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	Root - LoveToKnow 1911
		This kind of root is sometimes shortened, and becomes swollen by storage of food-stuffs, forming the conical root of carrot, or the fusiform or spindle-shaped root of radish, or the napiform root of turnip.
		Roots are usually underground and colourless, but in some cases where they arise from the stem they pass for some distance through the air before reaching the soil.
		Leaf-buds are sometimes formed on roots, as in plum, cherry and other fruit trees; the common elm affords an excellent example, the young shoots which grow up in the neighbourhood of a tree arising from the roots beneath the soil.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Root (1382 words)

	Botany online: Dermal Tissues, Parenchyma and Assimilation Tissues - Rhizodermis
		Root hairs increase the absorbing surface of the root.
		H. DITTMER (Department of Botany, University of Iowa) calculated the root surface of a rye plant (Secale cereale) in 1937.
		Root hairs are always in close contact with soil particles.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e05/05b.htm (785 words)

	Root Development of Field Crops: Chapter II
		That their position is influenced to a considerable degree by the main root may be shown by the removal of the tip of the latter when one or more of the side roots curve downward and pursue the course usually taken by the main root.
		In fleshy roots, such as those of the beet, the several rings or bands are due to the origin and growth of several vascular (not cork) cambium cylinders arising, one after another, outside the original cambium.
		Roots have a form and structure remarkably adapted to perform their functions of anchorage; and of absorption, conduction, and storage of water, nutrients, and elaborated foods.
	www.soilandhealth.org /01aglibrary/010139fieldcroproots/010139ch2.html (5202 words)

	Gilroy Lab / Science
		Root hairs are projections from surface cells of the root.
		With the increased quantitative and spatial resolution offered by uv-confocal ratio-imaging we have been able to observe a gradient in calcium in the tips of growing root hairs that is absent in non-growing root hairs or root hairs of mutant plants which are blocked in hair elongation.
		Root hairs are also extremely sensitive monitors of environmental stress.
	www.bio.psu.edu /people/faculty/gilroy/science/old/rooth.html (362 words)

	Inside a root A
		The cell walls of the epidermal cell and its root hair are thin, thus not inhibiting the uptake of water and dissolved salts by the epidermal cell.
		Root hairs greatly increase the area of the root which is exposed to the soil and through which water and dissolved nutrients can move into the root.
		Root hair development is suppressed when some land plants are grown with their root suspended in water (hydroponically) and their growth is negatively influenced by high soil nutrient concentrations and high and low soil temperatures.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /ecotree/root/rootA.htm (1995 words)

	NiiCa - African Diaspora (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		WE have Seen how the root is that part of the plant which lives underground; we have also found that it is by means of the root that the plant takes in its food from the soil.
		The roots of the maize, all grasses, bamboos, palms, etc., are fibrous roots On very young roots, and later on the branches of roots, there are bunches of fine hairs, called root-hairs.
		Roots will often grow from the cut ends of steams and because of this certain plants can be grown from cuttings (i.e., pieces of stem cut off and stuck in the ground).
	www.niica.on.ca /Nature/Roots.aspx (471 words)

	Roots
		Roots form a passage way for water and dissolved substances from the root into the stem and also for foods from the stem down into the root.
		The root hairs arise from the epidermal tissue of the root and are called root hairs.
		The main function of the root hairs is to increase the area of absorption of the root.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /sci_ed/grade10/anatomy/roots.htm (1027 words)

	Root Hairs
		Root hairs are small hair-like extensions of the outer layer of root CELLS.
		Root hairs increase the surface area of the roots, increasing the capacity to absorb nutrients and water.
		Root hairs are often destroyed when a plant is dug from the soil.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /mgonline/Botany/pla01/04pla01.htm (76 words)

	Structure of Roots
		Root tissues are produced by cell division in the root apex and cell expansion in subapical regions.
		Roots of this plant are sparsely colonised by VAM fungi (10% of root length).
		Roots that arise from the seminal root or adventitious roots.
	www.ffp.csiro.au /research/mycorrhiza/root.html (4137 words)

	roots_lec_01
		The primary root is the first root to develop from the plant embryo.
		Water moves into root hairs by osmosis.The rate of absorption is influenced by the rate of water loss by transpiration in the leaves.
		Mineral nutrients are absorbed into the root hairs by active transport.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/w/x/wxm15/Online/Botany/Roots/roots_lec_01.htm (437 words)

	Water movement through a plant
		We know from a very early age that plants obtain water through their roots, though it is not perhaps until our school biology lessons that we learn of the important role that water plays in the process of photosynthesis.
		Just behind the growing tip of a young root is the piliferous region, made up of hundreds of projections of the epidermal tissue, the root hairs.
		Root hairs can be seen very clearly in newly germinated seeds, such as the radish (Raphanus sativus) shown here in the photograph.
	www.microscopy-uk.org.uk /mag/artmar00/watermvt.html (276 words)

	Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		root hairs to aid in the absorption and transport of water and minerals up to the plant body to the leaves, the usual site of photosynthesis.
		The root meristem appears as a dense, opaque region near the tip of the root, and may be visible by adjusting the light.
		PRIMARY XYLEM: The central column of the root is the primary xylem.
	www.ns.purchase.edu /biology/bio1560lab/roots.htm (598 words)

	ISUE - Tree Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Roots usually begin to grow before the tree top does, although root growth is cyclic and responds to environmental changes such as soil depth, water supply, aeration, mineral supply, and temperature.
		Trees' root systems are made up of large, permanent roots (which mainly provide anchorage and transport), and many small, temporary feeder roots and root hairs.
		The type of roots formed initially is specific to a given species; with age the initial root form is often modified by the growing environment.
	www.extension.iastate.edu /pages/tree/roots.html (503 words)

	The efficiency of Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae) root hairs in phosphorus acquisition -- Bates and Lynch 87 (7): ...
		We conclude that the response of root hairs to
		The third goal was to measure the cost of root hairs by CO evolution in roots or by phosphorus allocation to roots.
		mechanism in the root hair mutants was not affected by the mutation.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/87/7/964?maxtoshow=&HITS=10&hits=10RESU (4008 words)

	Tree Root Systems
		Woody roots are large lateral roots which form near the base of root and stem (the root collar).
		It is often said that the majority of feeder roots are concentrated at the dripline of the tree.
		Studies have shown root spread to be 4 to 7 times the dripline distance (radius) of the tree.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/1992/4-1-1992/treeroot.html (636 words)

	BIOENGINEERING OF THE ROOT-SOIL INTERFACE: A HAIRY STORY
		Roots have the remarkable ability to secrete a vast array of low and high molecular weight molecules into the rhizosphere in response to biotic and abiotic stresses—in a process termed rhizosecretion.
		Root hairs are the tubular extensions of trichoblast cells at the root epidermis and make up between 70% to 90% of the total root surface area.
		Moreover, root hairs are instrumental in the anchorage of the plants in the soil, in water uptake, and in the establishment of the Rhizobium symbiosis in legumes.
	www.isb.vt.edu /articles/feb0403.htm (1491 words)

	Roots, Botany Course, Master Gardener Training, Extension Service, Oregon State University
		However, it's important to understand plant root systems because they have a pronounced effect on a plant's size and vigor, method of propagation, adaptation to soil types, and response to cultural practices and irrigation.
		Roots typically originate from the lower portion of a plant or cutting.
		Root hairs are delicate, elongated epidermal cells that occur in a small zone just behind the root's growing tip.
	extension.oregonstate.edu /mg/botany/roots.html (403 words)

	Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Roots are the invisible part of the plant.
		Roots produce their own lateral branch roots to form an expanding network of cylindrical structures that penetrate soil, anchor the plant, mine the soil of minerals, and drain the soil of water for use by the plant.
		The root tissue at the apex is far too soft and delicate to penetrate soil without having evolved some amazing methods to ease the pathway.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /plants_human/roots/rootlec.html (2341 words)

	Roots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Again, as this function occurs in root hairs, fertilization of trees is best accomplished by placement near the drip line of the canopy.
		The metabolism of roots growing in the dark of the soil is essentially dependent upon respiration.
		Tap root: The primary root of the plant develops in length and girth with very little lateral branching...a carrot is a good example of a tap root.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /plant_biology/roots.html (1831 words)

	Also, root hairs are visible on seedling roots shortly after seed germination, enabling highdensity genetic screens on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		General membrane properties of developing crista hair cells Before E15 all hair cell properties were homogeneous enough to be pooled together; primarily on the basis of morphological criteria, we observed that these immature hair cells resembled type II hair cells.
		Furthermore, several aspects of root hair development in Arabidopsis occur in a remarkably predictable fashion, including the position-dependent patterning of hair cells and the localization of hair outgrowth at a precise site along the epidermal cell.
		They are involved in adaptation of the hair bundle at the cell's apex and in coupling the receptor potential to release of neurotransmitter at the base of the cell.
	www.clickerado.com /h/hair/root.htm (2249 words)

	ANATOMY I
		In the mature root the epidermis has lost its root hairs, the cortex is greatly enlarged and serves for food (starch) storage, and the central stele is surrounded by the endodermis.
		Roots continue their exploration of soil space by developing new apical meristems from the pericycle.
		Shoots are more complex than roots in external structure so it is no surprise that their internal anatomy is more complex.
	www.hcs.ohio-state.edu /hcs300/anat1.htm (711 words)

	Rhizosphere Images: Root hairs
		Could be more root hairs, but the assymetry suggests that some of those wispy threads may be fungal.
		This growing root has a "hazy" zone near the tip that could be mistaken for a mycorrhizal fungus.
		This one, with its substantial girth covered with short root hairs, is reminiscent of the roots of the Protea examined in this study.
	ic.ucsc.edu /~wxcheng/wewu/roothairs.htm (354 words)

	Root Anatomy
		New Root Hairs are continuously produced as roots grow through the soil.
		Roots are composed of three concentric rings of tissues.
		Center of a Selaginella root with the vascular tissues labeled.
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/webb/BOT410/Roots/RootBody.htm (199 words)

	Radish Root Hairs
		Germination of a radish seed (Raphanus sativus) first produces a young root with dense root hairs.
		The root and root hairs form an intimate contact with the soil particles for water and nutrient absorption.
		Root hairs increase the root's absorbing surface area.
	www.astrographics.com /GalleryPrintsIndex/GP2155.html (159 words)

	GLOSSARY R
		region of elongation The area in the tip of a plant root where cells grow by elongating, thereby increasing the length of the root.
		connects the roots and leaves, carrying water and nutrients to the leaves and carrying sugars and other products of photosynthesis from the leaves to other regions of the plant.
		roots Organs, usually occurring underground, that absorb nutrients and water and anchor the plant; one of the three major plant
	www.emc.maricopa.edu /faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookglossR.html (1159 words)

	Root hairs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The Arabidopsis root epidermis produces root hairs and is used as
		Root hairs are cylindrical outgrowths from root epidermal cells called trichoblasts
		cellulose synthase-like gene required for root hair cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
	www.ucd.ie /botany/Steer/hair/roothairs.html (120 words)

	External Root Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		: Older section of root tip where the root begins adding cells to increase the width, and where root hairs form.
		This is the only place where the root grows longer.
		: Dome-shaped mass of cells at the tip which protect the meristem cells from damage (as root extends through soil).
	ghs.gresham.k12.or.us /science/ps/sci/ibbio/plants/notes/extroot.htm (106 words)

	Amazon.com: Root Hairs: Cell and Molecular Biology: Books: R. W. Ridge,A. M. C. Emons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A text devoted to recent developments in root hair research.
		The text is loosely organized in four main topics: cell biology, physiology, genetics, and symbiosis.
		Describes, though research, all of the roles, functions, and communications of root hairs, on a cellular level.
	www.amazon.com /Root-Hairs-Cell-Molecular-Biology/dp/4431702822 (579 words)

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