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Topic: Root nodule

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	Botany Encyclopedia: Root Nodule (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Root nodules occur on the roots of plants that associate with symbiotic bacteria.
		When the nod factor is sensed by the root a number of biochemical and morphological changes happen and [cell division] is triggered in the root to create the nodule.
		Root nodules that occur on non-legume genera like Parasponia in association with Rhizobium bacteria and those that arise from symbiotic interactions with Actinobacteria Frankia in some plant genera such as Alnus vary significantly from those formed in the legume-rhizobia symbiosis.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/botanyencyclopedia/rootnodule.html (266 words)

	Root nodule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Growth is due to cell expansion, and mature nodules are spherical in shape.
		When the nod factor is sensed by the root, a number of biochemical and morphological changes happen: cell division is triggered in the root to create the nodule, and the root hair growth is redirected to wind around the bacteria multiple times until it fully encapsulates 1 or more bacteria.
		From this microcolony, the bacteria enter the developing nodule through a structure called an infection thread, which grows through the root hair into the basal part of the epidermis cell, and onwards into the root cortex; they are then surrounded by a plant-derived membrane and differentiate into bacteroids that fix nitrogen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Root_nodule (387 words)

	Untitled Document
		Nodules have a range of colors from light yellow to orange, to various hues of brown and even red.
		The older portions of the nodule in the interior of the cluster is frequently quite senescent and inactive.
		The position of the nodules on roots varies with the plant and environment in which the plant lives.
	web.uconn.edu /mcbstaff/benson/Frankia/StructureNod.htm (269 words)

	Nodule - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In medicine, a nodule refers to a small aggregation of cells.
		In geology, a nodule refers to a small knobbly rock or mineral cluster.
		In plant biology, a root nodule is a root outgrowth formed on the roots of legumes and house symbiotic bacteria that fix atmospheric nitrogen and provide it to the plant in exchange for carbon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nodule (155 words)

	A New Species of Devosia That Forms a Unique Nitrogen-Fixing Root-Nodule Symbiosis with the Aquatic Legume Neptunia ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The symbiotic genes that codify nodulation and nitrogen fixation
		nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in legumes commonly
		Nitrogen-fixing nodules with Ensifer adhaerens harboring Rhizobium tropici symbiotic plasmids.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/68/11/5217 (3035 words)

	Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)
		In indeterminate nodules formed on roots of temperate legumes, the nodule primordium starts in the root inner cortex and determinate nodule primordia are formed in the root outer cortex of tropical and subtropical legumes.
		Legume root nodules represent stemlike structures with peripheral vascular bundles and infected cells in the central tissue, whereas actinorhizal nodules conserve the structure of a lateral root with a central vascular bundle and peripheral infected cortical tissue (Pawlowski and Bisseling, 1996; Bogusz et al., 1996).
		Expression is found in root hairs of infected pea plants, in root cells containing the infection thread and in cortical cells immediately in front of the infection thread.
	www.bioline.org.br /request?jb03103 (6805 words)

	Plant Physiology Online: Development of a Root Nodule
		A recent study of the early infection stages and nodule development in two Medicago species and the symbiont, Rhisobium meliloti showed that extensive reorganization of microtubules occurred early in the infection process in the pericycle and the inner cortex where the nodule primordium forms (Timmers et al.
		Note the organization of the cortical microtubules in the non-infected root shown in (G), which is no longer apparent in the infected root shown in (H).
		These changes are followed by a major reorganization of the microtubular cytoskeleton network in outer tissues, associated with root hair activation and curling, the formation of pre-infection threads, and the initiation and the growth of an infection network.
	www.plantphys.net /article.php?ch=12&id=155 (541 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: The Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) Tdy1 Gene Encodes a Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Homolog
		The gene is active primarily in dividing cells in the root nodule and root tips.
		Young nodules and secondary roots were visible before they emerged from the root when roots were stained for gene activity.
		In mature nodules the gene is active in th dividing cells at the tip of the nodule and in the dividing cells in the water-conducting vessels in nodules, stems, and leaves.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=99779 (558 words)

	Ethylene-mediated phenotypic plasticity in root nodule development on Sesbania rostrata -- ...
		Region I corresponds to the lower part of the stem, region II is the part of the root grown in the dark in the vermiculite compartment of the Leonard jar, and region III is the youngest part of the root, which protrudes in the lower compartment of the Leonard jar.
		-glucuronidase-stained nodule induced by Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571 (pRG960SD-32) harboring a plasmid with a nodA-gusA fusion.
		nodules on roots could be triggered by the addition of Ag ions, which are widely used inhibitors of ethylene action (19).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/21/12724 (3058 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Root Nodule N and C Metabolism: Nutrient Cycling Required for Development and Function
		Although sucrose is the primary C compound translocated to nodules, it is not used by N2-fixing bacteroids to support the energy requirements of nitrogenase.
		Nodules have at least five forms of MDH found in a variety of subcellular locations.
		Metabolic studies are urgently needed to define the pathways involved in root nodule N and C exchange between symbiotic partners.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=165665 (377 words)

	Stress-Induced Legume Root Nodule Senescence. Physiological, Biochemical, and Structural Alterations -- Matamoros et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Immunolocalization of APX in nodules of bean (A and B, bright-field immunogold detection) and pea (C and D, immunofluorescent Cy3 detection).
		G, Infected cells of nodule after 2 d of dark stress showing lesions in the symbiosome membrane and the cytoplasmic disruption observed throughout the nodule.
		Thiols, APX, and Ferritin in Senescent Legume Nodules
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/121/1/97 (7898 words)

	Alteration of enod40 Expression Modifies Medicago truncatula Root Nodule Development Induced by Sinorhizobium meliloti ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Note that the effect of enod40 on root growth occurred before (or at least simultaneously with) the appearance of visible nodules on the roots.
		microscopic analyses of roots infected by the NodC
		Hirsch, A.M. (1992) Developmental biology of legume nodulation.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/11/10/1953 (6610 words)

	3. Soil nutrients and fertilization experiment
		Notably, absolute nodule number increase exclusively relies on the increase in the root crown nodule number (+97.3%,P<0.01), whereas the far root nodule number and total plant root weight didn't change significantly (-7.0% and +3.7%).
		The organ "nodules" thus accounted thus for 0.8% of plant dry matter; in comparison to the human body this is less than the liver but more than the kidneys.
		Furthermore, available P and total nodule numbers of the wild specimen sampled in transect I form a weak relation (P<0.105,KT17) and the positive effect of phosphorus on nodule size is very marked in the cultured vetches (sect.3.2.3.).
	www.mtnforum.org /resources/library/blash97d.htm (2459 words)

	A Kruppel-like zinc finger protein is involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule organogenesis -- Frugier et al. 14 (4): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A Kruppel-like zinc finger protein is involved in nitrogen-fixing root nodule organogenesis -- Frugier et al.
		Mechanisms regulating plant host differentiation of the nitrogen-fixing root nodules remain mostly unknown.
		Mszpt2-1 gene is expressed in vascular bundles of roots and nodules.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/abstract/14/4/475 (386 words)

	Nodule Initiation Involves the Creation of a New Symplasmic Field in Specific Root Cells of Medicago Species -- ...
		(A) Unloading of CF in the root apex.
		Note the presence of GFP fluorescence in zones I and II in contrast to the absence of hybridization signal in the corresponding regions in (A) and (B).
		Note the presence of GFP fluorescence in the nodule vascular tissue and in nonvascular differentiating nodule tissues.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/12/2778 (6639 words)

	The Sym35 Gene Required for Root Nodule Development in Pea Is an Ortholog of Nin from Lotus japonicus -- Borisov et al. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The Sym35 Gene Required for Root Nodule Development in Pea Is an Ortholog of Nin from Lotus japonicus -- Borisov et al.
		Engvild (1987) Nodulation and nitrogen fixation mutants of pea (Pisum sativum).
		Stougaard J (2001) Genetics and genomics of root symbiosis.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/131/3/1009 (5148 words)

	Regulators and Regulation of Legume Root Nodule Development -- Stougaard 124 (2): 531 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		japonicus are initiated from cell division in the outer cortex, whereas indeterminate nodules (of pea, for example) are initiated from cell divisions in the inner cortex.
		Conditions or factors influencing nodule initiation or development are listed to the right and left of the root nodule.
		A, The LCO-dependent root hair deformation observed on the nin mutants, together with the apparent lack of cell division in the outer cortex, place the Nin gene in signal transduction or gene activation downstream of LCO perception.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/124/2/531 (5375 words)

	Quick and reversible inhibition of soybean root nodule growth by nitrate involves a decrease in sucrose supply to ...
		Quick and reversible inhibition of soybean root nodule growth by nitrate involves a decrease in sucrose supply to nodules -- Fujikake et al.
		Quick and reversible inhibition of soybean root nodule growth by nitrate involves a decrease in sucrose supply to nodules
		The diameter of a root nodule attached to the primary
	jxb.oupjournals.org /cgi/content/short/54/386/1379 (418 words)

	The Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae glnD gene, encoding a uridylyltransferase/uridylyl-removing enzyme, is expressed ...
		symbiotic and infection zone of the root nodule and quantitative
		Nodules were excised from the roots of V.
		Nodules inoculated with the wild-type strain VF39 carrying only the promoter probe vector pJP2 (the basic replicon of pAS1299) remained colourless after incubation with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl ß-D-glucuronide (not shown).
	mic.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/146/11/2987 (4515 words)

	Root Symbioses
		is used to indicate the interface of the root Epidermis and its immediate zone of soil contact.
		Consequently, new nodules are being formed as the root grows in the soil and others are being lost on older parts of the root system.
		The nodule is a spherical elaboration of the
	www.botany.hawaii.edu /faculty/webb/BOT410/Roots/RootSymbioses.htm (408 words)

	DNA-binding properties of alfalfa MADS-box proteins and identification of a new family member expressed in the root ...
		The root nodule is a highly differentiated organ where bacterial nitrogen fixation takes place.
		NMHC5 and NMH7, two putative transcription factors of the MADS-box family are thought to be involved in the regulation of alfalfa nodule differentiation.
		The second part of this study describes the isolation and sequence analysis of two related genes ngl-6 and ngl-9, encoding potential heterodimer partners for NMH7.
	ischolarship.bc.edu /dissertations/AAI1385458 (161 words)

	About Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants
		Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants by Edwin Broun Fred, Ira Lawrence Baldwin, and Elizabeth McCoy first appeared seventy years ago as part of a series, University of Wisconsin Studies (no. 52, Science no. 5), published by the University of Wisconsin in 1932.
		A pioneering effort that brought together years of source material from English, German, French, Italian, Dutch, and the Scandinavian languages, Root Nodule Bacteria and Leguminous Plants was a thorough and critical examination that not only synthesized research findings in light of then-current knowledge, but also suggested areas where new research was needed.
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	digital.library.wisc.edu /1711.dl/HistSciTech.RootNodule (431 words)

	Characteristics of Rhizobium tianshanense sp. nov., a moderately and slowly growing root nodule bacterium isolated from ...
		nov., a moderately and slowly growing root nodule bacterium isolated from an arid saline environment in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China -- Chen et al.
		nov., a moderately and slowly growing root nodule bacterium isolated from an arid saline environment in Xinjiang, People's Republic of China
		strains of root nodule bacteria isolated from an arid saline desert soil in
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/45/1/153 (583 words)

	[No title]
		68415.m04801 nodulin MtN3 family protein similar to MtN3 GI:1619602 (root nodule development) from [Medicago truncatula]
		68418.m06292 nodulin MtN3 family protein similar to MtN3 GI:1619602 (root nodule development) from [Medicago truncatula]
		At5g62850 Link to TAIR Link to Aramemnon (125aa) 4 TMS, N-term is IN 68418.m07888 nodulin MtN3 family protein contains Pfam PF03083 MtN3/saliva family; similar to LIM7 (cDNAs induced in meiotic prophase in lily microsporocytes) GI:431154 from [Lilium longiflorum]
	www.cbs.umn.edu /arabidopsis/atprotdb3/fam984.htm (513 words)

	U.S. Pregrant 20030190754 - Method to control gene expression in bacteria, namely Rhizobiaceae, to improve root nodule ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A promintron sequence derived from an intervening sequence of the rolA gene of Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4 is described.
		The sequence is able to drive gene expression within bacteroids in all stages of nodule development in order to obtain, over the developmental time of the nodule, a constitutive expression of the gene(s) of interest.
		Uses of said sequence, derived vectors and recombinant bacteria are also described.
	cxp.paterra.com /uspregrant20030190754.html (261 words)

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