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	Rotten borough - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many such rotten boroughs were controlled by peers who 'gave' the seats to their sons, thus having influence in the House of Commons while also holding seats themselves in the House of Lords.
		The Duke of Wellington, prior to being awarded a peerage served as MP for the rotten borough of Trim in County Meath in the Irish House of Commons.
		The pocket boroughs were seen (particularly by their owners) in the early 19th century as a valuable method of ensuring the representation of the landed interest in the House of Commons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rotten_borough (1062 words)

	rotten borough (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In addition, there were boroughs where parliamentary representation was in the control of one or more 'patrons' by their power to either nominate or other machinations, such as burgage.
		In the 19th century measures began to be taken against rotten boroughs, notably the Reform Act of 1832 which abolished most rotten boroughs and spread parliamentary seats more closely to population centres and significant industries.
		The final abolition of pocket boroughs took until the Reform Act of 1867 where the borough franchise was significantly extended it was established that seats should be distributed based principally on population.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Rotten_borough.html (645 words)

	Rotten borough (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In addition, there were boroughs where parliament ary representation was in the control of one or more 'patrons' by their power to either nominate or other machinations, such as burgage.
		Rotten Boroughs Abstract: A rotten borough was a parliamentary constituency that had declined in size but still had the right to elect members of the House of Commons.
		Rotten boroughs had very few voters and were under the control of one man, the patron.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Rotten_borough.html (892 words)

	Rotten borough - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The pocket borough was a borough constituency with a small enough electorate to be under the effective control of a major landowner.
		Because the constituencies were not realigned as population shifts occurred, MPs from one borough might represent only a couple of people (giving those people a relatively large degree of political representation), whereas entire cities (such as Manchester) might have no representation at all.
		(Spielvogel) Many such rotten boroughs were controlled by peers who 'gave' the seats to their sons, they thus having influence in the House of Commons while also holding seats themselves in the House of Lords.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Rotten_borough (618 words)

	Rotten borough
		A rotten borough was an 18th century British term for either a borough where the electorate was so small that the vote was secured by simple bribery or one of the so-called Pocket Boroughs.
		The first type of borough was one of the twenty or so that had declined greatly in population but still retained the right to elect representatives to the House of Commons.
		Pocket boroughs were those where parliamentary representation was in the control of one or more 'patrons' by their power to either nominate or other machinations, such as burgage[?].
	www.fastload.org /ro/Rotten_borough.html (247 words)

	Rotten - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Rotten borough - a borough of a ridiculously small electorate
		Johnny Rotten - was the lead singer of the Sex Pistols
		Rotten Apples is a greatest hits compilation by the Smashing Pumpkins
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Rotten (170 words)

	Encyclopedia: Rotten Borough
		A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters of an electoral district to a parliament; in the Westminster system, specifically to the lower house.
		A borough is a local government administrative subdivision used in the Canadian province of Quebec, in some states of the United States, and formerly in New Zealand.
		In the 19th century measures began to be taken against rotten boroughs, notably the Reform Act of 1832 which abolished most rotten boroughs and spread parliamentary seats based on population, not past history of parliamentary representation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Rotten-Borough (3062 words)

	Rotten borough - Slider (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In some cases, wealthy individuals could "control" multiple boroughs — the Duke of Newcastle is said to have had seven boroughs "in his pocket".
		Edmund Blackadder: Sir Talbot represented the constituency of Dunny-on-the-Wold, and by an extraordinary stroke of luck, it is a rotten borough.
		Edmund: A rotten borough, sir, is a constituency where the owner of the land corruptly controls both the voters and the MP.
	enc.slider.com /Enc/Pocket_borough (840 words)

	Rotten Boroughs and Reform (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A borough was “a town possessing a municipal corporation and special privileges conferred by royal charter” (Oxford English Dictionary).
		Such boroughs were considered “rotten,” as they were effectively controlled by one town corporation or large land-owner, as only the propertied upper class was eligible to vote.
		Not all of the rotten boroughs were eliminated at this point, however.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/agunn/teaching/enl3251/vf/pres/richardson.htm (377 words)

	A Rotten Borough Council
		Yet in a 1995 survey in the Independent newspaper comparing the standards of service given by all the borough and district councils in Britain to their council tax payers, Dacorum was rated as the worst council in Hertfordshire, and was not far from bottom in the entire country.
		Dacorum Borough Council's former Director of Law and Administration, Keith Pugsley, was supposed to act as monitoring officer.
		The leader of Dacorum Borough Council from 1995 to 1999 was Labour Councillor Julia Coleman.
	www.mhumphrey.btinternet.co.uk /PageIJ3.html (1427 words)

	Lambeth Council - local government corruption - by Brian Deer
		Among the papers are damning internal audit reports on the maintenance of council housing, the single biggest local concern among the borough's 240,000 residents.
		The leak of the internal papers comes at the borough's lowest point since 1986, when Ted Knight, the leader, and 30 other councillors were disqualified from office and surcharged for refusing to set a rate.
		No portion of this article on corruption in the London Borough of Lambeth may be copied, retransmitted, reposted, duplicated or otherwise used without the express written approval of the author.
	briandeer.com /lambeth-council.htm (961 words)

	EducationGuardian.co.uk \| Schools special reports \| Tories left red-faced over attack on Lambeth schools
		The document also attacked discipline in the borough, saying that there had been 12 attempts to overturn the decision on headteachers to exclude a pupil and that one headteacher was forced to find £20,000 to foot the legal bill of such challenges.
		Questions were immediately raised about whether the Conservative party should be critical of all aspects of the borough's education record, since it has shared control of the council with the Liberal Democrats for the past two years.
		Lambeth has been rotten borough and this is the firs time we have controlled it since the war.
	education.guardian.co.uk /policy/story/0,15572,1470737,00.html (613 words)

	Chapter Bordeaux <i>to</i> Borsholder of B by Webster's Dictionary (1913 Edition)
		a borough having the right of sending a member to Parliament, whose nomination is in the hands of a single person.
		A custom, as in some ancient boroughs, by which lands and tenements descend to the youngest son, instead of the eldest; or, if the owner have no issue, to the youngest brother.
		The mayor, governor, or bailiff of a borough.
	www.bibliomania.com /2/3/257/1193/22088/5.html (384 words)

	02/23/01 - Immigration’s Rotten Borough dynamic
		Helpful VDARE note: “Rotten Boroughs” were districts returning members to the British House of Commons, prior to the democratic Great Reform Act of 1833, despite having few or even no inhabitants.
		What's different is most represent "rotten boroughs," districts where, because of recent immigration and the youth of the average Latino, the percentage of voters in the total population is tiny.
		This means that the real voting base is that small fraction of the population already eligible to vote and sometimes directly dependant on government employment programs.
	www.vdare.com /fulford/immigration_rotten.htm (314 words)

	Rafe Mair Online \| www.rafeonline.com \| The Written Word - Exclusive to Rafe Online
		century there had grown up in Britain the "rotten borough" which referred to political constituencies with so few people in them that they were controlled by the local landlord who usually employed all the voters who in any case weren’t the rabble.
		It is, I concede, the modern version of the "rotten borough" but in practice the party bosses, under the direct personal supervision of the Prime Minister, get to select who will win the majority of constituencies in Canada.
		The "rotten borough" is alive and well if not in Britain, certainly in the largest of its former colonies.
	www.rafeonline.com /archive/word/20011021.shtml (611 words)

	Newtown, Isle of Wight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Corporation of the new borough, consisted of a number of burgesses, seldom more than twenty-five, whose qualification was the ownership of' borough land.
		During the eighteenth century it was increasingly controlled by two prominent Island families, the Barringtons and the Worsleys, who had acquired most of the borough lands and who had an agreement by which the nominee of each family was automatically elected to one of the seats.
		In 1832, Newtown was declared a "Rotten Borough", and was disenfranchised under the first Reform Act, bringing its political life to a close.
	www.shalfiow.demon.co.uk /newtown.htm (1063 words)

	Las Vegas Mercury: Editor's Note: Ben Franklin and the rotten borough
		These "rotten boroughs" were corrupting influences in that nation's nascent democracy.
		In the late 19th century, with its mining economy and population in sharp decline, Nevada was accused of being a rotten borough, and some suggested it should be stripped of statehood.
		Titus' reference to Nevada becoming "a rotten borough again" is not a precise parallel with the phrase's origins, but you get the point.
	www.lasvegasmercury.com /2004/MERC-Dec-09-Thu-2004/25426035.html (928 words)

	Hulse interview
		And of course the eastern press referred to Nevada as the most notorious example of a "rotten borough", an area that had, was over-represented certainly by virtue of its population in the United States Senate.
		And of course, the term rotten borough came from, was an English term, came from Parliament.
		There was representation by boroughs and often times over the centuries these boroughs became depopulated but they were still represented in Parliament.
	www.knpb.org /nevadaexperience/hopeluck/rowley.asp (4429 words)

	Rotten Borough
		Dacorum Borough Council prosecutes the landlord for illegal eviction.
		Hounslow Borough Council refuses to re-house members of a family living in overcrowded conditions.
		The "Assistant Borough Solicitor" is found to have been "Struck off" and imprisoned ten years previously.
	www.rottenborough.org.uk (1203 words)

	BOROUGH - Definition
		In England, an incorporated town that is not a city; also, a town that sends members to parliament; in Scotland, a body corporate, consisting of the inhabitants of a certain district, erected by the sovereign, with a certain jurisdiction; in America, an incorporated town or village, as in Pennsylvania and Connecticut.
		The collective body of citizens or inhabitants of a borough; as, the borough voted to lay a tax.
		Law) (a) An association of men who gave pledges or sureties to the king for the good behavior of each other.
	www.hyperdictionary.com /dictionary/borough (219 words)

	AmericanHeritage.com / AMERICA: CURATOR OF BRITISH POLITICAL RELICS
		There was an election in April of last year, lor example, in a county in Florida in which there were two candidates for the office of constable; one promised that if elected he would find some functions lor the office, the other that if elected he would do absolutely nothing at all.
		The rotten borough, a far-off historical joke in England, does not seem so distant when one comes across the Atlantic.
		Borough members would resign from the House in order to contest a county seat that fell vacant.
	www.americanheritage.com /articles/magazine/ah/1957/1/1957_1_12.shtml (2641 words)

	Rotten Boroughs II: Immigration Threatens the Senate, Electoral College, by James Fulford
		Rotten Boroughs II: Immigration Threatens the Senate, Electoral College, by James Fulford
		Rotten Boroughs II: Immigration Threatens the Senate, Electoral College...
		Thus - in an arrangement aptly described by Daniel Lazare as one of “rotten boroughs” - unpopulous white and rural states such as Montana and Wyoming have the same representations as do vast and all-American and ethnically diverse state like New York and California.”
	www.vdare.com /fulford/immigration_rotten2.htm (320 words)

	Society \| Reform 'would still leave City rotten'
		Peers were told yesterday that a reform of the City of London's medieval franchise would still leave the square mile operating like a "rotten borough".
		Malcolm Matson, a City businessman who is petitioning against the reform bill, suggested in the House of Lords that people could set up private firms and "fix the franchise" to get anybody they wanted elected alderman and hence candidate for lord mayor of London.
		But at the disclosure yesterday Lord Jauncey, the law lord chairing the hearing, deferred approval of the bill until next week and ordered the City to produce tough guidelines on how the electorate would be chosen in the future.
	society.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4520924-103685,00.html (435 words)

	UK Indymedia - Lewisham - a failing borough (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Rotten Borough of Lewisham is failing its local community with its planning policy, with its housing policy.
		The Rotten Borough of Lewisham could argue, and probably did argue, that there is an acute shortage of social housing in one of the most deprived boroughs in London.
		We are seeing the same across the country, council tenants conned into privatisation of their homes or the same via the back-door of redevelopment, open spaces destroyed, historic buildings demolished, Victorian housing bulldozed, town centres trashed, communities broken up and scattered, so-called 'regeneration' schemes, all in the name of creating development opportunities for property developers.
	www.indymedia.org.uk /en/2005/04/308358.html (1219 words)

	Rotten Borough - Dictionary Definition and Meaning of Rotten Borough
		See Rot.] Having rotted; putrid; decayed; as, a rotten apple; rotten meat.
		(b) Not firm or trusty; unsound; defective; treacherous; unsafe; as, a rotten plank, bone, stone.
		Rotten stone (Min.), a soft stone, called also Tripoli (from the country from which it was formerly brought), used in all sorts of finer grinding and polishing in the arts, and for cleaning metallic substances.
	www.wordiq.com /define/Rotten_Borough (342 words)

	George Canning - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		When Canning decided to enter politics, then, he sought and received the patronage of the leader of the Crown party, William Pitt the Younger.
		In 1793, thanks to the help of Pitt, Canning became a Member of Parliament for Newtown on the Isle of Wight, a rotten borough.
		In 1796, he changed seats to a different rotten borough, Wendover in Buckinghamshire.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/George_Canning (1727 words)

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