
		Though it could be argued that the time spent on Rongerik and Kili did not constitute occupancy of the land actually harmed, to the extent that occupancy was offered as a replacement of Bikini, those lands stand in as a proxy for Bikini, justifying application of this section.
	www.nuclearclaimstribunal.com /bikinifin.htm (12063 words)

	July 1946 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The United States tested nuclear devices at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific.
		The 162 inhabitants of Bikini Atoll were relocated to Rongerik Atoll, 128 miles east of Bikini, and eventually moved to Kili Island.
		Currently, the level of cesium-137 in Bikini Atoll's topsoil is too high to permit its former inhabitants to return permanently.
	web.em.doe.gov /timeline/jul1946b.html (449 words)

	SignOnSanDiego.com > News > World -- 50 years on, nuclear blast felt on Bikini Atoll
		BIKINI ATOLL, Marshall Islands – At first glance, it looks like a tropical paradise: an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, where palm trees encircling a pristine blue-green lagoon sway in the breeze.
		But to the native islanders, Bikini Atoll is more like an exhausted, scorched wasteland, where they eke out an existence in a place that Monday is forgotten by much of the world.
		The people of Bikini Atoll want the U.S government to fulfill a promise it made more than half a century ago – to restore their homeland to the way it was prior to nuclear testing.
	www.signonsandiego.com /news/world/20040301-0500-life-bikiniatoll.html (1066 words)

	BSAC TRAVEL CLUB - The Marshalls, Bikini Atoll
		The atolls and islands are situated in two almost parallel chain-like formations known as the Ratak (Sunrise) group and Ralik (Sunset) group.
		Bikini Atoll opened for diving in 1996.The first two tests at Bikini, named Able and Baker, were staged to test the effect of nuclear weapons on a fleet of ships.
		On Bikini Atoll today there are nine ships to dive on, most notably is the USS Saratoga, a 300 metre (900 foot) long aircraft carrier that is bigger than the Titanic.
	www.bsactravelclub.co.uk /where/bikini.htm (693 words)

	Marshall Islands Travel Tips
		Kwajalein atoll is the site of an American military base and has been used for missile defense testing since the 1960s.
		By tying flat strips of wood together in imitation of the wave patterns and attaching cowry shells to the sticks to represent particular islands and atolls, the experienced navigator could memorize the patterns for when he was out at sea - the charts were not actually taken on the journeys.
		Home to nearly half its population, the atoll has 57 small islets, the largest of which are connected by a single 55km (35mi) stretch of paved road.
	www.southtravels.com /pacific/marshallislands/traveltips.html (2833 words)

	060106.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Bikini Atoll (also known as Pikinni Atoll) is an uninhabited 6.0-square-kilometer atoll in one of the Micronesian Islands in the Pacific Ocean at 11°30?N 165°25?E. It is a member of the Marshall Islands.
		Above: a map of Bikini Atoll and its location in the Pacific, a picture of the Bravo hydrogen blast, and a map showing the fallout pattern.
		Bikini Atoll is also the source of the name of the Bikini swimsuit.
	www.crviewer.com /Targets/060116/060116.htm (229 words)

	Bikini History
		The decision to go forward with the test, knowing that the winds were blowing in the direction of inhabited atolls, was essentially a decision to irradiate the northern Marshall Islands, and moreover, to irradiate the people who were still living on them.
		Meanwhile, on Rongelap Atoll (located about 125 miles east of Bikini), three to four hours after the blast, the same white, snow-like ash began to fall from the sky onto the 64 people living there and also onto the 18 people residing on Ailinginae Atoll.
		Atoll to Kili Island, would have to be made against the Bikinian leaders and not against the U.S government.
	www.bikiniatoll.com /history.html (5180 words)

	Demon Girls of Ujae Told by Nitwa Jeik edited by Daniel A. Kelin, II
		Not far from Rongerik atoll is the atoll of Ujae, an island of demons ('timon' in Marshallese-see notes).
		Their desire for the beauty grew until one night the two flew to Rongerik atoll.
		Spread over 750,000 square miles of water are twenty-nine atolls and five islands consisting of more than 1200 separate islands (depending, of course, on the height of the tide).
	www.spiritoftrees.org /folktales/lolin/demon_girls_of_ujae.html (1707 words)

	301ppr-Bikini (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Bikini Island is a shortened name for Bikini Atoll, an island that is part of the Marshall Islands north of the equator in the Pacific Ocean.
		In the very beginning before Operation Crossroads, 176 residents of Bikini Island were relocated 125 miles from their home on Rongerik Atoll, another of the Marshall Islands.
		Eventually the conditions on Rongerik became so bad that the natives were starving to death and the Navy had to do something about it.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~ina22/301/301ppr-bikini.htm (462 words)

	[No title]
		Rongerik Atoll is 1/6 ÌÌ3Ìhe size of Bikini and has insufficient water and food supplies (Bikini Atoll) to support a population the size of the refugees from Bikini.
		In the fall of 1947, US investigators realized that Rongerik Atoll did not have enough food or water for the Bikinians, so they declared that the Bikinians needed to be moved without delay (Bikini Atoll).
		In March of 1948, the Bikinians were sent to Kwajalein atoll and were housed in tents on a grassy field next to an airport (Bikini Atoll).
	ns.headroyce.org /~us2001/ariv/paper2.htm (429 words)

	WISE NC: MARSHALL ISLANDS 1946-1996 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Being the chief executive of Kwajalein Atoll Development Cooperation and the mayor of Ebeye and the one responsible for the wellbeing of these people, I'd rather they went to the US and learned some new things, learned how to be themselves, rather than stay here and commit suicide in my face.
		Enewetakese living on Ujelang Atoll nearly starve, when the few crops available are attacked by growing number of rats on the island.
		They declare that a total of five islands of the Enewetak Atoll were partially or totally destroyed by nuclear bomb tests while Runit Island was made uninhabitable because tonnes of plutonium-saturated sand and debris were dumped into a crater on the island and covered with concrete.
	www.antenna.nl /wise/454/4498.html (7694 words)

	Bikini Atoll Summary
		The first test of a fusion device occurred on October 31, 1952, at Eniwetok Atoll in the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean.
		Bikini Atoll had been selected in late 1945 as the site for a number of tests of fission weapons, to experiment with different designs for the bomb and to test its effects on ships and the natural environment.
		It is the most well-known and most important island of the atoll, and measures about four kilometres.
	www.bookrags.com /Bikini_Atoll (1539 words)

	Living Archipelagos - Proposed Sites
		All three atolls of the Rongelap Atoll group (including Ailinginae and Rongerik Atolls) were evacuated in 1954 because of visible fallout from the nuclear Bravo Test at Bikini Atoll; the people returned two years later only to leave again in 1985.
		Many threatened, depleted, endangered, and migratory species thrive at the atoll, and some habitats appear to be rare or unique (coralline algal dam and spillway features off the west end of the reef).
		Prior to the expedition RALGOV established the atoll as a no-take protected area, and shortly after the expedition the Marshall Islands government established Ailinginae Atoll as the nation’s first National Park.
	www.livingarchipelagos.org /sitepage.asp?name=Ailinginae (1563 words)

	Marshall islands - History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Kwajalein and Bikini atolls of the Marshall Islands were thrust into modern history in February 1944 when heavy bombing by combined US naval and air force units hit the islands.
		Despite the legacy of cancer, thyroid diseases and leukemia left behind by the bomb, the inhabitants of the atoll insisted on returning to their homeland after having been transferred to the Rongerik atoll.
		In 1979, testing revealed that 139 of the total 600 inhabitants living on the Bikini atoll had extremely dangerous levels of plutonium in their bodies.
	gbgm-umc.org /country_profiles/countries/mhl/History.stm (796 words)

	Marshall Islands (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Elections for the parliament, which has 33 seats, are held every four years.
		Average temperature and pecipitations on MajuroThe Marshall Islands are divided into 24 legislative districts, which correspond to the inhabited islands and atolls of the country.
		The country consists of 29 atolls and 5 isolated islands.
	www.pfiusglobal.com /marshall.html (642 words)

	King Juda on Rongerik atoll
		There were times when we were able to sail to nearby Rongelap Atoll and bring back coconuts and pandanus for our families to eat, but upon our return everything would be divided up among all of our people, so the food never lasted very long.
		The delegation also went to Ujae and Wotho atolls, and upon reaching these places, talked with the local people to determine whether they thought we would be able to live among them.
		We liked this idea because there were no people living there and also it was an atoll as opposed to a single island; though as bad as it was, some of us still wanted to stay on Rongerik because our homes and all of our belongings were there.
	www.bikiniatoll.com /RubonKingJuda.html (1815 words)

	Faleomavaega (AS00) - Washington, D.C.-Faleomavaega and Chairman Pombo Work Together to Pass Bravo Resolution
		U.S. servicemen on Rongerik atoll were evacuated within hours of the blast, Marshallese residents of Utirik and Rongelap were left behind for at least a day, resulting in their exposure to significant radiation.
		At the time of their removal, the people of these atolls were already suffering burns and loss of hair.”
		“Also returned prematurely to their atolls, the people of Rongelap and Utirik received additional exposure causing many to believe that they were used to study the effects of radiation on human beings.
	www.house.gov /list/press/as00_faleomavaega/bravoresolutionpassed.html (625 words)

	Diving Marshall Islands, Bikini Atoll - Scuba Dive Marshalls, USS Saratoga - Diversion Dive Travel
		The Republic of the Marshall Islands is a nation of approximately 58,000 living on 29 coral atolls and 5 small low-lying islands in the central Pacific, mid-way between Hawaii and Australia.
		Urban centres are Majuro atoll with DUD (Darrit, Uliga, Delap) as its core and Ebeye.
		Over the last 2000 years, the Marshallese have developed, refined and perfected a number of unique skills and technologies, all of which illustrate their keen adaptation to the atoll and ocean environment.
	www.diversionoz.com /en/micronesia-marshall.htm (1051 words)

	The history of Bikini Atoll - Ambrosia Software, Inc. web board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		In March of 1948, after two unpleasant years on Rongerik, the Bikinians were transported to Kwajalein Atoll where they were housed in tents on a strip of grass beside the massive cement airstrip used by the U.S. military.
		He was also one of the people they let back on the atoll for a time, before radiation poisoning and birth defects caused the atoll to be abandoned again.
		He was very interested in speaking with me, holding my shoulders and looking straight in my eyes for about fifteen minutes as he told me about his family.
	www.ambrosiasw.com /webboard/Forum23/HTML/003071.html (4965 words)

	Bikinian History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Army to Rongerik Atoll, 125 miles east from Bikini Atoll.
		The Atoll was eventually resettled by the Bikinians in the 70’s, only to once
		The Atoll was still heavily irradiated, and the Bikinians
	people.cornellcollege.edu /p-reynolds/geo105/Tests.htm (199 words)

	Shuttle images of MARSHALL ISLANDS
		MILI ATOLL: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
		NAMU ATOLL: • • • • • • • • • • •
		TAONGI ATOLL: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
	rove.to /marshall-islands (459 words)

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