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Topic: Rooted hierarchy

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Hierarchical tree structure

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Hierarchy

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	Encyclopedia: Hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Hierarchies can be generally divided into two kinds: those where the upper levels of the hierarchy are 'superior' to the lower in some way, and those where the lower levels are 'contained' in the upper, again in different ways.
		A hierarchy is a transitive, irreflexive, asymmetric relationship, such as "is superior to", "is part of", or "is taller than": In grammar, a verb is transitive if it takes an object.
		The pitches and form of tonal music are organized hierarchically, all pitches deriving their importance from their relationship to a tonic key, and secondary themes in other keys are brought back to the tonic in a recapitulation of the primary theme.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Hierarchy (3618 words)

	Hierarchy - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Each entry in the hierarchy designates a set such that the previous entry is a strict superset, and the next entry is a strict subset.
		Hierarchies are important for categorization and organization of large numbers of objects.
		Hierarchies are used very extensively in computer science and information theory; here are a few examples.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /hierarchy.htm (1117 words)

	Hierarchy -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A hierarchy (in (A native or inhabitant of Greece) Greek hieros, sacred, and arkho, rule) is a system of (Relative status) ranking and organizing things.
		A hierarchy can be represented as a connected directed acyclic (A drawing illustrating the relations between certain quantities plotted with reference to a set of axes) graph with a designated initial node (the root).
		Hierarchies are used very extensively in (The branch of engineering science that studies (with the aid of computers) computable processes and structures) computer science and ((computer science) a statistical theory dealing with the limits and efficiency of information processing) information theory; here are a few examples.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/hierarchy.htm (1596 words)

	PlanetMath: tree (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Often a particular node of a tree is specified as the root.
		Such trees are typically drawn with the root at the top of the diagram, with all other nodes depending down from it (however this is not always the case).
		Often rooted trees ae considered directed in the sense that all edges connect parents to their children, but not vice-versa.
	planetmath.org /encyclopedia/Tree.html (452 words)

	Hierarchy
		A hierarchy can thus be represented as a connected directed acyclic graph.
		Note that when feminists and other social critics use the word hierarchy, they usually hope to evoke negative connotations; hierarchy, for them, is a bad thing.
		Taxonomies, for example, such as biological taxonomies, are built on hierarchies, and computer files are stored in a hierarchy of directories in most file systems.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/h/hi/hierarchy.html (1017 words)

	Hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A hierarchy is based on an asymmetricalrelationship, such as "is the boss of", "is part of", or "is better than".
		Feminists talk about a hierarchy of gender, in which a culture sees males ormasculine traits as superior to females or feminine traits.
		The pitches and form of Tonal music areorganized hierarchically, all pitches deriving their importance from their relationship to a tonic key, and secondary themes in other keysare brought back to the tonic in a recapitulation of the primary theme.
	www.therfcc.org /hierarchy-2993.html (880 words)

	Thinking in Java, 3rd ed. Revision 4.0: 1: Introduction to Objects
		When dealing with type hierarchies, you often want to treat an object not as the specific type that it is, but instead as its base type.
		All objects in a singly rooted hierarchy have an interface in common, so they are all ultimately the same fundamental type.
		Without a singly rooted hierarchy and a system to manipulate an object via a reference, it is difficult to implement a garbage collector.
	www.faqs.org /docs/think_java/TIJ303.htm (15877 words)

	phpMan: pax(1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Warning: The destination directory must not be one of the file operands or a member of a file hierarchy rooted at one of the file operands.
		This is intended to be used by root, someone with all the appropriate privi- leges, in order to preserve all aspects of the files as they are recorded in the archive.
		During copy, the file in the desti- nation hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
	www.ournet.md /~freebsd/divers/man.php/man/pax/1 (4112 words)

	[No title]
		Messages are written to the standard output for any files whose characteristics do not match the specification, or which are missing from either the file hierarchy or the specification.
		The options are as follows: -c Print a specification for the file hierarchy to the standard out- put.
		-p Use the file hierarchy rooted in path, instead of the current di- rectory.
	www.eecs.harvard.edu /~vino/vino/release-0.40/man/adminref/mtree.8.txt (950 words)

	[No title]
		A digest file is a simplified representation of the cell hierarchy, containing only the information needed to access the cell data in the archive file.
		This function must be called while in skeleton mode (the SkeletonMode variable is set), with a skeleton hierarchy rooted at the current cell.
		If successful, upon return the current cell is set to the cell that was current when the digest was created, and all cells in the hierarchy should have their offsets and bounding boxes set.
	www.wrcad.com /xic_docs/xic2.5.24 (796 words)

	abraham maslow's hierarchy of needs
		Maslow's original five-stage Hierarchy of Needs model is clearly and directly attributable to Maslow; later versions with added motivational stages are not so clearly attributable, although in his work Maslow refers to these additional aspects of motivation, but not specifically as levels in the Hierarchy.
		So while it is broadly true that people move up (or down) the hierarchy, depending what's happening to them in their lives, it is also true that most people's motivational 'set' at any time comprises elements of all of the motivational drivers.
		The Hierarchy of Needs is not a catch-all, but it does remain a wonderfully useful framework for analysing and trying to understand the subtleties - as well as the broader aspects - of human behaviour and growth.
	www.businessballs.com /maslow.htm (2506 words)

	pax(1) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		If an extracted file is of type directory, the file hierarchy rooted at that file will be extracted as well.
		The effect of the copy is as if the copied files were written to an archive file and then subsequently extracted, except that there may be hard links between the original and the copied files.
		copy mode the file in the destination hierarchy will be replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
	topex.ucsd.edu /cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=1&topic=pax (2532 words)

	[Ref: pasc-1003.2-206] Topic: pax symlinks
		If specified in conjunction with -H or -L, when a symbolic link is encountered, the hard link created in the destination file hierarchy shall be to the file referenced by the symbolic link; otherwise, the hard link created shall be to the symbolic link in the source file hierarchy.
		If specified in conjunction with -H or -L, when a symbolic link is encountered, the hard link created in the destination file hierarchy shall be to the file referenced by the symbolic link.
		If specified when neither -H nor -L is specified, when a symbolic link is encountered, the implementation shall create a hard link to the symbolic link in the source file hierarchy or copy the symbolic link to the destination.
	www.pasc.org /interps/unofficial/db/p1003.2/pasc-1003.2-206.html (808 words)

	CTS Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		hierarchy are nasty exceptions that are not expected to be handled by programs.
		This, and this alone, permits an exception object to be the operand in a throw-statement, permits an exception type to be list in a throws-clause, and permits an exception declaration to appear as the formal parameter of a catch-block.
		In this particular case, since both catch blocks in each series actually do the same thing with the caught exception, an advantage can be taken from the property of references just discussed.
	www.mor.itesm.mx /~00377984/ambientes/unidad2/2.3.4.html (854 words)

	mtree(8) - map a directory hierarchy
		Don’t complain about files that are in the file hierarchy, but not in the specification.
		Remove any files in the file hierarchy that are not described in the specification.
		While it is possible for the bad guys to change the on-line specifications to conform to their modified binaries, it is believed to be impractical for them to create a modified specification which has the same MD5 digest as the original.
	www.gsp.com /cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=8&topic=mtree (906 words)

	UNIX man pages : pax () (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		When a [4mfile[24m operand is also a directory, the entire file hierarchy rooted at that directory will be included.
		When members of type directory are matched, the file hierarchy rooted at that directory is also matched (unless [1m-d [22mis also specified).
		During [4mcopy[24m, the file in the destination hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
	www.dac.neu.edu /cgi-bin/man-cgi?pax (4180 words)

	Manual page for du(1M) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The size of the file space allocated to a file of type directory is defined as the sum total of space allocated to all files in the file hierarchy rooted in the directory plus the space allocated to the directory itself.
		The following options are supported by /usr/bin/du only: -a In addition to the default output, report the size of each file not of type directory in the file hierarchy rooted in the specified file.
		In addition to the default output, report the size of each file not of type directory in the file hierarchy rooted in the specified file.
	www.cs.utk.edu /~cs460.is&r/cgi-bin/group4/collection/du.1m.html (504 words)

	IT 862 Spring 2004
		Discuss the concept of administrative scope as it applies (a) to a rooted tree hierarchy (the root being the senior-most role) and (b) to an inverted rooted tree hierarchy (the root being the junior-most role).
		If a hierarchy has a single maximal (senior-most) role, the administrative scope of that role includes all other roles.
		If a hierarchy has a single minimal (junior-most) role, that role will be in the administrative scope of all other roles.
	www.list.gmu.edu /it862/it862s05/exam1.htm (340 words)

	[No title]
		The benefits to a singly rooted hierarchy aren't immediately apparent, but over time you'll come to question how languages were designed before this type of hierarchy was adopted.
		A singly rooted object hierarchy is the key to a unified type system because it guarantees that each object in the hierarchy has a common interface and therefore everything in the hierarchy will ultimately be of the same base type.
		With a singly rooted hierarchy, compatibility is not an issue because each object has the same interface (inherited from System.Object).
	www.dotnetspider.com /technology/kbpages/367.aspx (881 words)

	[No title]
		All objects in a singly-rooted hierarchy have an interface in common, so they are all ultimately the same type.
		Without a singly-rooted hierarchy and a system to manipulate an object via a handle, it is difficult to implement a garbage collector.
		A singly-rooted hierarchy puts constraints on your program designs, and in particular it was perceived to put constraints on the use of existing C code.
	www.augustana.ab.ca /~mohrj/java/tij/tij0024.html (2995 words)

	/usr/share/man/cat8/mtree(0) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The utility mtree compares the file hierarchy rooted in the current directory against a specification read from the standard input.
		Use the file hierarchy rooted in path, instead of the current directory.
		To detect system binaries that have been ``trojan horsed'', it is recommended that mtree be run on the file systems, and a copy of the results stored on a different machine, or, at least, in encrypted form.
	www.neosoft.com /neosoft/man/mtree.8.html (778 words)

	pax(1) - read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies
		Cause files of type directory being copied or archived, or archive members of type directory being extracted, to match only the directory file or archive member and not the file hierarchy rooted at the directory.
		root, someone with all the appropriate privileges, in order to preserve all aspects of the files as they are recorded in the archive.
		copy, the file in the destination hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
	www.gsp.com /cgi-bin/man.cgi?section=1&topic=pax (3132 words)

	Tree_structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It is named a "tree structure" because the graph looks a bit like a tree, even though the tree is generally shown upside down compared with a real tree; that is to say with the root at the top and the leaves at the bottom.
		In graph theory, a tree is a connected acyclic graph (or sometimes, a connected directed acyclic graph in which every vertex has indegree 0 or 1).
		This member is called the "root" or root node.
	q-basic.xodox.de /Tree_structure (509 words)

	Manual page for pax(1)
		Cause files of type directory being copied or archived or archive members of type directory being extracted to match only the file or archive member itself and not the file hierarchy rooted at the file.
		the file in the destination hierarchy will be replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
		When traversing the file hierarchy specified by a path name, pax will not descend into directories that have a different device ID (st_dev, see stat(2)).
	www.cs.utk.edu /~cs460.is&r/cgi-bin/group4/collection/pax.1.html (2581 words)

	pax(1), SCO UnixWare Product Family Release 2.1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		If a named file is of type directory, the file hierarchy rooted at the file is written out as well.
		If an extracted file is of type directory, the file hierarchy rooted at that file is extracted as well.
		In copy mode, the file in the destination hierarchy is replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
	www.ifthenfi.nl:8080 /cgi-bin/ssl_getmanpage?pax+1+UW21+pax (2173 words)

	pax
		If a symbolic link referencing a file of type directory is specified on the command line or encountered during the traversal of a file hierarchy, pax shall archive the file hierarchy rooted in the file referenced by the link, using the name of the link as the root of the file hierarchy.
		In copy mode, the file in the destination hierarchy shall be replaced by the file in the source hierarchy or by a link to the file in the source hierarchy if the file in the source hierarchy is newer.
		When extracting sensitive information into a directory hierarchy that no longer exists, users are encouraged to set their file creation mask appropriately to protect these files during extraction.
	www.opengroup.org /onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/pax.html (15811 words)

	[No title]
		Modes of Operations The action to be taken depends on the presence of the -r and -w options.
		If a named file is of type directory, the file hierarchy rooted at that file will be written out as well.
		This option should not be used if the archive is to be extracted by an archiver that cannot han- dle the larger values.
	www.physiol.ox.ac.uk /Computing/Unix_Manual.html?NAME=pax&SEC=1 (2665 words)

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