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Topic: Rotokas language

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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Nasal consonant
		When a language is claimed to lack nasal consonants altogether, as with several Niger-Congo languages, or the Pirahã language of the Amazon, nasal and non-nasal consonants usually alternate allophonically, and it is a theoretical claim on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal version is not the basic form of the consonant.
		However, several of the Chimakuan, Salish, and Wakashan languages surrounding Puget Sound, such as Quileute, Lushootseed, and Makah, are truly without any nasalization at all, in consonants or vowels, except in special speech registers such as baby-talk or the archaic speech of mythological figures (and perhaps not even that in the case of Quileute).
		The only other place in the world where this occurs is in a dialect of the Rotokas language of Papua New Guinea, where nasal stops are only used when imitating foreign accents.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Nasal_consonant (726 words)

	Alphabet
		However, languages often evolve independently of their writing systems, and writing systems have been borrowed for languages they were not designed for, so the degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies greatly from one language to another and even within a single language.
		However, with international languages with wide variations in its dialects, such as English, it would be impossible to represent the language in all its variations with a single phonetic alphabet.
		At the other extreme, however, are languages such as English, where the spelling of many words simply has to be memorized as they do not correspond to sounds in a consistent way (though they may have at some earlier time in the language's evolution).
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/al/Alphabets.html (820 words)

	Phoneme - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		A phoneme is a family of speech sounds (phones) that the speakers of a language think of as being, and usually hear as, the same sound.
		In sign languages, a phoneme is a similarly basic theoretical unit of hand shape, motion, position, or facial expression.
		The English language itself uses a rather large set of thirteen to twenty-two vowels, including diphthongs, though its twenty-two to twenty-six consonants are close to average.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/h/o/Phoneme.html (2912 words)

	Phoneme
		Depending on the language and the alphabet used, a phoneme may be written consistently with one letter; however, there are many exceptions to this rule (especially in English).
		The English language itself uses a rather large set of 13 vowels, though its 27 consonants are pretty close to average.
		Not all languages have these; the Hawai'ian language lacks /t/, and the Mohawk language lacks /p/, but all known languages have at least two of the three.
	www.gamesinathens.com /olympics/p/ph/phoneme.shtml (926 words)

	Clinton Goveas :: Wikipedia Reference
		When a language is claimed to lack nasal consonants altogether, as with several Niger-Congo languages, or the Pirahã language of the Amazon, nasal and non-nasal consonants usually alternate allophonically, and it is a theoretical claim on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal version is not the basic form of the consonant.
		However, several of the Chimakuan, Salish, and Wakashan languages surrounding Puget Sound, such as Quileute, Lushootseed, and Makah, are truly without any nasalization at all, in consonants or vowels, except in special speech registers such as baby-talk or the archaic speech of mythological figures (and perhaps not even that in the case of Quileute).
		The only other place in the world where this occurs is in a dialect of the Rotokas language of Papua New Guinea, where nasal stops are only used when imitating foreign accents.
	www.clintongoveas.com /wikipedia/?title=Nasal_consonant (682 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Rotokas language is spoken by approximately 3,600 people living in the Kieta and Buka Passage Sub-Districts of central Bougainville Island.
		Also included in the Rotokas language is the Atsilima Sub-language which is located on the western side of the island in the Buka Passage Sub-District.
		The Rotokas language is not only peculiar in that it does not fit neatly into either of the two major lingusitic groups of Bougainville District, but also in that the phonology includes but eleven segmental phonemes: /p, t, k, 8, r, Ag, a, e, i, o, and u/.
	www.mpi.nl /world/persons/private/robstu/firchow1987/html/section1.html (399 words)

	PNG Language (FAQ's)
		Many other languages are no longer being learned by new generations of children or by new adult speakers; these languages will become extinct when their last speaker dies.
		Language is important not simply as a means of communication, but also as a signifier of group identity and of place.
		Kuana spoken by the Tolais is the main language of the Gazelle Peninsula.
	www.michie.net /png_faqs/05138998_1.shtml (1335 words)

	Characters: the building blocks of writing systems
		For example, the characters used by the English language consist of the letters of the alphabet, numerals, punctuation marks and a variety of symbols (e.g., the ampersand, the dollar sign and the arithmetic symbols).
		Most languages have a single character set, and similar character sets are often used by a number of languages (e.g., variants of the Roman alphabet are used to write English, Spanish, Finnish, Dutch, etc.).
		Among the former, the language with the smallest alphabet (and thus the smallest total number of characters) is the Rotokas language (spoken in Bougainville, an island to the East of Papua New Guinea), which contains only eleven letters, and that with the largest alphabet is Armenian, with 39 letters.
	www.bellevuelinux.org /character.html (1885 words)

	1 Introduction to Natural Language Processing
		The importance of language to science and the arts is matched in significance by the cultural treasure embodied in language.
		Each of the world's ~7,000 human languages is rich in unique respects, in its oral histories and creation legends, down to its grammatical constructions and its very words and their nuances of meaning.
		This defined a language as a set of strings accepted by a class of automata, such as context-free languages and pushdown automata, and provided the underpinnings for computational syntax.
	nltk.sourceforge.net /lite/doc/en/introduction.html (4731 words)

	Speaking With a Single Tongue - - science news articles online technology magazine articles Speaking With a Single ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Language extinction is even further advanced in aboriginal Australia, where only 100 of the original 250 languages are still spoken or even remembered, and only 7 have more than 1,000 speakers.
		The last speaker of Cupeño [an Indian language of southern California], Roscinda Nolasquez of Pala, California, died in 1987 at the age of 94.
		Each language is indissolubly tied up with a unique culture, literature (whether written or not), and worldview, all of which also represent the end point of thousands of years of human inventiveness.
	www.discover.com /issues/feb-93/features/speakingwithasin177 (4125 words)

	Alphabet - Article from FactBug.org - the fast Wikipedia mirror site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An alphabet is a complete standardized set of letters—basic written symbols—each of which roughly represents a phoneme of a spoken language, either as it exists now or as it may have been in the past.
		While Polynesian languages have small alphabets because they have few phonemes to represent, Book Pahlavi was small because many letters had been conflated (the graphic distinctions had been lost over time), and diacritics are not used to compensate.
		A language may use different sets of symbols or different rules for distinct sets of vocabulary items (such as the Japanese hiragana and katakana syllabaries, or the various rules in English for spelling words from Latin and Greek, or the original Germanic vocabulary.
	www.factbug.org /cgi-bin/a.cgi?a=670 (2336 words)

	Random International - ____Languages and Peoples of the World V. 2*
		Languages with few consonants or few phonemes are known to produce very long words.
		The languages that I most associate with long words are those like German and Turkish languages that are highly agglutinated.
		I can’t imagine a language without M and N. It was hard for me to imagine a language without B, F, P, R or V, but Cherokee is one.
	worldcrossing.com /WebX?14@@.1dde6548/18 (770 words)

	Characters: the building blocks of writing systems
		For example, the characters used by the English language consist of the letters of the alphabet, numerals, punctuation marks and a variety of symbols (e.g., the ampersand, the dollar sign and the arithmetic symbols).
		Most languages have a single character set, and similar character sets are often used by a number of languages (e.g., variants of the Roman alphabet are used to write English, Spanish, Finnish, Dutch, etc.).
		Among the former, the language with the smallest alphabet (and thus the smallest total number of characters) is the Rotokas language (spoken in Bougainville, an island to the East of Papua New Guinea), which contains only eleven letters, and that with the largest alphabet is Armenian, with 39 letters.
	www.linfo.org /character.html (1885 words)

	Wikinfo \| Phoneme
		The total number of phonemes in languages varies from as few as 11 in Rotokas and 12 in Hawaiian to as many as 141 in !Xu~.
		The English language is pretty close to average, using 13 vowels and over 30 consonants.
		Images, some of which are used under the doctrine of Fair use or used with permission, may not be available.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Phoneme (995 words)

	"Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages" - Salon
		And they've taken up language extinction as their cause, claiming that indigenous languages have vital cultural knowledge encoded within them that's being lost to the world forever.
		The point the authors try the hardest to make is that indigenous languages are somehow associated with biodiversity, and that their extinction is a symptom of the global ecological crisis.
		In the dying Australian language Dyirbal, for instance, there are four categories for nouns, which reveal subtle shared similarities among the words, as well as cultural judgments about the objects to which they refer.
	dir.salon.com /story/books/review/2000/08/17/nettles_romaine/index.html (1016 words)

	Languages : Other Families
		This language family once covered most of central and southern Africa until displaced by migrations of Niger-Congo speakers.
		This is similar to the languages of the Bantu Branch of the Niger-Congo languages in Africa.
		Nahuatl counts in fives and is a language of prefixes and suffixes.
	www.krysstal.com /langfams_other.html (1202 words)

	Alphabet definition by The Linux Information Project (LINFO)
		A letter is a character in an alphabet that represents one or several, alternative phonemes (i.e., the fundamental sounds of a spoken language) and/or that is used in combinations with other letters to represent one or several, alternative phonemes.
		In such a language, a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker could predict the pronunciation of a word given its spelling.
		Some languages, such as Italian, Spanish and Finnish (the main language of Finland), have a very regular spelling system with close to a one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes.
	www.bellevuelinux.org /alphabet.html (2116 words)

	freshmeat.net: Tutorials - Processing Corpora with Python and the Natural Language Toolkit
		Natural Language Processing (NLP), for example, statistical information obtained from large corpora (consisting of tens of millions of words) is used to inform many different tasks, ranging from guessing the most likely parsing for a sentence to determining the likelihood that a document matches key terms in a search.
		Rotokas (a non-Austronesian language spoken in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea) as part of the Pioneers of Island Melanesia Project.
		But as the choise of language is also a matter of personal taste, I want to point out that there is a platform specialised for NLP called Ellogon (http://www.ellogon.org) which offers the basis for processing components that can scale to really large corpora, and allows component development in C++,Tcl,Java,Python and Perl.
	freshmeat.net /articles/view/1617 (2798 words)

	Papuan Language Families and Genera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		non-Austronesian) languages of New Guinea, the Solomons, and eastern Indonesia.
		The term "family" is used here as a label for the highest level for which there appears to be good reason to believe that the languages within that group are genetically related.
		The list here includes only those languages which appear on at least one map in the forthcoming World Atlas of Language Structures or are ones for which I have identified some materials available that provide at least some morphological or syntactic information about the language.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /people/faculty/dryer/dryer/papuan (341 words)

	Jamaica By Matt » Blog Archive » Incoherence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The language with the greatest number of phonemes is spoken by roughly 4,200 people in Botswana, and is called, I swear to God, “!Xóõ.” Don’t ask me how to pronounce it.
		Though sounding clumsy…the language was carefully crafted so that while african slaves (of different tribes and languages) were able to communicate with each other, the slave masters did not understand them.
		This was the most important aspect which influenced the formation of the jamaican language and not necessarily being able to communicate with the british.
	www.jamaicabymatt.com /?p=26 (1034 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:roo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Literacy rate in second language: 50% to 75%.
		Firchow, Irwin B. Form and function of Rotokas words, Bougainville, New Guinea.
		A music primer for the Rotokas speakers of the North Solomons Province of Papua New Guinea.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=roo (121 words)

	Linguistics 201: Phonology
		Another phonotactic constraint prevents [Z] from occurring at the beginning or at the end of native English words (this rule might be changing under the influence of borrowed foreign names such as "Zsa-Zsa, Jacques, Zhanna, etc."). Phonotactic rules could be called phonetic syntax.
		These are called accidental gaps in the vocabulary of a language; they are potential words--perhaps someone will tomorrow use [charp] to describe the green mutant potato chip found at the bottom of a bag of chips.
		You will recall that in fusional languages, the morphemes alter their phonetic shape to accommodate the sound of adjacent morphemes. Let's classify these type of changes on phonological grounds.
	pandora.cii.wwu.edu /vajda/ling201/test2materials/Phonology3.htm (1282 words)

	World Language Statistics and Facts
		Language families: By speakers - By languages
		This language of the Kartvelian family is spoken by over 4 million people primarily living in Georgia.
		This language of the North Causasian Language family, once spoken in the Haci Osman village near Istanbul, has been extinct since 1992.
	www.vistawide.com /languages/language_statistics.htm (262 words)

	languagehat.com: PIRAHA AND WHORF.
		When given numerical tasks by Gordon in which they were asked to match small sets of objects in varying configurations, adult members of the tribe responded accurately with up to two or three items, but their performance declined when challenged with eight to 10 items, and dropped to zero with larger sets of objects.
		The Piraha view language as a defining characteristic of group identity in a strong sense— you speak the language of your group.
		Americans in their opinion are identified partially by their ability to speak other languages (since the only Americans they know are the only people they know that speak more than one language).
	www.languagehat.com /archives/001506.php (1370 words)

	JAARS Museum of the Alphabet: Discovering the Phonemes
		Phonemes are the distinctive sounds of a spoken language.
		Assigned to the Mixtec language of Mexico, Ken and Evelyn Pike, SIL linguists, had a problem.
		Each person's ears are tuned to hear only the sounds that distinguish one word from another in his own language.
	www.jaars.org /museum/alphabet/modern/phonemes.htm (484 words)

	Citations: Ethnologue --- Languages of the World - Grimes (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Niger Congo language family is the largest and by far the most important group as far as tone is concerned.
		The NigerCongo language family is the largest and by far the most important group as far as tone is concerned.
		The considerable interest in the language has focussed almost solely on tone, stemming from work by Hyman Tadadjeu (1976) However, the language is also interesting for its syllable structure.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/158248/0 (1339 words)

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