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	Superconductivity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In conventional superconductors, superconductivity is caused by a force of attraction between certain conduction electrons arising from the exchange of phonons, which causes the conduction electrons to exhibit a superfluid phase composed of correlated pairs of electrons.
		Superconductors are also able to maintain a current with no applied voltage whatsoever, a property exploited in superconducting electromagnets such as those found in MRI machines.
		In a class of superconductors known as type II superconductors (including all known high-temperature superconductors), an extremely small amount of resistivity appears when an electrical current is applied in conjunction with a strong magnetic field (which may be caused by the electrical current).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Superconductor (2571 words)

	Room temperature superconductor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A room temperature superconductor is material yet to be discovered which would be capable of exhibiting superconducting properties at temperatures above 0°C (273.15 K).
		This is of course not strictly speaking "room temperature" (20–25°C), however it can be reached very cheaply even for large machines (for example, meat closets reach this temperature).
		Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, several materials have been claimed as being room-temperature superconductors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Room_temperature_superconductor (168 words)

	Materials Chemistry - Superconductors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		As the temperature is lowered, the atoms vibrate less and the resistance declines smoothly, until the material’s critical temperature, Tc, is reached.
		Heating-cooling sequence for synthesis of the 1-2-3 superconductor.
		The voltage drop, V=IR, along the pellet due to the pellet’s resistance, R, at room temperature is measured with the volt meter.
	imr.chem.binghamton.edu /labs/super/superc.html (2059 words)

	Look in right places for room-temperature superconductors, says Geballe
		One spectacular property of superconductors is their lack of electrical resistance, which makes them almost ideal for producing and using electrical energy.
		Low-temperature superconductors were discovered in 1911 by Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who started a current flowing in a closed loop cooled to minus 452 F with liquid helium and isolated from electricity and magnetism.
		To convert to degrees Kelvin, a unit used by superconductor scientists because it is the only scale in which temperature is directly proportional to kinetic energy, add 273 to the Celsius temperature.
	www.stanford.edu /dept/news/pr/91/911205Arc1030.html (962 words)

	Superconductor Terms
		Hysteresis, as it applies to a superconductor, relates to the dynamic response of a superconductor to a strong magnetic field impinged upon it.
		In Type 2 superconductors carrying high-frequency alternating current, "skin effect" losses also result as the energy tends to migrate to the surface where the conductive medium is incontiguous, producing a pseudo-resistance.
		Magnetic susceptibility is often used in lieu of resistance measurements to determine the transition temperature of a superconductor.
	superconductors.org /terms.htm (4425 words)

	Fermionic condensate
		Bose-Einstein condensates are formed at low temperatures when a significant number of bosons collapse into the same quantum state.
		A similar condensate that uses fermions instead of bosons is known as a fermionic condensate.
		Currently superconductors exist only at low temperatures however an affordable room temperature superconductor would revolutionize the electrical and electronic industries allowing for more efficient electric power generation and transmission as well as more effective electromagnets.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/f/fe/fermionic_condensate.html (726 words)

	Archimedes Plutonium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		During the weeks that the Fusion barrier law came to me, I suspected that the highest temperature superconductor is related to fusion and that the correct theory of superconductivity as the fissioning of a photon into two neutrinos and the fusing of those neutrinos back again into a photon also has a barrier.
		The room temperature superconductor found in humans is that associated in the eyes, the rods of the eyes, and the rolled up sheet material into fibers of brain and nerve fibers.
		And then once a Sun temperature superconductor is invented by the prowress of humanity, onto a superconductor at the temperature of a 1,000 hotter than the Sun.
	www.iw.net /~a_plutonium/File131.html (20254 words)

	High-temperature Superconducting Materials Unlike Any Other Material Known :: University Communications Newsdesk, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with no resistance.
		The holy grail of superconducting research is the discovery of a material that will act as a superconductor at room temperature.
		"Low" temperature superconductors, the first of which was discovered in 1911, must be cooled to at least 23 degrees Kelvin (- 418 degrees Fahrenheit), a temperature close to what is known as absolute zero.
	www.newsdesk.umd.edu /mail/send.cfm?articleID=54 (648 words)

	Are Superconductors the Future? - Chapter 5 - High Temperature Superconductors
		If there were room temperature superconductors we could replace the conductors in our homes and cities with superconductors, thus saving billions of dollars.
		High temperature superconductivity began in 1986 when Johannes Georg Bednorz and Karl Alexander Müller in IBM Research Laboratories in Zurich, Switzerland discovered a compound of barium, lanthanum, copper, and oxygen superconductor.
		1-2-3 superconductor for its relative atomic proportions of yttrium, barium, and copper.
	www.eapen.com /jacob/superconductors/chapter5.html (523 words)

	New Type Of Superconductor Emerges
		Since the discovery at Los Alamos of PuCoGa5 roughly two years ago, the big question has been whether the compound was just another garden-variety superconductor (a s-wave superconductor), or an unconventional one that is mediated by magnetic fluctuations (a d-wave superconductor).
		Although the temperatures at which superconductivity is observed are usually quite low, a handful of compounds like PuCoGa5 have been found to possess superconductivity at temperatures warmer than minus 427 degrees Fahrenheit.
		This "unconventional superconductivity" suggests that PuCoGa5 may be one of a very small handful of superconductors whose superconductivity actually derives from magnetic correlations.
	www.scienceagogo.com /news/20050231213016data_trunc_sys.shtml (594 words)

	Model 1000 Manual
		The materials and mounting of the superconductor and probe are designed to withstand many cycles between room temperature and 77°K. The superconductor is waterproofed to prevent deterioration of the material by water from the air, which will readily condense onto the cold probe.
		Since, even at room temperature, the resistance of the YBCO ring used in the experiment is very low and comparable to the resistance of the connecting wires, a special method must be used to measure its resistance.
		The horizontal linear axis is used for the temperature and the vertical log axis is used for the resistance.
	www.futurescience.com /manual/sc1000.html (10525 words)

	Fermionic condensate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		A similarcondensate that uses fermions instead of bosons is known as a fermionic condensate.Such a condensate is far more difficult to achieve because the Pauli exclusion principle prohibits two or more fermions from occupying the same quantumstate.
		However untilrecently many believed that the temperature required for such a pairing would be too cold to achieve.
		Currentlysuperconductors exist only at low temperatures however an affordable room temperature superconductor would revolutionize the electrical and electronicindustries allowing for more efficient electric powergeneration and transmission as well asmore effective electromagnets.
	www.therfcc.org /fermionic-condensate-20849.html (676 words)

	New insight into superconductors
		They identified for the first time the locations of individual oxygen atoms within a particular superconductor's molecular structure and used that information to examine how the atoms affect current flow in their immediate vicinity.
		Superconductors are materials that conduct electricity with virtually no resistance.
		The materials, in this case copper-based compounds (cuprates) doped with charge-carrying atoms like oxygen and cooled to extremely low temperatures, are widely used in fields from medicine to the military.
	www.news.cornell.edu /stories/Aug05/Davis.superconductors.lg.html (735 words)

	Study gives lowdown on high-temperature superconductivity
		"A room temperature superconductor would be a revolution, but even a superconductor with a higher critical temperature would have extremely important implications for multiple industries," says Kee, who holds the Canada Research Chair in Theoretical Condensed Matter Physics.
		Previous studies on superconductors have established that while the critical temperature rises as the number of layers increase from one to three, it then drops off.
		Scientists have previously suggested that the critical temperature increase between one- and three-layered materials is due to the ability of electron pairs to tunnel between the layers of superconducting material.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/uot-sgl030304.php (514 words)

	Room Temperature Superconductivity - Physics Help and Math Help - Physics Forums
		Room temperature is probably beyond reach, however, certain rare earth oxides are superconductive at temperatures up to 123K.
		Some may wonder how the room temperature superconductor could be an "accident" and yet Vahldiek patented his process.
		At room temperature there is a good chance in a superconductor the vortices will be liquid and hence no zero resistance.
	www.physicsforums.com /showthread.php?t=45597 (1268 words)

	Model 150 Manual
		The frigid temperature of liquified nitrogen is more than three times as high as the critical temperature of the best low temperature superconductors.
		The superconductor is waterproofed to prevent deterioration of the material by water from the air, which will readily condense onto the cold disk.
		When it is time to let the material return to room temperature, warm the entire dish with the disk in a dry gas atmosphere.
	www.webcom.com /cfsc/manual/sc150.html (4716 words)

	Network of Emerging Scientists, What is Superconductivity?
		In the future, superconductors may play a role in generating electric power (which would reduce electricity bills due to greater efficiency) or in computerized data storage.
		If the tracks are giant superconductors and the train is magnetic, then you can let gravity pull the train toward the tracks, and let the superconductor try to repel it.
		The temperature is lowered until the metal goes superconducting, at which point it repels the field and levitates off the surface, opening the switch.
	psyche.uthct.edu /nes/layinfo/supercon.html (1161 words)

	Room Temperature Superconductivity
		The problem is to induce pairing instabilities in partially filled bands of a periodically inhomogeneous valence electron system, and to achieve these at as high a temperature as possible, eventually even room temperature.
		For phonon superconductors, MgB2 breaks all the "Matthias rules": it is not a transition metal compound, it does not have a large Fermi level density of states, and it is not cubic.
		From the above results, we propose that room temperature superconductivity is realized in compounds with relatively small carrier concentrations and thus with the strong vibronic electron-phonon interaction.
	www.nd.edu /~its/rts/abstracts.html (2519 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Even if this turns out to be wrong, the temperature required for superconductivity has been increasing with passing research and I'm sure it's just a matter of time when it can happen at room temperature.
		Of course it is waaay to early to start celebrating the discovery, but since low-temperature superconductors have been found, and the temperatures are increasing all the time, in physics terms a room temperature superconductor is only a quantitative improvement.
		Creating a room temperature is much easier than you may know and in fact it has been going on here on earth since before Moses ever created this sacred matial himself.
	www.geek.com /news/geeknews/2003Apr/gee20030410019530_comments.dat (2264 words)

	Highest Critical Temperature Superconductor
		Unfortunately, superconductors experience these bizarre properties only under the influence of a very low temperature environment (requires liquid helium, liquid hydrogen, liquid nitrogen or liquid oxygen).
		This superconductor is a type of ceramic copper oxide and its critical temperature was determined in 1995 by Chakoumakos, Dai, Wong, Sun, Lu, and Xin.
		Apparently, metal-copper oxide ceramic superconductors have high critical temperatures, which might unlock the key of synthesizing a high temperature superconductor that is superconductive under room temperature conditions.
	hypertextbook.com /facts/2002/MichaelNg.shtml (383 words)

	Room-Temperature Superconductivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is commonly believed that superconductivity cannot occur at room temperature (300K).
		The purpose of this book is to show that, under suitable conditions, superconductivity can occur above room temperature and to give guidelines on how to synthesize a room-temperature superconductor.
		Of the ten chapters, the first seven give an overview of the basic properties of the superconducting state and the mechanisms of superconductivity in various compounds.
	www.booknews.co.uk /Books/3504.htm (100 words)

	EETimes.com - Polymer eyed for room-temp superconductivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Today the torch has passed to Room Temperature Superconductors Inc. (Sebastopol, Calif.), and although it is still not clear that an ionized form of the polymer is actually a superconductor, CEO Mark Goldes has become an evangelist for what he believes is a new "Type 3" superconductor.
		Room Temperature Superconductors holds two U.S. patents on the technology and has product plans for using it.
		It is also difficult to decouple the resistive behavior of the electrodes from the polymer at room temperature.
	www.eetimes.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=170701416 (807 words)

	MANNA Gold of the Gods
		This antigravity, room temperature superconductor is needed for cell division in all living things.
		When I tell them it weighs five-eights the weight of the metal itself at room temperature but when heated weighs less than nothing and disappears and when it cools it reappears again I loose more of them.
		This exotic matter is a superconductor carrying thousands of amps of electricity but no voltage unless excited by something or someone with a similar magnetic field.
	www.mittymax.com /Archive/0081-MannaGoldOfTheGods.htm (5910 words)

	Ambient Temperature Superconductivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The room temperature superconductor is due to the "egg-crate" structure of the magnesium in the material.
		Burgoine patented a method of creating room temperature superconducting filaments made from bismuth in the 1970's, but few have heard of this.
		Novellus Corporation of California was producing wafer scale integrated circuits, which were superconducting at room temperature during the late 1980's.
	www.rialian.com /rnboyd/superconductivity.htm (244 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The discovery of a room temperature superconductor would be of immense benefit to society.
		In the context of the ongoing quest for room temperature superconductivity, there has been an intense effort to understand existing high-temperature superconductors and the models for describing them.
		The technological imperative, together with the desire to better understand the fundamental physics of these systems, has been clearly evidenced by the immense number of scientific publications in the field (more than 80 000 since its discovery in 1986).
	nf.apac.edu.au /accounts/pr_paragraphs/Hancock_Y_h67.html (230 words)

	TOWARDS A ROOM TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR
		He knew that metals' electrical resistance decreased with decreasing temperature and with increasing purity, suggesting the obvious.
		Type II superconductors were discovered to be quenched only by megagauss magnetic fields, yielding visions of resistance-free giant motors, generators, magnets, power transmission lines and so on.
		The race was on for a room temperature superconductor!
	www.mazepath.com /uncleal/supercon.htm (786 words)

	Room Temperature Superconductivity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is commonly believed that superconductivity cannot occur at room temperature (about 300K).
		The first part of the book gives an overview of the basic properties of the superconducting state and the mechanisms of superconductivity in various compounds.
		The last three chapters discuss special cases: that Cooper-pairs exist above room temperature in organic materials; the onset of long-phase coherence in a room-temperature semiconductor; and materials that can superconduct above room temperature.
	www.booknews.co.uk /Books/3503.htm (96 words)

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